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Većina genskih mutacija ne pomaže, ne mijenja izgleda niti šteti jedinkama. Procesom genskog drifta ovi se mutirani geni neutralno raspoređuju među populacijama i preživljavaju tijekom generacija pukom šansom. Nasuprot genskom driftu, prirodna selekcija nije slučajan proces jer djeluje na crte koje su nužne za preživljavanje i razmnožavanje.<ref name="Garvin08">{{Cite journal|last=Garvin-Doxas|first= K.|last2 = Klymkowsky|first2= M. W.|title=Understanding Randomness and its Impact on Student Learning: Lessons Learned from Building the Biology Concept Inventory (BCI)|journal=CBE Life Sciences Education|volume = 7|issue = 2| pages = 227–233|year=2008| doi=10.1187/cbe.07-08-0063|pmid=18519614|pmc=2424310|ref=harv}}</ref> Prirodna selekcija i slučajni genski drift čine konstantne i dinamične dijelove života i tijekom vremena oni su oblikovali razgranatu strukturu [[drvo života|drva života]].<ref>([[uvod u evoluciju#CITEREFRaup1992|Raup 1992]], str. 210)</ref> | Većina genskih mutacija ne pomaže, ne mijenja izgleda niti šteti jedinkama. Procesom genskog drifta ovi se mutirani geni neutralno raspoređuju među populacijama i preživljavaju tijekom generacija pukom šansom. Nasuprot genskom driftu, prirodna selekcija nije slučajan proces jer djeluje na crte koje su nužne za preživljavanje i razmnožavanje.<ref name="Garvin08">{{Cite journal|last=Garvin-Doxas|first= K.|last2 = Klymkowsky|first2= M. W.|title=Understanding Randomness and its Impact on Student Learning: Lessons Learned from Building the Biology Concept Inventory (BCI)|journal=CBE Life Sciences Education|volume = 7|issue = 2| pages = 227–233|year=2008| doi=10.1187/cbe.07-08-0063|pmid=18519614|pmc=2424310|ref=harv}}</ref> Prirodna selekcija i slučajni genski drift čine konstantne i dinamične dijelove života i tijekom vremena oni su oblikovali razgranatu strukturu [[drvo života|drva života]].<ref>([[uvod u evoluciju#CITEREFRaup1992|Raup 1992]], str. 210)</ref> | ||
Moderno razumijevanje evolucije počelo je s objavom [[Charles Darwin|Darwinova]] djela ''[[O porijeklu vrsta]]'' 1859. K tomu je [[Gregor Mendel|Mendelov]] rad s biljkama pomogao objasniti obrasce nasljeđivanja u [[genetika|genetici]].<ref name=gegme>{{ | Moderno razumijevanje evolucije počelo je s objavom [[Charles Darwin|Darwinova]] djela ''[[O porijeklu vrsta]]'' 1859. K tomu je [[Gregor Mendel|Mendelov]] rad s biljkama pomogao objasniti obrasce nasljeđivanja u [[genetika|genetici]].<ref name=gegme>{{Citiranje web|url=http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.html |title=Gregor Mendel|accessdate=5. siječnja 2008. |last=Rhee|first=Sue Yon |year=1999 |work=Access Excellence |publisher=National Health Museum}}</ref> Otkrića fosila u [[paleontologija|paleontologiji]], napredci u [[populacijska genetika|populacijskoj genetici]] i globalna mreža znanstvenog istraživanja pružili su daljnje detalje o mehanizmima evolucije. Znanstvenici sada dobro razumiju porijeklo novih vrsta ([[specijacija|specijaciju]]) i motre proces specijacije u laboratoriju i u divljini. Evolucija je glavna teorija koju biolozi rabe za razumijevanje života i rabi se u mnogim disciplinama uključujući [[medicina|medicinu]], [[psihologija|psihologiju]], [[konzervacijska biologija|konzervacijsku biologiju]], [[antropologija|antropologiju]], [[forenzika|forenziku]], [[poljoprivreda|poljoprivredu]] i ostale [[sociokulturna evolucija|sociokulturne]] primjene. | ||
== Više informacija == | == Više informacija == | ||
Redak 53: | Redak 53: | ||
== Bibliografija == | == Bibliografija == | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje knjige|last=Bowler|first=Peter J.|authorlink=Peter J. Bowler|title=Evolution: The History of an Idea|edition=3rd|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2003|isbn=0-520-23693-9|ref=harv}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige | last1 = Campbell | first1 = Neil A.|last2 = Reece| first2 = Jane B.|year = 2002|authorlink=Neil Campbell (scientist)|title=Biology|chapter=23 The Evolution of Populations|volume =Sixth Edition|editors = Beth Wilbur and Evelyn Dahlgren|publisher = Pearson Education Inc.|location= San Francisco, California| isbn = 0-8053-6624-5|ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last=Carroll|first=SB|year=2000|last2=Grenier |first2=J|last3=Weatherbee |first3=SD |title= From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design|place= Oxford |publisher= Blackwell Publishing |edition= 2nd |isbn= 1-4051-1950-0 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None-->}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige|last=Coyne|first=Jerry A.|authorlink=Jerry Coyne|title=Why Evolution is True|publisher=Viking|place=New York|year=2009 |isbn=978-0-670-02053-9|ref=harv}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige|last=Darwin |first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Darwin|year=1859|title=On the Origin of Species|place=London|publisher=John Murray|edition=1st|page=1|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=16|isbn=0-451-52906-5|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Dawkins |year=1976 |title=The Selfish Gene |edition=1st |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/104123/Richard-Dawkins-The-Selfish-Gene-Original-Ed|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-286092-5|pages=33 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last= Diamond |first= Jared |year= 1992 |authorlink=Jared Diamond |title= The Third Chimpanzee: the evolution and future of the human animal|publisher= HarperCollins |location= New York |isbn= 0-06-018307-1 |ref= harv |postscript= <!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last = Farber|first = P. L.|year = 2000|title = Finding Order in Nature: The Naturalist Tradition from Linnaeus to E. O. Wilson|publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press|location= Baltimore and London|url = http://books.google.com/?id=tyG4pfKJ8WEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Finding+Order+in+Nature:+The+Natualist+Tradition+from+Linnaeus+to+E.+O.+Wilson&cd=1#v=onepage&q= |isbn= 0-8018-6389-9|ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige|last= Futuyma|first =Douglas|year= 1998 |authorlink =Douglas J. Futuyma|title= Evolutionary Biology|publisher= [[Sinauer Associates]]| isbn = 0-87893-189-9 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last=Gould (a)|first= Stephen Jay |authorlink=Stephen Jay Gould |year=1981|title= The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History |publisher= W.W, Norton & Company|location= New York |isbn= 0-393-30819-7 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last=Gould (b) |first= Stephen Jay |year=1995 |authorlink=Stephen Jay Gould |title= Dinosaur in a Haystack |publisher= Harmony Books |location= New York |isbn= 0-517-70393-9 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last = Gould (c) | first = Stephen Jay. |authorlink=Stephen Jay Gould |year=2002| title = The Structure of Evolutionary Theory | publisher = Harvard University Press| pages = 1433 | isbn = <!--0-674-00613-5, -->9780674006133|ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige|last=Larson|first=Edward J.|authorlink=Edward Larson|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory|publisher=Modern Library|year=2004|isbn=0-679-64288-9|ref=harv}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last=Lyell |first=Charles |year=1830|authorlink=Charles Lyell |title=Principles of geology |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=0-14-043528-X |url= http://www.esp.org/books/lyell/principles/facsimile/ |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None-->}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last= Mayr |first= Ernst |year= 1970 |authorlink= Ernst Mayr |title= Populations, Species, and Evolution|publisher= Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge, MA |isbn= 0-674-69010-9 |ref= harv |postscript= <!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last=Mayr|first= Ernst |year=2001 |authorlink= Ernst Mayr|title=What evolution is |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-04425-5 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last=Raup|first= D. M.|year =1992|title= Extinction: bad genes or bad luck.| publisher = Norton and Co.|location = New York, W. W.|url = http://books.google.com/?id=8klou91MwJoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Extinction:+bad+genes+or+bad+luck&cd=1#v=onepage&q= |isbn = 978-0-393-30927-0|ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last= Tattersall |first= Ian |year=1995 |title= The Fossil Trail: How We Know What We Think We Know About Human Evolution |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= New York |isbn= 0-19-506101-2 |ref= harv |postscript= <!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last = Watson| first = J. D.|year = 2005|title = Darwin, The Indelible Stamp: The Evolution of an Idea|publisher= Running Press|location= Philadelphia and London| url = http://books.google.com/?id=LEWfWf0mUJIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Darwin:+The+Indelible+Stamp:+The+Evolution+of+an+Idea&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|isbn= 978-0-7624-2136-7|ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last= Weichert|first= Charles|year=1975|title= Elements of Chordate Anatomy|last2=Presch|first2=William|publisher= McGraw-Hill|location= New York|isbn= 0-07-069008-1 |ref= harv |postscript= <!--None--> }} | ||
== Preporučena literatura == | == Preporučena literatura == | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |author=Charlesworth, Deborah; Charlesworth, Brian |title=Evolution: a very short introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-280251-8}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last=Ellis| first = R. John | authorlink = R. John Ellis | editor-last = | editor-first = |title=How Science Works: Evolution |publisher=Springer |location= |year=2010 |isbn=90-481-3182-0|ref=harv |postscript=<!--None-->}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last= Horvitz|first = Leslie Alan|title=The complete idiot's guide to evolution|publisher=Alpha Books |location=Indianapolis |year=2002 |isbn= 0-02-864226-0}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last= Krukonis|first = Greg|title=Evolution For Dummies (For Dummies (Math & Science)) |publisher=For Dummies |location= |year=2008 |isbn=0-470-11773-7}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last= Pallan| first = Mark | authorlink = | editor-last = | editor-first = |title=The Rough Guide to Evolution |publisher=Rough Guides |location= |year=2009 |isbn=1-85828-946-7|ref=harv |postscript=<!--None-->}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last= Sis| first = Peter| authorlink = Peter Sis |title=The tree of life: a book depicting the life of Charles Darwin, naturalist, geologist & thinker |publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-374-45628-3}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last= Thomson| first = Keith Stewart |title=Fossils: a very short introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2005 |isbn= 0-19-280504-5}} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje knjige |last= Zimmer| first = Carl| authorlink = Carl Zimmer | editor-last = | editor-first = |title=The Tangled Bank: An Introduction to Evolution |publisher=Roberts and Company Publishers |location= |year=2009 |isbn=0-9815194-7-4|ref=harv |postscript=<!--None-->}} | ||
== Vanjske poveznice == | == Vanjske poveznice == | ||
*[http://www.khanacademy.org/video/introduction-to-evolution-and-natural-selection?playlist=Biology Khan Academy] Pristupljeno 21. rujna 2011. | *[http://www.khanacademy.org/video/introduction-to-evolution-and-natural-selection?playlist=Biology Khan Academy] Pristupljeno 21. rujna 2011. | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje weba|first = Marshall| last= Brain | contribution =How Evolution Works | contribution-url =http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution.htm/printable | title =How Stuff Works: Evolution Library| publisher =Howstuffworks.com | url =http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution-channel.htm|format = web resource|accessdate=24. siječnja 2008.|ref = harv|postscript = <!--None--> }} | ||
*{{Cite video |people = Carl Sagan |date= 2006-07-06|title = Carl Sagan on evolution |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gl89HIJ6HDo |format = Google video |medium = streaming video |publisher = Google |accessdate = 24. siječnja 2008. }} | *{{Cite video |people = Carl Sagan |date= 2006-07-06|title = Carl Sagan on evolution |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gl89HIJ6HDo |format = Google video |medium = streaming video |publisher = Google |accessdate = 24. siječnja 2008. }} | ||
*{{Cite journal| publication-date =January 2007 | contribution =The Big Picture on Evolution (PDF)| contribution-url =http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/@msh_publishing_group/documents/web_document/wtd026042.pdf| title =The Big Picture Series| publisher = [[Wellcome Trust]] | url =http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Professional-resources/Education-resources/Big-Picture/Evolution/|accessdate=23. siječnja 2008| ref =harv| postscript =<!--None--> }} | *{{Cite journal| publication-date =January 2007 | contribution =The Big Picture on Evolution (PDF)| contribution-url =http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/@msh_publishing_group/documents/web_document/wtd026042.pdf| title =The Big Picture Series| publisher = [[Wellcome Trust]] | url =http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Professional-resources/Education-resources/Big-Picture/Evolution/|accessdate=23. siječnja 2008| ref =harv| postscript =<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{Cite journal | title =Understanding Evolution: your one-stop source for information on evolution| publisher = The University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley | url =http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_01|format = web resource|accessdate=24. siječnja 2008 | ref =harv | postscript =<!--None--> }} | *{{Cite journal | title =Understanding Evolution: your one-stop source for information on evolution| publisher = The University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley | url =http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_01|format = web resource|accessdate=24. siječnja 2008 | ref =harv | postscript =<!--None--> }} | ||
*{{ | *{{Citiranje weba| title =Introduction To Evolution | publisher =vectorsite.net | url =http://www.vectorsite.net/taevo.html|format = web resource|accessdate=1. lipnja 2010| ref =harv| postscript =<!--None--> }} | ||
{{evolucija}} | {{evolucija}} |
Posljednja izmjena od 2. siječanj 2022. u 22:32
- Ovaj je članak pristupačan, netehnički uvod u predmet. Za glavni enciklopedijski članak vidi evoluciju.
pregled |
Životni se oblici razmnožavaju i stoga imaju tendenciju postati brojniji. |
Potomci se razlikuju od roditelja u manjim slučajnim svojstvima. |
Ako su razlike korisne, potomci će vjerojatnije preživjeti i razmnožiti se. |
To znači da će u sljedećoj generaciji više potomaka imati korisnu razliku. |
Ove se razlike akumuliraju što rezultira promjenama unutar populacije. |
Tijekom vremena populacije se granaju i kako se razdvajaju tako postaju nove vrste. |
Ovaj je proces odgovoran za mnoštvo različitih životnih oblika na svijetu. |
Haeckelovo paleontološko drvo kralježnjaka (o. 1879.).
Evolucijska povijest vrsta obično se opisuje kao "drvo", s mnogim granama koje se odvajaju od jedinstvena debla. Iako je Haeckelovo drvo donekle zastarjelo, ono zorno ilustrira principe koje kompleksnije moderne rekonstrukcije mogu zasjeniti. |
Evolucija je proces promjene svih oblika života tijekom generacija, a evolucijska je biologija znanost o tome kako se evolucija zbiva. Život evoluira posredstvom mutacija (promjenâ u nasljednim informacijama nekog organizma), genskog drifta (slučajne promjene u genskoj varijaciji neke populacije iz generacije u generaciju) i prirodne selekcije (neslučajna i postupna procesa prirodne varijacije kojim opservabilne crte (poput boje očiju) postaju rjeđe ili češće u populaciji).
Sve jedinke sadrže nasljedni materijal u obliku gena koje dobivaju od svojih roditelja, a prenose na svoje potomke. Među potomci postoje varijacije u genima zbog uvođenja novih gena putem slučajnih promjena zvanih mutacije ili putem reorganizacije postojećih gena tijekom spolnog razmnožavanja.[1][2] Potomci se razlikuju od svojih roditelja u manjim slučajnim svojstvima. Ako su ove razlike korisne, potomci će vjerojatnije preživjeti i razmnožiti se. To znači da će više potomaka u sljedećoj generaciji imati korisnu razliku, pa jedinke neće imati jednaku šansu reproduktivna uspjeha. Na taj način crte koje dovode do bolje adaptacije organizama njihovim životnim uvjetima postaju češće u descendentnim populacijama.[1][2] Ove se razlike akumiliraju što rezultira promjena unutar populacije. Ovaj je proces odgovoran za mnoštvo različitih životnih oblika na svijetu.
Sile evolucije najočitije su kada populacije postanu izolirane, ili zbog geografske udaljenosti ili zbog ostalih mehanizama koji sprečavaju gensku izmjenu. Tijekom vremena izolirane se populacije mogu granati u nove vrste.[3][4]
Većina genskih mutacija ne pomaže, ne mijenja izgleda niti šteti jedinkama. Procesom genskog drifta ovi se mutirani geni neutralno raspoređuju među populacijama i preživljavaju tijekom generacija pukom šansom. Nasuprot genskom driftu, prirodna selekcija nije slučajan proces jer djeluje na crte koje su nužne za preživljavanje i razmnožavanje.[5] Prirodna selekcija i slučajni genski drift čine konstantne i dinamične dijelove života i tijekom vremena oni su oblikovali razgranatu strukturu drva života.[6]
Moderno razumijevanje evolucije počelo je s objavom Darwinova djela O porijeklu vrsta 1859. K tomu je Mendelov rad s biljkama pomogao objasniti obrasce nasljeđivanja u genetici.[7] Otkrića fosila u paleontologiji, napredci u populacijskoj genetici i globalna mreža znanstvenog istraživanja pružili su daljnje detalje o mehanizmima evolucije. Znanstvenici sada dobro razumiju porijeklo novih vrsta (specijaciju) i motre proces specijacije u laboratoriju i u divljini. Evolucija je glavna teorija koju biolozi rabe za razumijevanje života i rabi se u mnogim disciplinama uključujući medicinu, psihologiju, konzervacijsku biologiju, antropologiju, forenziku, poljoprivredu i ostale sociokulturne primjene.
Više informacija
Izvori
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 (Gould (c) 2002, str. 1433)
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Gregory, T. R. (2009). "Understanding Natural Selection: Essential Concepts and Common Misconceptions". Evolution: Education and Outreach 2 (2): 156–175. doi:10.1007/s12052-009-0128-1. http://www.springerlink.com/content/2331741806807x22/
- ↑ "An introduction to evolution" (web resource). Understanding Evolution: your one-stop source for information on evolution. The University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley. 2008. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_02 Pristupljeno 23. siječnja 2008.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith T (2006). "Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 361 (1470): 969–1006. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1842. PMC 1578732. PMID 16754610. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578732/
- ↑ Garvin-Doxas, K.; Klymkowsky, M. W. (2008). "Understanding Randomness and its Impact on Student Learning: Lessons Learned from Building the Biology Concept Inventory (BCI)". CBE Life Sciences Education 7 (2): 227–233. doi:10.1187/cbe.07-08-0063. PMC 2424310. PMID 18519614. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2424310/
- ↑ (Raup 1992, str. 210)
- ↑ {{
- if:
Morate navesti naslov = i url = dok rabite {{[[Predložak:Citiranje web},|Citiranje web},
]]}},
Bibliografija
- Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: The History of an Idea (3rd ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23693-9
- Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2002). "23 The Evolution of Populations". Unutar Beth Wilbur and Evelyn Dahlgren. Biology. Sixth Edition. San Francisco, California: Pearson Education Inc.. ISBN 0-8053-6624-5
- Carroll, SB; Grenier, J; Weatherbee, SD (2000). From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-1950-0
- Coyne, Jerry A. (2009). Why Evolution is True. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02053-9
- Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species (1st ed.). London: John Murray. str. 1. ISBN 0-451-52906-5. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=16
- Dawkins, Richard (1976). The Selfish Gene (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. str. 33. ISBN 0-19-286092-5. http://www.scribd.com/doc/104123/Richard-Dawkins-The-Selfish-Gene-Original-Ed
- Diamond, Jared (1992). The Third Chimpanzee: the evolution and future of the human animal. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018307-1
- Farber, P. L. (2000). Finding Order in Nature: The Naturalist Tradition from Linnaeus to E. O. Wilson. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6389-9. http://books.google.com/?id=tyG4pfKJ8WEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Finding+Order+in+Nature:+The+Natualist+Tradition+from+Linnaeus+to+E.+O.+Wilson&cd=1#v=onepage&q=
- Futuyma, Douglas (1998). Evolutionary Biology. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-189-9
- Gould (a), Stephen Jay (1981). The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History. New York: W.W, Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-30819-7
- Gould (b), Stephen Jay (1995). Dinosaur in a Haystack. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-70393-9
- Gould (c), Stephen Jay. (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Harvard University Press. str. 1433. ISBN 9780674006133
- Larson, Edward J. (2004). Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory. Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-64288-9
- Lyell, Charles (1830). Principles of geology. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-043528-X. http://www.esp.org/books/lyell/principles/facsimile/
- Mayr, Ernst (1970). Populations, Species, and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-69010-9
- Mayr, Ernst (2001). What evolution is. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04425-5
- Raup, D. M. (1992). Extinction: bad genes or bad luck.. New York, W. W.: Norton and Co.. ISBN 978-0-393-30927-0. http://books.google.com/?id=8klou91MwJoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Extinction:+bad+genes+or+bad+luck&cd=1#v=onepage&q=
- Tattersall, Ian (1995). The Fossil Trail: How We Know What We Think We Know About Human Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506101-2
- Watson, J. D. (2005). Darwin, The Indelible Stamp: The Evolution of an Idea. Philadelphia and London: Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-2136-7. http://books.google.com/?id=LEWfWf0mUJIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Darwin:+The+Indelible+Stamp:+The+Evolution+of+an+Idea&cd=1#v=onepage&q=
- Weichert, Charles; Presch, William (1975). Elements of Chordate Anatomy. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-069008-1
Preporučena literatura
- Charlesworth, Deborah; Charlesworth, Brian (2003). Evolution: a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280251-8
- Ellis, R. John (2010). How Science Works: Evolution. Springer. ISBN 90-481-3182-0
- Horvitz, Leslie Alan (2002). The complete idiot's guide to evolution. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-864226-0
- Krukonis, Greg (2008). Evolution For Dummies (For Dummies (Math & Science)). For Dummies. ISBN 0-470-11773-7
- Pallan, Mark (2009). The Rough Guide to Evolution. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-946-7
- Sis, Peter (2003). The tree of life: a book depicting the life of Charles Darwin, naturalist, geologist & thinker. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 0-374-45628-3
- Thomson, Keith Stewart (2005). Fossils: a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280504-5
- Zimmer, Carl (2009). The Tangled Bank: An Introduction to Evolution. Roberts and Company Publishers. ISBN 0-9815194-7-4
Vanjske poveznice
- Khan Academy Pristupljeno 21. rujna 2011.
- Brain, Marshall. "How Stuff Works: Evolution Library" (web resource). Howstuffworks.com. http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution-channel.htm Pristupljeno 24. siječnja 2008.
- Carl Sagan. Carl Sagan on evolution (Google video) [streaming video]. Google. Preuzeto 24. siječnja 2008..
- "The Big Picture on Evolution (PDF)". The Big Picture Series. Wellcome Trust. siječanj 2007. http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/@msh_publishing_group/documents/web_document/wtd026042.pdf Pristupljeno 23. siječnja 2008
- (web resource) Understanding Evolution: your one-stop source for information on evolution. The University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_01 Pristupljeno 24. siječnja 2008
- "Introduction To Evolution" (web resource). vectorsite.net. http://www.vectorsite.net/taevo.html Pristupljeno 1. lipnja 2010
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