William Bradford Shockley

PREUSMJERI Predložak:Infookvir znanstvenik

William Bradford Shockley (London, 13. veljače 1910. - Stanford, 12. kolovoza 1989.), američki fizičar i izumitelj. U suradnji s Johnom Bardeenom i Walterom Houserom Brattainom, Shockley je izumio tranzistor, za kojeg su sva trojica nagrađena Nobelovom nagradom za fiziku 1956.

Shockleyjevi pokušaji komercijalizacije novog dizajna tranzistora 1950-ih i 1960-ih dovela su do postanka Silicijske doline u kolijevku elektroničkih inovacija. U kasnijem razdoblju života, Shockley je predavao kao profesor na Stanford Universityju i postao snažan zagovaratelj eugenike.^[1]

Patenti

Shockleyju je odobreno preko devedeset patenata u SAD-u. Neki značajniji su:

US patent 2502488 "Semiconductor Amplifier". Zahtjev podnesen 24. rujna 1948.; njegov prvi odobreni patent koji je uključivao tranzistore.
US patent 2569347 "Circuit element utilizing semiconductive material". Njegov najraniji podneseni zahtjev za patentom (26. lipnja 1948.) koji je uključivao tranzistore.
US patent 2655609 "Bistable Circuits". Zahtjev podnesen 22. srpnja 1952.; Korišten u računalima.
US patent 2787564 "Forming Semiconductive Devices by Ionic Bombardment". Zahtjev podnesen 28. listopada 1954.; Difuzivni proces za implantaciju nečistoća.
US patent 3031275 "Process for Growing Single Crystals". Zahtjev podnesen 20. veljače 1959.; Poboljšanja procesa za dobivanje osnovnih materijala.
US patent 3053635 "Method of Growing Silicon Carbide Crystals". Zahtjev podnesen 26. rujna 1960.; Istražuje ostale semikonduktore.

Bibliografija

Shockleyevi predratni znanstveni članci

An Electron Microscope for Filaments: Emission and Adsorption by Tungsten Single Crystals, R. P. Johnson and W. Shockley, Phys. Rev. 49, 436 - 440 (1936).
Optical Absorption by the Alkali Halides, J. C. Slater and W. Shockley, Phys. Rev. 50, 705 - 719 (1936).
Electronic Energy Bands in Sodium Chloride, William Shockley, Phys. Rev. 50, 754 - 759 (1936).
The Empty Lattice Test of the Cellular Method in Solids, W. Shockley, Phys. Rev. 52, 866 - 872 (1937).
On the Surface States Associated with a Periodic Potential, William Shockley, Phys. Rev. 56, 317 - 323 (1939).
The Self-Diffusion of Copper, J. Steigman, W. Shockley and F. C. Nix, Phys. Rev. 56, 13 - 21 (1939).

Shockleyeve knjige

Shockley, William – Electrons and holes in semiconductors, with applications to transistor electronics, Krieger (1956) ISBN 0-88275-382-7.
Shockley, William – Mechanics Merrill (1966).
Shockley, William and Pearson, Roger – Shockley on Eugenics and Race: The Application of Science to the Solution of Human Problems Scott-Townsend (1992) ISBN 1-878465-03-1.

Knjige o Shockleyu

Joel N. Shurkin; Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2006) ISBN 1-4039-8815-3
Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson; Crystal Fire: The Invention of the Transistor and the Birth of the Information Age. New York: Norton (1997) ISBN 0-393-31851-6 pbk.

Izvori

↑ (engl.)"William B. Shockley, 79, Creator of Transistor and Theory on Race". New York Times. 14. kolovoz 1989.. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0213.html Pristupljeno 21. srpanj 2007.. "William Bradford Shockley, who shared a Nobel Prize in physics for his role in the creation of the transistor and earned the enmity of many for his views on the genetic differences between the races, died of cancer of the prostate at his home in California on Saturday. He was 79 years old and lived on the campus of Stanford University."

Nedovršeni članak William Bradford Shockley koji govori o dobitniku Nobelove nagrade za fiziku treba dopuniti. Dopunite ga prema pravilima uređivanja Hrvatske internetske enciklopedije.

[obit-1] (engl.)"William B. Shockley, 79, Creator of Transistor and Theory on Race". New York Times. 14. kolovoz 1989.. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0213.html Pristupljeno 21. srpanj 2007.. "William Bradford Shockley, who shared a Nobel Prize in physics for his role in the creation of the transistor and earned the enmity of many for his views on the genetic differences between the races, died of cancer of the prostate at his home in California on Saturday. He was 79 years old and lived on the campus of Stanford University."

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