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Izvor: Hrvatska internetska enciklopedija
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| Redak 90: | Redak 90: | ||
|Silicijev karbid (moisanit)|| ||2,65–2,69|| | |Silicijev karbid (moisanit)|| ||2,65–2,69|| | ||
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|Stroncijev titanat||589,29||2,41||<ref>{{ | |Stroncijev titanat||589,29||2,41||<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|url = http://engineering.case.edu/centers/sdle/sites/engineering.case.edu.centers.sdle/files/optical_properties_and_electronic_structure_of_oxi.pdf|title = Optical properties and electronic structure of oxidized and reduced single-crystal strontium titanate|last = Frye|first = Asa|date = 2003|journal = Zeitschrift für Metallkunde|volume = 94|issue = 3|pages = 226|accessdate = 11 July 2014|doi = 10.3139/146.030226|last2 = French|first2 = R. H.|last3 = Bonnell|first3 = D. A.}}</ref> | ||
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|[[Jantar]]||589,29||1,55||<ref name="ref1"/> | |[[Jantar]]||589,29||1,55||<ref name="ref1"/> | ||
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|Silicijevo [[staklo]] ||589,29||1,458||<ref name="ref1"/><ref>{{ | |Silicijevo [[staklo]] ||589,29||1,458||<ref name="ref1"/><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|url = http://engineering.case.edu/centers/sdle/sites/engineering.case.edu.centers.sdle/files/optical_properties_and_london_dispersion_interacti.pdf|title = Optical properties and London dispersion interaction of amorphous and crystalline {SiO2} determined by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry|last = Tan|first = G|date = 2005|journal = Physical Review B|volume = 72|issue = 20|accessdate = 11 July 2014|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.205117|last2 = Lemon|first2 = M.|last3 = Jones|first3 = D.|last4 = French|first4 = R.|bibcode = 2005PhRvB..72t5117T }}</ref> | ||
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|Natrijev klorid||589,29||1,544||<ref name="ref8">{{Citiranje knjige |first= Raymond A. |last1=Serway |last2= Faughn |first2=Jerry S. |title= College Physics, 6th Edition |publisher= Brooks/Cole |page= 692 |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-03-035114-3}}</ref> | |Natrijev klorid||589,29||1,544||<ref name="ref8">{{Citiranje knjige |first= Raymond A. |last1=Serway |last2= Faughn |first2=Jerry S. |title= College Physics, 6th Edition |publisher= Brooks/Cole |page= 692 |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-03-035114-3}}</ref> | ||
| Redak 106: | Redak 106: | ||
|Vodeni [[led]]|| ||1,31|| | |Vodeni [[led]]|| ||1,31|| | ||
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|TFE/PDD ([[Teflon]] AF)|| ||1,315|| <ref name="Teflon_AF">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/products/product_by_name/teflon_af/properties.html |title=Teflon AF |accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{ | |TFE/PDD ([[Teflon]] AF)|| ||1,315|| <ref name="Teflon_AF">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/products/product_by_name/teflon_af/properties.html |title=Teflon AF |accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|url = http://engineering.case.edu/centers/sdle/sites/engineering.case.edu.centers.sdle/files/optical_properties_of_teflon_r_af_amorphous_fluo.pdf|title = Optical properties of Teflon® {AF} amorphous fluoropolymers|last = Yang|first = Min K.|date = July 2008|journal = Journal of Micro/Nano Lithography|volume = 7|issue = 3|pages = 033010|accessdate = 11 July 2014|doi = 10.1117/1.2965541}}</ref> | ||
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|Kriolit|| ||1,338|| | |Kriolit|| ||1,338|| | ||
| Redak 114: | Redak 114: | ||
|[[Etanol]]|| ||1.36|| | |[[Etanol]]|| ||1.36|| | ||
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|[[Politetrafluoretilen]] (teflon)|| ||1,35–1,38||<ref>{{ | |[[Politetrafluoretilen]] (teflon)|| ||1,35–1,38||<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|url = http://engineering.case.edu/centers/sdle/sites/engineering.case.edu.centers.sdle/files/optical_properties_of_materials_for_concentrator_p.pdf|title = Optical properties of materials for concentrator photovoltaic systems|last = French|first = Roger H.|date = 2009|journal = IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference|pages = 000394|accessdate = 11 July 2014|doi = 10.1109/PVSC.2009.5411657|last2 = Rodriguez-Parada|first2 = J. M.|last3 = Yang|first3 = M. K.|last4 = Derryberry|first4 = R. A.|last5 = Lemon|first5 = M. F.|last6 = Brown|first6 = M. J.|last7 = Haeger|first7 = C. R.|last8 = Samuels|first8 = S. L.|last9 = Romano|first9 = E. C.|last10 = Richardson|first10 = R. E.|isbn = 978-1-4244-2949-3 |display-authors=3}}</ref> | ||
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| Otopina [[šećer]]a, 25%|| ||1.3723||<ref name="refSugar">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.frederiksen.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Export_Manuals/545920_AE_sugarsolution.pdf |title=Manual for Sugar Solution Prism |accessdate=2012-03-21 |date= 03.08.05 |publisher= A/S S. Frederiksen}}</ref> | | Otopina [[šećer]]a, 25%|| ||1.3723||<ref name="refSugar">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.frederiksen.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Export_Manuals/545920_AE_sugarsolution.pdf |title=Manual for Sugar Solution Prism |accessdate=2012-03-21 |date= 03.08.05 |publisher= A/S S. Frederiksen}}</ref> | ||
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|[[Rožnica]] (ljudska)|| ||1,373/1,380/1,401 || <ref>{{ | |[[Rožnica]] (ljudska)|| ||1,373/1,380/1,401 || <ref>{{Citiranje časopisa |last1= Patel |first1= S |last2= Marshall |first2= J |last3=Fitzke |first3= FW 3rd. |title= Refractive index of the human corneal epithelium and stroma |journal= J Refract Surg. |volume= 11 |issue= 2 |pages= 100–105 |date= Mar–Apr 1995 |pmid= 7634138 }}</ref> | ||
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|[[Leća (oko)|Leća]] (ljudska)|| ||1,386–1,406|| | |[[Leća (oko)|Leća]] (ljudska)|| ||1,386–1,406|| | ||
| Redak 152: | Redak 152: | ||
|Borov nitrid || ||2-2,14||<ref>{{Citiranje weba |url=http://www.bn.saint-gobain.com/uploadedFiles/SGbn/Documents/Solids/Combat-Solids-DS1.pdf |title=Combat Boron Nitride |publisher=Saint Gobain |accessdate=2016-06-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230636/http://www.bn.saint-gobain.com/uploadedFiles/SGbn/Documents/Solids/Combat-Solids-DS1.pdf |archivedate=18. veljače 2015. }}</ref> | |Borov nitrid || ||2-2,14||<ref>{{Citiranje weba |url=http://www.bn.saint-gobain.com/uploadedFiles/SGbn/Documents/Solids/Combat-Solids-DS1.pdf |title=Combat Boron Nitride |publisher=Saint Gobain |accessdate=2016-06-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230636/http://www.bn.saint-gobain.com/uploadedFiles/SGbn/Documents/Solids/Combat-Solids-DS1.pdf |archivedate=18. veljače 2015. }}</ref> | ||
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| [[Cirkonij]]ev dioksid || ||2,15–2,18||<ref>{{ | | [[Cirkonij]]ev dioksid || ||2,15–2,18||<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|url = http://engineering.case.edu/centers/sdle/sites/engineering.case.edu.centers.sdle/files/experimental_and_theoretical_determination_of_the_0.pdf|title = Experimental and theoretical determination of the electronic structure and optical properties of three phases of {ZrO2}|last = French|first = Roger H.|date = 1994|journal = Physical Review B|volume = 49|issue = 8|pages = 5133|accessdate = 11 July 2014|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.49.5133|last2 = Glass|first2 = S.|last3 = Ohuchi|first3 = F.|last4 = Xu|first4 = Y.|last5 = Ching|first5 = W. |display-authors=3|bibcode = 1994PhRvB..49.5133F }}</ref> | ||
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|Kalijev niobate (KNbO<sub>3</sub>)|| ||2,28|| | |Kalijev niobate (KNbO<sub>3</sub>)|| ||2,28|| | ||
Inačica od 02:40, 26. studenoga 2021.
Snelliusov zakon se odnosi na dobro poznatu pojavu lomljenja svjetlosti (refrakcije) na granici dvaju sredstava.
Datoteka:Totalna refleksija 1.pdf
Totalna refleksija nastaje kada zrake svjetlosti koje se šire iz optički gušćeg u optički rjeđe sredstvo padaju na granicu tih sredstava pod kutom većim od nekoga graničnoga kuta.
Indeks loma (oznaka n) je bezdimenzionalna fizikalna veličina koja opisuje međudjelovanje svjetlosti i optički prozirne tvari, a definirana je kao omjer brzine svjetlosti u vakuumu c i brzine svjetlosti u tvari v:
- [math]\displaystyle{ n = \frac{c}{v} }[/math]
Posljedica je promjene brzine svjetlosti promjena pravca njezina širenja pri prelasku iz jednoga optičkog sredstva u drugo. Što je indeks loma veći, veća je promjena pravca, odnosno veći je lom svjetlosti (refrakcija). Indeks loma može se s pomoću Snelliusova zakona odrediti iz geometrijskih odnosa kutova zraka svjetlosti prema površini sredstva u kojem dolazi do loma:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{n_2}{n_1} = \frac{\sin\theta_1}{\sin\theta_2} = \frac{v_1}{v_2} }[/math]
gdje je: θ1 - upadni kut prema okomici na površinu sredstva, θ1 - kut loma, n1 - indeks loma optičkoga sredstva iz kojega svjetlost dolazi, a n2 - indeks loma optičkoga sredstva u koje svjetlost ulazi. Često se rabi relativni indeks loma, koji je jednak omjeru indeksa loma dvaju sredstava:
- [math]\displaystyle{ n_r = n_{21} = \frac{n_2}{n_1} }[/math]
Svjetlost se u nekoj tvari širi brzinom:
- [math]\displaystyle{ v={c\over\sqrt{\mu_r \cdot \varepsilon_r}} }[/math]
gdje je: εr - relativna dielektrična permitivnost tvari, a μr - relativna magnetska permeabilnost. Kako za relativnu magnetsku permeabilnost u optički prozirnom sredstvu vrijedi μr ≈ 1, proizlazi da indeks loma ovisi samo o relativnoj dielektričnoj permitivnosti:
- [math]\displaystyle{ n = \sqrt{ \varepsilon_r} }[/math]
Međutim, za mnoge tvari dolazi do odstupanja od toga izraza, zbog postojanja električnih dipola u dielektricima i ovisnosti relativne dielektrične permitivnosti o frekvenciji svjetlosti. [1]
Indeks loma materijala je broj koji pokazuje koliko puta je brzina svjetlosti u nekoj sredini manja od brzine u vakuumu. Lom je najočiglednija manifestacija promjene brzine svjetlosti elektromagnetnog zračenja pri prelasku iz jedne sredine u drugu.
Indeks loma zavisi od frekvencije svjetlosti što se eksperimentalno pokazuje u pojavi spektra kada se zrak polikromatske (bijele) svjetlosti propusti kroz prizmu.
Indeks loma je važna osobina materijala i mjeri se pomoću refraktometra.
Indeks loma nekih materijala
Brzina svjetlosti je u vakuumu c = 300 000 km/s, a brzina svjetlosti u vodi c2 = 3/4 c, pa je indeks loma za vodu:
- [math]\displaystyle{ n = \frac{c}{\frac{3}{4} \cdot c} = \frac{4}{3} = 1,33 }[/math]
Brzina svjetlosti u staklu je približno 2/3 brzine svjetlosti u vakuumu, pa je indeks loma za staklo 3/2 = 1,5. Indeks loma za led je 1,31, za kvarcno staklo od 1,7 do 1,9, za krunsko staklo 1,51. Što je indeks loma neke tvari veći, to se svjetlost u toj tvari jače lomi. Kad zraka svjetlosti prelazi iz vakuuma u bilo koje prozirno sredstvo, ona se lomi prema okomici. Svjetlost ima najveću brzinu u vakuumu, a manju u svim drugim prozirnim sredstvima. [2]
| Materijal | λ (nm) | n | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vakuum | 1 (po definiciji) | ||
| Zrak kod standardnih uvjeta | 1,000277 | ||
| Plinovi kod 0 °C i 1 atm | |||
| Zemljina atmosfera | 589,29 | 1,000293 | [3] |
| Ugljikov dioksid | 589,29 | 1,001 | [4][5][6] |
| Helij | 58,.29 | 1,000036 | [3] |
| Vodik | 589,29 | 1,000132 | [3] |
| Tekućine kod 20 °C | |||
| Arsenijev trisulfid i sumpor u metilenovom jodidu | 1,9 | [7] | |
| Benzen | 589,29 | 1,501 | [3] |
| Ugljikov disulfid | 589,29 | 1,628 | [3] |
| Ugljikov tetraklorid | 589,29 | 1,461 | [3] |
| Etanol (alkohol) | 589,29 | 1,361 | [3] |
| Silicijevo ulje | 1,336–1,582 | [8] | |
| Voda | 589,29 | 1,330 | [3] |
| 10% otopina glukoze u vodi | 589,29 | 1,3477 | [9] |
| 20% otopina glukoze u vodi | 589,29 | 1,3635 | [9] |
| 60% otopina glukoze u vodi | 589,29 | 1,4394 | [9] |
| Krutine na sobnoj temperaturi | |||
| Titanijev dioksid (rutil) | 589,29 | 2,614 | [10][11] |
| Dijamant | 589,29 | 2,419 | [3] |
| Silicijev karbid (moisanit) | 2,65–2,69 | ||
| Stroncijev titanat | 589,29 | 2,41 | [12] |
| Jantar | 589,29 | 1,55 | [3] |
| Silicijevo staklo | 589,29 | 1,458 | [3][13] |
| Natrijev klorid | 589,29 | 1,544 | [14] |
| Ostali materijali | |||
| Ukapljeni helij | 1,025 | ||
| Vodeni led | 1,31 | ||
| TFE/PDD (Teflon AF) | 1,315 | [15][16] | |
| Kriolit | 1,338 | ||
| Aceton | 1,36 | ||
| Etanol | 1.36 | ||
| Politetrafluoretilen (teflon) | 1,35–1,38 | [17] | |
| Otopina šećera, 25% | 1.3723 | [18] | |
| Rožnica (ljudska) | 1,373/1,380/1,401 | [19] | |
| Leća (ljudska) | 1,386–1,406 | ||
| Kerozin | 1,39 | ||
| Otopina šećera, 50% | 1,4200 | [18] | |
| Pyrex (borosilikatno staklo) | 1,470 | [20] | |
| Glicerol | 1,4729 | ||
| Otopina šećera, 75% | 1,4774 | [18] | |
| Akrilno staklo | 1,490–1,492 | ||
| Krunsko staklo (čisto)] | 1,50–1,54 | ||
| Halit (kamena sol) | 1,516 | ||
| Polietilentereftalat (PET) | 1,5750 | ||
| Polikarbonati | 1,60 | ||
| Flintsko staklo (čisto) | 1,60–1,62 | ||
| Brom | 1,661 | ||
| Flintsko staklo (nečisto) | 1,523–1,925 | ||
| Safir | 1,762–1,778 | ||
| Borov nitrid | 2-2,14 | [21] | |
| Cirkonijev dioksid | 2,15–2,18 | [22] | |
| Kalijev niobate (KNbO3) | 2,28 | ||
| Cinkov oksid | 390 | 2,4 | |
| Cinabarit (živin sulfid) | 3,02 | ||
| Silicij | 1200 - 8500 | 3,42–3,48 | [23] |
| Galij(III) fosfid | 3,5 | ||
| Galij(III) arsenid | 3,927 | ||
| Germanij | 3000 - 16000 | 4,05–4,01 | [24] |
Izvori
- ↑ indeks loma, [1] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.
- ↑ Velimir Kruz: "Tehnička fizika za tehničke škole", "Školska knjiga" Zagreb, 1969.
- ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 Zajac, Alfred; Hecht, Eugene (18. ožujka 2003.). Optics, Fourth Edition. Pearson Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-321-18878-6
- ↑ Morgan, Joseph (1953). Introduction to Geometrical and Physical Optics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, INC.
- ↑ Hodgman, Charles D. (1957). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.
- ↑ Pedrotti, Frank L.; Pedrotti, Leno M.; Pedrotti, Leno S. (2007). Introduction to Optics, Third Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. str. 221. ISBN 0-13-149933-5
- ↑ Meyrowitz, R, A compilation and classification of immersion media of high index of refraction, American Mineralogist 40: 398 (1955)
- ↑ "Silicone Fluids: Stable and Inert Material" (PDF). Gelest, Inc. 1998. http://www.gelest.com/goods/pdf/siliconefluids.pdf
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Lide, David R. Lide, ed. (2001). CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry (82nd ed.). Cleveland, OH: The Chemical Rubber Company. ISBN 0-8493-0482-2
- ↑ Polyanskiy, Mikhail N.. "Optical constants of TiO2 (Titanium dioxide)". Refractive Index Database. http://refractiveindex.info/?group=CRYSTALS&material=TiO2
- ↑ Shannon, Robert D.; Shannon, Ruth C.; Medenbach, Olaf; Fischer, Reinhard X. (25. listopada 2002.). "Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides". J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (American Institute of Physics) 31 (4): 931–970. http://www.nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd623.pdf
- ↑ Frye, Asa; French, R. H.; Bonnell, D. A. (2003). "Optical properties and electronic structure of oxidized and reduced single-crystal strontium titanate". Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 94 (3): 226. doi:10.3139/146.030226. http://engineering.case.edu/centers/sdle/sites/engineering.case.edu.centers.sdle/files/optical_properties_and_electronic_structure_of_oxi.pdf Pristupljeno 11. srpnja 2014.
- ↑ Tan, G; Lemon, M.; Jones, D.; French, R. (2005). "Optical properties and London dispersion interaction of amorphous and crystalline {SiO2} determined by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry". Physical Review B 72 (20). Bibcode 2005PhRvB..72t5117T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.205117. http://engineering.case.edu/centers/sdle/sites/engineering.case.edu.centers.sdle/files/optical_properties_and_london_dispersion_interacti.pdf Pristupljeno 11. srpnja 2014.
- ↑ Serway, Raymond A.; Faughn, Jerry S. (2003). College Physics, 6th Edition. Brooks/Cole. str. 692. ISBN 978-0-03-035114-3
- ↑ "Teflon AF". http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon_Industrial/en_US/products/product_by_name/teflon_af/properties.html Pristupljeno 14. listopada 2010.
- ↑ Yang, Min K. (srpnja 2008). "Optical properties of Teflon® {AF} amorphous fluoropolymers". Journal of Micro/Nano Lithography 7 (3): 033010. doi:10.1117/1.2965541. http://engineering.case.edu/centers/sdle/sites/engineering.case.edu.centers.sdle/files/optical_properties_of_teflon_r_af_amorphous_fluo.pdf Pristupljeno 11. srpnja 2014.
- ↑ French, Roger H.; Rodriguez-Parada, J. M.; Yang, M. K. et al. (2009). "Optical properties of materials for concentrator photovoltaic systems". IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference: 000394. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2009.5411657. ISBN 978-1-4244-2949-3. http://engineering.case.edu/centers/sdle/sites/engineering.case.edu.centers.sdle/files/optical_properties_of_materials_for_concentrator_p.pdf Pristupljeno 11. srpnja 2014.
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 "Manual for Sugar Solution Prism". A/S S. Frederiksen. 26 studenoga. http://www.frederiksen.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Export_Manuals/545920_AE_sugarsolution.pdf Pristupljeno 21. ožujka 2012.
- ↑ Patel, S; Marshall, J; Fitzke, FW 3rd. (Mar–Apr 1995). "Refractive index of the human corneal epithelium and stroma". J Refract Surg. 11 (2): 100–105. PMID 7634138
- ↑ University of Liverpool. "Absolute Refractive Index". Materials Teaching Educational Resources. MATTER Project. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 12. listopada 2007.. http://www.matter.org.uk/schools/Content/Refraction/absolute.html Pristupljeno 18. listopada 2007.
- ↑ "Combat Boron Nitride". Saint Gobain. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 18. veljače 2015.. http://www.bn.saint-gobain.com/uploadedFiles/SGbn/Documents/Solids/Combat-Solids-DS1.pdf Pristupljeno 12. lipnja 2016.
- ↑ French, Roger H.; Glass, S.; Ohuchi, F. et al. (1994). "Experimental and theoretical determination of the electronic structure and optical properties of three phases of {ZrO2}". Physical Review B 49 (8): 5133. Bibcode 1994PhRvB..49.5133F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.5133. http://engineering.case.edu/centers/sdle/sites/engineering.case.edu.centers.sdle/files/experimental_and_theoretical_determination_of_the_0.pdf Pristupljeno 11. srpnja 2014.
- ↑ "Silicon". Pmoptics.com. http://www.pmoptics.com/silicon.html Pristupljeno 21. kolovoza 2014.
- ↑ "Germanium". Pmoptics.com. http://www.pmoptics.com/germanium.html Pristupljeno 21. kolovoza 2014.