Tozinameran: razlika između inačica
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[[Datoteka:Pfizer-BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine_(2020)_E.jpg|mini|Liječnik koji drži cjepivo Pfizer.]] | [[Datoteka:Pfizer-BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine_(2020)_E.jpg|mini|Liječnik koji drži cjepivo Pfizer.]] | ||
'''Tozinameran'''<ref name="INN">{{cite journal|author=World Health Organization|title=International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Proposed INN: List 124 – COVID-19 (special edition)|url=https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/WHO_DI_34-3_PL124-SpecialEdition.pdf|date=2020|journal=WHO Drug Information|volume=34|issue=3|access-date=23 November 2020|page=666|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127075410/https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/WHO_DI_34-3_PL124-SpecialEdition.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> pod kodnim nazivom '''''BNT162b2''''', poznato kao cjepivo '''''Pfizer – BioNTech COVID-19''''', a prodaje se pod robnom markom Comirnaty, je [[cjepivo protiv COVID-19]], koje je [[BioNTech SE|BioNTech]] razvilo u suradnji s [[Pfizer|Pfizerom]]. To je i prvo [[cjepivo]] protiv [[COVID-19]] koje je odobrilo strogo regulatorno tijelo za hitnu uporabu<ref name="ukgov12-2">{{cite press release|title=UK medicines regulator gives approval for first UK COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-medicines-regulator-gives-approval-for-first-uk-covid-19-vaccine|publisher=[[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA)|access-date=2 December 2020|date=2 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="boseley">{{cite news|first1=Sarah|last1=Boseley|first2=Josh|last2=Halliday|title=UK approves Pfizer/BioNTech Covid vaccine for rollout next week|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/dec/02/pfizer-biontech-covid-vaccine-wins-licence-for-use-in-the-uk|access-date=14 December 2020|work=The Guardian|date=2 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> i prvo odobrenje za redovnu uporabu.<ref name="let19">{{Cite news|date=19 December 2020|title=Swissmedic autorise un premier vaccin contre le coronavirus|url=https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/swissmedic-autorise-un-premier-vaccin-contre-coronavirus|access-date=19 December 2020|publisher=[[Le Temps]]|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{ | '''Tozinameran'''<ref name="INN">{{cite journal|author=World Health Organization|title=International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Proposed INN: List 124 – COVID-19 (special edition)|url=https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/WHO_DI_34-3_PL124-SpecialEdition.pdf|date=2020|journal=WHO Drug Information|volume=34|issue=3|access-date=23 November 2020|page=666|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127075410/https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/WHO_DI_34-3_PL124-SpecialEdition.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> pod kodnim nazivom '''''BNT162b2''''', poznato kao cjepivo '''''Pfizer – BioNTech COVID-19''''', a prodaje se pod robnom markom Comirnaty, je [[cjepivo protiv COVID-19]], koje je [[BioNTech SE|BioNTech]] razvilo u suradnji s [[Pfizer|Pfizerom]]. To je i prvo [[cjepivo]] protiv [[COVID-19]] koje je odobrilo strogo regulatorno tijelo za hitnu uporabu<ref name="ukgov12-2">{{cite press release|title=UK medicines regulator gives approval for first UK COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-medicines-regulator-gives-approval-for-first-uk-covid-19-vaccine|publisher=[[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA)|access-date=2 December 2020|date=2 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="boseley">{{cite news|first1=Sarah|last1=Boseley|first2=Josh|last2=Halliday|title=UK approves Pfizer/BioNTech Covid vaccine for rollout next week|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/dec/02/pfizer-biontech-covid-vaccine-wins-licence-for-use-in-the-uk|access-date=14 December 2020|work=The Guardian|date=2 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> i prvo odobrenje za redovnu uporabu.<ref name="let19">{{Cite news|date=19 December 2020|title=Swissmedic autorise un premier vaccin contre le coronavirus|url=https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/swissmedic-autorise-un-premier-vaccin-contre-coronavirus|access-date=19 December 2020|publisher=[[Le Temps]]|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-covid-19|title=Regulatory approval of Pfizer / BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19|date=2 December 2020|website=[[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA)|access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
BioNTech je početni razvijač cjepiva, koji se udružio s Pfizerom za razvoj, logistiku, financije, nadgledanje kliničkih ispitivanja i za svjetsku proizvodnju, osim [[Kina|Kine]], gdje je licencu za distribuciju i proizvodnju kupio [[Fosun]], zajedno sa svojim ulaganje u BioNTech. Distribuciju u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]] i [[Turska|Turskoj]] vrši sam BioNTech.<ref>{{ | BioNTech je početni razvijač cjepiva, koji se udružio s Pfizerom za razvoj, logistiku, financije, nadgledanje kliničkih ispitivanja i za svjetsku proizvodnju, osim [[Kina|Kine]], gdje je licencu za distribuciju i proizvodnju kupio [[Fosun]], zajedno sa svojim ulaganje u BioNTech. Distribuciju u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]] i [[Turska|Turskoj]] vrši sam BioNTech.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://investors.biontech.de/news-releases/news-release-details/pfizer-and-biontech-celebrate-historic-first-authorization-us|title=Pfizer and BioNTech Celebrate Historic First Authorization in the U.S. of Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19|publisher=Pfizer Inc. and BioNTech SE}}</ref> | ||
Daje se intramuskularnom injekcijom. To je [[Ribonukleinska kiselina|RNA]] cjepivo sastavljeno od nukleozidno modificirane [[MRNK|mRNA]] koja kodira mutirani oblik proteina klasja [[SARS-CoV-2]], koji je inkapsuliran u lipidne [[Nanotehnologija|nanočestice]].<ref name="pmid33053279">{{cite journal|title=Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates|date=October 2020|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=383|issue=25|pages=2439–50|vauthors=Walsh EE, Frenck RW, Falsey AR, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Neuzil K, Mulligan MJ, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Li P, Koury K, Kalina W, Cooper D, Fontes-Garfias C, Shi PY, Türeci Ö, Tompkins KR, Lyke KE, Raabe V, Dormitzer PR, Jansen KU, Şahin U, Gruber WC|display-authors=6|pmid=33053279|pmc=7583697|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2027906|doi-access=free}}</ref> Za [[cijepljenje]] su potrebne dvije doze u razmaku od tri tjedna.<ref name="palca" /><ref name="herper" /> Njegova sposobnost sprečavanja ozbiljne infekcije kod djece, trudnica ili osoba s oslabljenim imunitetom nije poznata, kao ni trajanje [[Imunosni sustav|imunološkog]] učinka koji daje.<ref name="edwards" /><ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-54873105|title=Covid vaccine: First 'milestone' vaccine offers 90% protection|vauthors=Gallagher J|work=BBC News|date=9 November 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126013146/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-54873105|url-status=live}}</ref> | Daje se intramuskularnom injekcijom. To je [[Ribonukleinska kiselina|RNA]] cjepivo sastavljeno od nukleozidno modificirane [[MRNK|mRNA]] koja kodira mutirani oblik proteina klasja [[SARS-CoV-2]], koji je inkapsuliran u lipidne [[Nanotehnologija|nanočestice]].<ref name="pmid33053279">{{cite journal|title=Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates|date=October 2020|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=383|issue=25|pages=2439–50|vauthors=Walsh EE, Frenck RW, Falsey AR, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Neuzil K, Mulligan MJ, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Li P, Koury K, Kalina W, Cooper D, Fontes-Garfias C, Shi PY, Türeci Ö, Tompkins KR, Lyke KE, Raabe V, Dormitzer PR, Jansen KU, Şahin U, Gruber WC|display-authors=6|pmid=33053279|pmc=7583697|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2027906|doi-access=free}}</ref> Za [[cijepljenje]] su potrebne dvije doze u razmaku od tri tjedna.<ref name="palca" /><ref name="herper" /> Njegova sposobnost sprečavanja ozbiljne infekcije kod djece, trudnica ili osoba s oslabljenim imunitetom nije poznata, kao ni trajanje [[Imunosni sustav|imunološkog]] učinka koji daje.<ref name="edwards" /><ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-54873105|title=Covid vaccine: First 'milestone' vaccine offers 90% protection|vauthors=Gallagher J|work=BBC News|date=9 November 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126013146/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-54873105|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Ispitivanja su započela u [[Travanj|travnju]] 2020 .; do [[Studeni|studenog]] je cjepivo testirano na više od 40 000 ljudi.<ref name="BioNTechUpdate">{{cite press release|title=Update on our COVID-19 vaccine development program with BNT162b2|url=https://investors.biontech.de/static-files/53f0968a-279b-4f82-a2fc-d67dcb6e4e91|format=PDF|publisher=[[BioNTech]]|date=2 December 2020|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> Privremena analiza podataka studije pokazala je potencijalnu učinkovitost od preko 90% u sprečavanju infekcije u roku od sedam dana od druge doze.<ref name="palca">{{ | Ispitivanja su započela u [[Travanj|travnju]] 2020 .; do [[Studeni|studenog]] je cjepivo testirano na više od 40 000 ljudi.<ref name="BioNTechUpdate">{{cite press release|title=Update on our COVID-19 vaccine development program with BNT162b2|url=https://investors.biontech.de/static-files/53f0968a-279b-4f82-a2fc-d67dcb6e4e91|format=PDF|publisher=[[BioNTech]]|date=2 December 2020|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> Privremena analiza podataka studije pokazala je potencijalnu učinkovitost od preko 90% u sprečavanju infekcije u roku od sedam dana od druge doze.<ref name="palca">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/09/933006651/pfizer-says-experimental-covid-19-vaccine-is-more-than-90-effective|title=Pfizer says experimental COVID-19 vaccine is more than 90% effective|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109130110/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/09/933006651/pfizer-says-experimental-covid-19-vaccine-is-more-than-90-effective|archive-date=9 November 2020|date=9 November 2020|work=NPR|access-date=9 November 2020|vauthors=Palca J|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="herper">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/09/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-is-strongly-effective-early-data-from-large-trial-indicate/|title=Covid-19 vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech is strongly effective, early data from large trial indicate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109114554/https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/09/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-is-strongly-effective-early-data-from-large-trial-indicate/|archive-date=9 November 2020|date=9 November 2020|work=[[Stat (website)|STAT]]|access-date=9 November 2020|vauthors=Herper M|url-status=live}}</ref> Najčešće nuspojave uključuju blagu do umjerenu bol na mjestu uboda, umor i glavobolju.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine|date=December 2020|journal=N Engl J Med|volume=|issue=|pages=|vauthors=Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Pérez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Roychoudhury S, Koury K, Li P, Kalina WV, Cooper D, Frenck RW, Hammitt LL, Türeci Ö, Nell H, Schaefer A, Ünal S, Tresnan DB, Mather S, Dormitzer PR, Şahin U, Jansen KU, Gruber WC|display-authors=6|pmid=33301246|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2034577|pmc=7745181|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.cvdvaccine-us.com/faqs|title=Questions and Answers About Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine|publisher=Pfizer|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> Od prosinca 2020. izvješća o ozbiljnim nuspojavama, poput alergijskih reakcija, bila su vrlo rijetka, a nisu zabilježene dugotrajne komplikacije.<ref name="BNF">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/guidance/adverse-reactions-to-drugs.html|title=Adverse reactions to drugs|publisher=British National Formulary|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
U [[Prosinac|prosincu]] [[2020.]] Tozinameran je bio na procjeni odobrenja za [[Hitna uporaba|hitnu uporabu]] (EUA) za široku upotrebu od strane nekoliko medicinskih regulatora na globalnoj razini. Potrebno je hitno odobrenje jer su njegova klinička ispitivanja faze III još uvijek u tijeku: praćenje primarnih ishoda nastavit će se do [[Kolovoz|kolovoza]] 2021., dok će se praćenje sekundarnih ishoda nastaviti do [[Siječanj|siječnja]] [[2023.]]<!-- <ref name="NCT04368728">{{ClinicalTrialsGov|NCT04368728|NCT04368728: Study to Describe the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of RNA Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 in Healthy Individuals}}</ref> --> [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] je prva zemlja koja je odobrila njegovu upotrebu u hitnim slučajevima.<ref name="nhs-cvac">{{ | U [[Prosinac|prosincu]] [[2020.]] Tozinameran je bio na procjeni odobrenja za [[Hitna uporaba|hitnu uporabu]] (EUA) za široku upotrebu od strane nekoliko medicinskih regulatora na globalnoj razini. Potrebno je hitno odobrenje jer su njegova klinička ispitivanja faze III još uvijek u tijeku: praćenje primarnih ishoda nastavit će se do [[Kolovoz|kolovoza]] 2021., dok će se praćenje sekundarnih ishoda nastaviti do [[Siječanj|siječnja]] [[2023.]]<!-- <ref name="NCT04368728">{{ClinicalTrialsGov|NCT04368728|NCT04368728: Study to Describe the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of RNA Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 in Healthy Individuals}}</ref> --> [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] je prva zemlja koja je odobrila njegovu upotrebu u hitnim slučajevima.<ref name="nhs-cvac">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/coronavirus-vaccination/coronavirus-vaccine/|title=Coronavirus vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207150116/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/coronavirus-vaccination/coronavirus-vaccine/|archive-date=7 December 2020|date=7 December 2020|publisher=National Health Service|access-date=7 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Ostale su zemlje slijedile u roku od tjedan dana. Do [[20. prosinca]] više od pola milijuna ljudi u Britaniji primilo je cjepivo u sklopu svog nacionalnog programa cijepljenja. Od [[21. prosinca]] 17 zemalja i [[Europska unija]] odobrile su tozinameran, cjepivo Pfizer – BioNTech, za hitnu upotrebu.<ref name="hcreg">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00730|title=Regulatory Decision Summary - Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209160459/https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00730|archive-date=9 December 2020|date=9 December 2020|publisher=[[Health Canada]]|access-date=9 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/bahrain-becomes-second-country-to-approve-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine|title=Bahrain becomes second country to approve Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204211007/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/bahrain-becomes-second-country-to-approve-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine|archive-date=4 December 2020|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=5 December 2020|url-status=live}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje weba|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/coronavirus/2020/12/10/Coronavirus-Saudi-Arabia-approves-Pfizer-COVID-19-vaccine-for-use|title=Coronavirus: Saudi Arabia approves Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine for use|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211155342/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/coronavirus/2020/12/10/Coronavirus-Saudi-Arabia-approves-Pfizer-COVID-19-vaccine-for-use|archive-date=11 December 2020|date=10 December 2020|website=Al Arabiya English|access-date=10 December 2020|url-status=live}} | ||
* {{cite news|author1=Daina Beth Solomon|first2=Noe|last2=Torres|title=Mexico approves emergency use of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mexico-idUSKBN28M019|access-date=12 December 2020|work=Reuters|date=11 December 2020}} | * {{cite news|author1=Daina Beth Solomon|first2=Noe|last2=Torres|title=Mexico approves emergency use of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mexico-idUSKBN28M019|access-date=12 December 2020|work=Reuters|date=11 December 2020}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/11/health/pfizer-vaccine-authorized.html|title=F.D.A. Clears Pfizer Vaccine, and Millions of Doses Will Be Shipped Right Away|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212023020/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/11/health/pfizer-vaccine-authorized.html|archive-date=12 December 2020|last=Thomas|first=Katie|date=20 November 2020|website=The New York Times|access-date=11 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc|url-status=live}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/first-shipments-of-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-in-singapore-by-end-dec-enough-vaccines|title=First shipments of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in Singapore by end-Dec; enough vaccines for all by Q3 2021|archive-url=|archive-date=|date=14 December 2020|website=The Straits Times|access-date=14 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mulla">{{cite news|author1=Yasmena Al Mulla|title=Kuwait approves emergency use of Pfizer vaccine|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-approves-emergency-use-of-pfizer-vaccine-1.75875294|access-date=14 December 2020|work=Gulf News|date=13 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
Pfizer je u [[Studeni|studenom]] 2020. naznačio da bi 50 milijuna doza moglo biti dostupno globalno do kraja 2020., s oko 1,3 milijarde doza [[2021.]] godine.<ref name="herper" /> | Pfizer je u [[Studeni|studenom]] 2020. naznačio da bi 50 milijuna doza moglo biti dostupno globalno do kraja 2020., s oko 1,3 milijarde doza [[2021.]] godine.<ref name="herper" /> | ||
Pfizer je unaprijed zaključio kupoprodajne ugovore od oko 3 milijarde [[Američki dolar|američkih dolara]] za osiguravanje licenciranog cjepiva u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjenim Državama]], [[Europska unija|Europskoj uniji]], [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu]], [[Japan|Japanu]], [[Kanada|Kanadi]], [[Peru|Peruu]] i [[Meksiko|Meksiku]].<ref name="bloom11-10">{{cite news|title=Deep-freeze hurdle makes Pfizer's vaccine one for the rich|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-10/deep-freeze-challenge-makes-pfizer-s-shot-a-vaccine-for-the-rich|access-date=12 November 2020|work=Bloomberg|date=10 November 2020|quote=Vaccine goes bad five days after thawing, requires two shots; Many nations face costly ramp up of cold-chain infrastructure|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122105948/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-10/deep-freeze-challenge-makes-pfizer-s-shot-a-vaccine-for-the-rich|url-status=live}}</ref> Distribucija i skladištenje cjepiva logistički je izazov jer ga treba čuvati na temperaturama između -80 i -60 ° C,<ref name="Vaccination Storage">{{ | Pfizer je unaprijed zaključio kupoprodajne ugovore od oko 3 milijarde [[Američki dolar|američkih dolara]] za osiguravanje licenciranog cjepiva u [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjenim Državama]], [[Europska unija|Europskoj uniji]], [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu]], [[Japan|Japanu]], [[Kanada|Kanadi]], [[Peru|Peruu]] i [[Meksiko|Meksiku]].<ref name="bloom11-10">{{cite news|title=Deep-freeze hurdle makes Pfizer's vaccine one for the rich|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-10/deep-freeze-challenge-makes-pfizer-s-shot-a-vaccine-for-the-rich|access-date=12 November 2020|work=Bloomberg|date=10 November 2020|quote=Vaccine goes bad five days after thawing, requires two shots; Many nations face costly ramp up of cold-chain infrastructure|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122105948/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-10/deep-freeze-challenge-makes-pfizer-s-shot-a-vaccine-for-the-rich|url-status=live}}</ref> Distribucija i skladištenje cjepiva logistički je izazov jer ga treba čuvati na temperaturama između -80 i -60 ° C,<ref name="Vaccination Storage">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.cvdvaccine-us.com/product-storage-and-dry-ice|title=Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Vaccination Storage & Dry Ice Safety Handling|publisher=Pfizer|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref> do pet dana prije cijepljenja.<ref name="Vaccination Storage" /> | ||
== Razvoj == | == Razvoj == | ||
Prije cjepiva protiv COVID, cjepivo protiv zarazne bolesti nikada prije nije proizvedeno u manje od nekoliko godina, a nije postojalo cjepivo za sprečavanje zaraze [[Koronavirus|koronavirusom]] kod ljudi.<ref name="gates2">{{ | Prije cjepiva protiv COVID, cjepivo protiv zarazne bolesti nikada prije nije proizvedeno u manje od nekoliko godina, a nije postojalo cjepivo za sprečavanje zaraze [[Koronavirus|koronavirusom]] kod ljudi.<ref name="gates2">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine|title=The vaccine race explained: What you need to know about the COVID-19 vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514010012/https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine|archive-date=14 May 2020|last=Gates|first=Bill|date=30 April 2020|publisher=The Gates Notes|access-date=2 May 2020|url-status=live|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Nakon otkrivanja koronavirusa u prosincu 2019. godine,<ref name="who-time">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19|title=World Health Organization timeline – COVID-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429012212/https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19|archive-date=29 April 2020|date=27 April 2020|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=2 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> razvoj BNT162b2 pokrenut je [[10. siječnja]] 2020. godine, kada je kineski centar za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti putem GISAID-a<ref name="Polack">{{Cite journal|last=Polack|first=Fernando|title=Safety and Efficacy of the mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577|date=December 10, 2020|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=|pages=|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2034577|quote=development of BNT162b2 was initiated on January 10, 2020, when the SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequence was released by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and disseminated globally by the GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) initiative|via=|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bohn">{{Cite journal|last=Bohn|first=Mary Kathryn|title=IFCC Interim Guidelines on Molecular Testing of SARS-CoV-2 Infection|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/cclm/ahead-of-print/article-10.1515-cclm-2020-1412/article-10.1515-cclm-2020-1412.xml|date=October 7, 2020|journal=Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine|volume=58|pages=1993–2000|doi=10.1515/cclm-2020-1412|via=|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=November 23, 2020|title=CEPI's collaborative task force to assess COVID-19 vaccines on emerging viral strains|work=BioSpectrum - Asia Edition|url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/83/17161/cepis-collaborative-task-force-to-assess-covid-19-vaccines-on-emerging-viral-strains.html|url-status=live|quote=the first SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes were shared via GISAID on 10 January 2020}}</ref> objavio genetske sekvence SARS-CoV-2, pokretanje hitne međunarodne reakcije radi pripreme za izbijanje bolesti i ubrzavanja razvoja preventivnih cjepiva.<ref name="thanh">{{cite journal|title=The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|date=9 April 2020|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|volume=19|issue=5|pages=305–06|last1=Thanh Le|display-authors=6|doi-access=free|pmid=32273591|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5|issn=1474-1776|first7=Stephen|first1=Tung|last7=Mayhew|first6=Melanie|last6=Saville|first5=Stig|last5=Tollefsen|first4=Raúl|last4=Gómez Román|first3=Arun|last3=Kumar|first2=Zacharias|last2=Andreadakis|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="Fauci">{{cite journal|title=Covid-19: Navigating the uncharted|date=March 2020|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=13|pages=1268–69|vauthors=Fauci AS, Lane HC, Redfield RR|doi=10.1056/nejme2002387|pmc=7121221|pmid=32109011}}</ref> | ||
U siječnju 2020. [[njemačka]] biotehnološka [[tvrtka]] [[BioNTech|BioNtech]] započela je svoj program 'Lightspeed' za razvoj cjepiva protiv novog virusa COVID-19 na temelju već uspostavljene [[Biotehnologija|mRNA-tehnologije]].<ref name="BioNTechUpdate" /> Nekoliko varijanti cjepiva stvoreno je u njihovim laboratorijima u [[Mainz|Mainzu]], a 20 od njih predstavljeno je stručnjacima Instituta Paul-Ehrlich u [[Langen|Langenu]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Christian|last=Papadopoulos|date=14 December 2020|title=Chronologie - So entstand der Corona-Impfstoff von Biontech|trans-title=Chronology - That's how the Covid-vaccine of Biontech was being developed|url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/corona-impfstoff-chronologie-100.html|publisher=[[Südwestrundfunk]]|language=German|access-date=20 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Ispitivanja faze I / II započeta su u Njemačkoj 23. travnja 2020., a u SAD-u 4. svibnja 2020., s četiri kandidata za cjepivo koja su ušla u klinička ispitivanja. Početno ključno ispitivanje faze II / III s kandidatom za glavno cjepivo 'BNT162b2' započelo je u srpnju. Rezultati III faze koji ukazuju na 95% učinkovitosti razvijenog cjepiva objavljeni su 18. studenog 2020. | U siječnju 2020. [[njemačka]] biotehnološka [[tvrtka]] [[BioNTech|BioNtech]] započela je svoj program 'Lightspeed' za razvoj cjepiva protiv novog virusa COVID-19 na temelju već uspostavljene [[Biotehnologija|mRNA-tehnologije]].<ref name="BioNTechUpdate" /> Nekoliko varijanti cjepiva stvoreno je u njihovim laboratorijima u [[Mainz|Mainzu]], a 20 od njih predstavljeno je stručnjacima Instituta Paul-Ehrlich u [[Langen|Langenu]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Christian|last=Papadopoulos|date=14 December 2020|title=Chronologie - So entstand der Corona-Impfstoff von Biontech|trans-title=Chronology - That's how the Covid-vaccine of Biontech was being developed|url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/corona-impfstoff-chronologie-100.html|publisher=[[Südwestrundfunk]]|language=German|access-date=20 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Ispitivanja faze I / II započeta su u Njemačkoj 23. travnja 2020., a u SAD-u 4. svibnja 2020., s četiri kandidata za cjepivo koja su ušla u klinička ispitivanja. Početno ključno ispitivanje faze II / III s kandidatom za glavno cjepivo 'BNT162b2' započelo je u srpnju. Rezultati III faze koji ukazuju na 95% učinkovitosti razvijenog cjepiva objavljeni su 18. studenog 2020. | ||
Redak 32: | Redak 32: | ||
[[BioNTech]] je u ožujku 2020. godine od Fosuna primio 135 milijuna američkih dolara ulaganja u zamjenu za 1,58 milijuna dionica BioNTecha i buduća razvojna i marketinška prava BNT162b2 u [[Kina|Kini]], [[Hong Kong|Hong Kongu]], [[Makao|Makau]] i [[Republika Kina|Tajvanu]].<ref name="fosun">{{cite news|vauthors=Burger L|title=BioNTech in China alliance with Fosun over coronavirus vaccine candidate|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/biontech-fosunpharma-vaccine-collaborati/biontech-in-china-alliance-with-fosun-over-coronavirus-vaccine-candidate-idUSL8N2B90UW|access-date=10 November 2020|work=Reuters|date=15 March 2020|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114132914/https://www.reuters.com/article/biontech-fosunpharma-vaccine-collaborati/biontech-in-china-alliance-with-fosun-over-coronavirus-vaccine-candidate-idUSL8N2B90UW|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[BioNTech]] je u ožujku 2020. godine od Fosuna primio 135 milijuna američkih dolara ulaganja u zamjenu za 1,58 milijuna dionica BioNTecha i buduća razvojna i marketinška prava BNT162b2 u [[Kina|Kini]], [[Hong Kong|Hong Kongu]], [[Makao|Makau]] i [[Republika Kina|Tajvanu]].<ref name="fosun">{{cite news|vauthors=Burger L|title=BioNTech in China alliance with Fosun over coronavirus vaccine candidate|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/biontech-fosunpharma-vaccine-collaborati/biontech-in-china-alliance-with-fosun-over-coronavirus-vaccine-candidate-idUSL8N2B90UW|access-date=10 November 2020|work=Reuters|date=15 March 2020|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114132914/https://www.reuters.com/article/biontech-fosunpharma-vaccine-collaborati/biontech-in-china-alliance-with-fosun-over-coronavirus-vaccine-candidate-idUSL8N2B90UW|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
U rujnu 2020. njemačka vlada odobrila je BioNTech-u 375 milijuna eura (445 milijuna američkih dolara) za svoj program razvoja cjepiva COVID-19 u vrijeme kada je Pfizer financirao svoj dio troškova razvoja bez državnog financiranja.<ref>{{cite news|title=BioNTech gets $445 million in German funding for vaccine|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-15/biontech-gets-445-million-in-german-funding-for-covid-vaccine|access-date=10 November 2020|work=Bloomberg.com|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109130431/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-15/biontech-gets-445-million-in-german-funding-for-covid-vaccine|url-status=live}}</ref> BioNTech je također dobio 100 milijuna eura (119 milijuna američkih dolara) za financiranje od Europske komisije i Europske investicijske banke, a sporazum o financiranju završen je u lipnju 2020.<ref name="eib">{{ | U rujnu 2020. njemačka vlada odobrila je BioNTech-u 375 milijuna eura (445 milijuna američkih dolara) za svoj program razvoja cjepiva COVID-19 u vrijeme kada je Pfizer financirao svoj dio troškova razvoja bez državnog financiranja.<ref>{{cite news|title=BioNTech gets $445 million in German funding for vaccine|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-15/biontech-gets-445-million-in-german-funding-for-covid-vaccine|access-date=10 November 2020|work=Bloomberg.com|date=15 September 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109130431/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-15/biontech-gets-445-million-in-german-funding-for-covid-vaccine|url-status=live}}</ref> BioNTech je također dobio 100 milijuna eura (119 milijuna američkih dolara) za financiranje od Europske komisije i Europske investicijske banke, a sporazum o financiranju završen je u lipnju 2020.<ref name="eib">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2020-144-eib-to-provide-biontech-with-up-to-eur-100-million-in-debt-financing-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-and-manufacturing|title=Germany: Investment Plan for Europe – EIB to provide BioNTech with up to €100 million in debt financing for COVID-19 vaccine development and manufacturing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109174611/https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2020-144-eib-to-provide-biontech-with-up-to-eur-100-million-in-debt-financing-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-and-manufacturing|archive-date=9 November 2020|date=11 June 2020|publisher=European Investment Bank|access-date=10 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Izvršni direktor [[Pfizer|Pfizera]] Albert Bourla izjavio je da se odlučio za uzimanje sredstava iz američke vlade Operacije Warp Speed za razvoj cjepiva "jer sam želio osloboditi naše znanstvenike svake birokracije koja dolazi s tim da moraju davati izvještaje i dogovarati se kako idemo trošiti novac paralelno ili zajedno itd. " Pfizer je zaključio sporazum sa SAD-om o eventualnoj distribuciji cjepiva, kao i s drugim zemljama.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 November 2020|title=Pfizer CEO says he would've released vaccine data before election if possible|url=https://www.axios.com/pfizer-ceo-says-he-wouldve-released-vaccine-data-before-election-if-possible-a4f0c822-bf49-4a04-ac7f-5275c8d895b4.html|access-date=11 November 2020|work=Axios|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110214718/https://www.axios.com/pfizer-ceo-says-he-wouldve-released-vaccine-data-before-election-if-possible-a4f0c822-bf49-4a04-ac7f-5275c8d895b4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | Izvršni direktor [[Pfizer|Pfizera]] Albert Bourla izjavio je da se odlučio za uzimanje sredstava iz američke vlade Operacije Warp Speed za razvoj cjepiva "jer sam želio osloboditi naše znanstvenike svake birokracije koja dolazi s tim da moraju davati izvještaje i dogovarati se kako idemo trošiti novac paralelno ili zajedno itd. " Pfizer je zaključio sporazum sa SAD-om o eventualnoj distribuciji cjepiva, kao i s drugim zemljama.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 November 2020|title=Pfizer CEO says he would've released vaccine data before election if possible|url=https://www.axios.com/pfizer-ceo-says-he-wouldve-released-vaccine-data-before-election-if-possible-a4f0c822-bf49-4a04-ac7f-5275c8d895b4.html|access-date=11 November 2020|work=Axios|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110214718/https://www.axios.com/pfizer-ceo-says-he-wouldve-released-vaccine-data-before-election-if-possible-a4f0c822-bf49-4a04-ac7f-5275c8d895b4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Redak 41: | Redak 41: | ||
Studija BNT162b2 kontinuirano je ispitivanje u fazi III od [[Studeni|studenoga]] 2020. Riječ je o "randomiziranoj, placebo kontroliranom, slijepom promatraču, istraživanju doza, odabiru kandidata za cjepivo i ispitivanju učinkovitosti kod zdravih osoba". Istraživanjem u ranoj fazi utvrđena je sigurnost i razina doze za dva kandidata za cjepivo, a pokus se proširio sredinom 2020. godine kako bi se procijenila učinkovitost i sigurnost BNT162b2 u većem broju sudionika, dosegnuvši desetke tisuća ljudi koji su primali testna cijepljenja u više zemalja suradnja s [[Pfizer|Pfizerom]] i [[Fosun|Fosunom]]. | Studija BNT162b2 kontinuirano je ispitivanje u fazi III od [[Studeni|studenoga]] 2020. Riječ je o "randomiziranoj, placebo kontroliranom, slijepom promatraču, istraživanju doza, odabiru kandidata za cjepivo i ispitivanju učinkovitosti kod zdravih osoba". Istraživanjem u ranoj fazi utvrđena je sigurnost i razina doze za dva kandidata za cjepivo, a pokus se proširio sredinom 2020. godine kako bi se procijenila učinkovitost i sigurnost BNT162b2 u većem broju sudionika, dosegnuvši desetke tisuća ljudi koji su primali testna cijepljenja u više zemalja suradnja s [[Pfizer|Pfizerom]] i [[Fosun|Fosunom]]. | ||
Ispitivanje faze III procjenjuje sigurnost, djelotvornost, podnošljivost i imunogenost BNT162b2 na razini srednje doze (dvije injekcije odvojene po 21 dan) u tri dobne skupine: 12–15 godina, 16–55 godina ili više od 55 godina. Za odobrenje u [[Europska unija|EU]], EMA je potvrdila ukupnu učinkovitost cjepiva od 95%.<ref name=":0">{{ | Ispitivanje faze III procjenjuje sigurnost, djelotvornost, podnošljivost i imunogenost BNT162b2 na razini srednje doze (dvije injekcije odvojene po 21 dan) u tri dobne skupine: 12–15 godina, 16–55 godina ili više od 55 godina. Za odobrenje u [[Europska unija|EU]], EMA je potvrdila ukupnu učinkovitost cjepiva od 95%.<ref name=":0">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/assessment-report/comirnaty-epar-public-assessment-report_en.pdf|title=EMA Assessment Report|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|first=|date=21 December 2020|website=www.ema.europa.eu|access-date=29 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Redak 79: | Redak 79: | ||
=== Sekvenca === | === Sekvenca === | ||
ModRNA sekvenca tozinamerana duga je 4.284 nukleotida, s molekularnom težinom od približno 1388 [[Atomska jedinica mase|kDa]].<ref name="MedNet2">{{ | ModRNA sekvenca tozinamerana duga je 4.284 nukleotida, s molekularnom težinom od približno 1388 [[Atomska jedinica mase|kDa]].<ref name="MedNet2">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://mednet-communities.net/inn/db/ViewINN.aspx?i=11889|title=INN: Tozinameran|author=World Health Organization|work=WHO MedNet|accessdate=1 December 2020|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="MedNet">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://mednet-communities.net/inn/db/media/docs/11889.doc|title=Messenger RNA encoding the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein|author=World Health Organization|work=WHO MedNet|format=DOC|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> Sastoji se od kapice s pet glavnih mjesta; pet primarnih neprevedenih područja izvedenih iz slijeda humanog alfa globina; gen optimiziran za kodon proteina spike pune duljine [[SARS-CoV-2]] (baze 55–3879), uključujući signalni peptid (baze 55–102) i dvije supstitucije prolina (K986P i V987P, označene kao „2P“) koji uzrokovati da šiljak usvoji prefuzijski stabiliziranu konformaciju smanjujući sposobnost fuzije membrane, povećavajući ekspresiju i stimulirajući neutralizirajuća antitijela;<ref>{{cite journal|title=Immunogenicity and structures of a rationally designed prefusion MERS-CoV spike antigen|date=August 2017|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=114|issue=35|pages=E7348–E7357|vauthors=Pallesen J, Wang N, Corbett KS, Wrapp D, Kirchdoerfer RN, Turner HL, Cottrell CA, Becker MM, Wang L, Shi W, Kong WP, Andres EL, Kettenbach AN, Denison MR, Chappell JD, Graham BS, Ward AB, McLellan JS|display-authors=6|pmid=28807998|pmc=5584442|doi=10.1073/pnas.1707304114}}</ref> nakon čega slijede tri primarna neprevedena područja (baze 3880-4174) kombinirana iz AES i mtRNR1 odabranih za povećanu ekspresiju proteina i stabilnost mRNA;<ref>{{cite journal|title=Improving mRNA-Based Therapeutic Gene Delivery by Expression-Augmenting 3' UTRs Identified by Cellular Library Screening|date=April 2019|journal=Molecular Therapy|volume=27|issue=4|vauthors=Orlandini von Niessen AG, Poleganov MA, Rechner C, Plaschke A, Kranz LM, Fesser S, Diken M, Löwer M, Vallazza B, Beissert T, Bukur V, Kuhn AN, Türeci Ö, Sahin U|display-authors=6|pmid=30638957|pmc=6453560|doi=10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.12.011}}</ref> i poli (A) rep koji sadrži 30 adenozinskih ostataka, 10-nukleotidnu vezujuću sekvencu i 70 ostalih adenozinskih ostataka (baze 4175-4284).<ref name="MedNet" /> Slijed ne sadrži ostatke uridina; zamijenjeni su 1-metil-3′-pseudouridinom.<ref name="MedNet" /> | ||
== Uporaba == | == Uporaba == | ||
=== Ubrzana === | === Ubrzana === | ||
Regulatorna agencija za lijekove i zdravstvene proizvode Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva (MHRA) dala je cjepivu "brzo privremeno regulatorno odobrenje za rješavanje značajnih javnozdravstvenih problema, poput pandemije", što je dopušteno prema Zakonu o lijekovima iz 1968. godine.<ref>{{ | Regulatorna agencija za lijekove i zdravstvene proizvode Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva (MHRA) dala je cjepivu "brzo privremeno regulatorno odobrenje za rješavanje značajnih javnozdravstvenih problema, poput pandemije", što je dopušteno prema Zakonu o lijekovima iz 1968. godine.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-medicines-regulator-gives-approval-for-first-uk-covid-19-vaccine|title=UK medicines regulator gives approval for first UK COVID-19 vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202101605/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-medicines-regulator-gives-approval-for-first-uk-covid-19-vaccine|archive-date=2 December 2020|date=2 December 2020|website=[[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA)|access-date=2 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> prvo [[cjepivo protiv COVID-19]] koje je odobreno za nacionalnu uporabu nakon provedenih velikih ispitivanja,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/uk-authorizes-vaccine-emergency-use-ea0170c978eb281a905866e5bd78bbdf|title=Britain OKs Pfizer vaccine and will begin shots within days|work=AP|date=2 December 2020|vauthors=Neergaard L, Kirka D|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206161358/https://apnews.com/article/uk-authorizes-vaccine-emergency-use-ea0170c978eb281a905866e5bd78bbdf|url-status=live}}</ref> i prvo cjepivo protiv mRNA koje je odobreno za uporabu na ljudima.<ref name="mueller">{{cite news|first=Benjamin|last=Mueller|title=U.K. Approves Pfizer Coronavirus Vaccine, a First in the West|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/world/europe/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-approved-uk.html|access-date=2 December 2020|work=The New York Times|date=2 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] tako je postalo prva zapadna zemlja koja je odobrila cjepivo COVID-19 za nacionalnu upotrebu,<ref name="bbcuk">{{cite news|date=2 December 2020|title=Covid Pfizer vaccine approved for use next week in UK|vauthors=Roberts M|work=[[BBC News Online]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55145696|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202070718/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55145696|url-status=live}}</ref> iako su neki stručnjaci kritizirali odluku o ubrzanom cjepivu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/03/europe-us-experts-question-uk-fast-track-covid-vaccine|title=European and US experts question UK's fast-track of Covid vaccine|date=3 December 2020|first1=Jon|last1=Henley|first2=Kate|last2=Connolly|first3=Sam|last3=Jones|website=The Guardian|access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209004141/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/03/europe-us-experts-question-uk-fast-track-covid-vaccine|url-status=live|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> | ||
[[8. prosinca]] [[2020.]], Margaret "Maggie" Keenan (90) iz Fermanagh postala je prva osoba koja je primila cjepivo u Velikoj Britaniji.<ref>{{ | [[8. prosinca]] [[2020.]], Margaret "Maggie" Keenan (90) iz Fermanagh postala je prva osoba koja je primila cjepivo u Velikoj Britaniji.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-55227325|title=First patient receives Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208070149/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-55227325|archive-date=8 December 2020|date=8 December 2020|via=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=8 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Do [[20. prosinca]] 521 594 stanovnika [[Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|Velike Britanije]] primilo je cjepivo u sklopu nacionalnog programa cijepljenja. 70% je bilo kod ljudi starijih od 80 godina.<ref name="vacstat">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/12/COVID-19-total-announced-vaccinations-24-December-2020-1.pdf|title=COVID-19 Vaccination Statistics –Week ending Sunday 20th December 2020|date=24 December 2020|publisher=NHS}}</ref> | ||
U prosincu, nakon Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, sljedeće zemlje ubrzale su postupke za odobravanje cjepiva Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 za upotrebu: [[Argentina]],<ref>{{ | U prosincu, nakon Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, sljedeće zemlje ubrzale su postupke za odobravanje cjepiva Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 za upotrebu: [[Argentina]],<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/coronavirus-argentina-anmat-aprobo-uso-emergencia-vacuna-nid2548852|title=Coronavirus en la Argentina: La ANMAT aprobo el uso de emergencia de la vacuna Pfizer|website=La Nación|language=es|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref> [[Bahrein]],<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/bahrain-becomes-second-country-to-approve-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine|title=Bahrain becomes second country to approve Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref> [[Kanada]],<ref name="CA Pfizer-BioNTech product description">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine/product-details|title=Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (tozinameran)|publisher=Health Canada|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="canlist">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/covid19-industry/drugs-vaccines-treatments/authorization/applications.html|title=Drug and vaccine authorizations for COVID-19: List of applications received|date=9 December 2020|publisher=[[Health Canada]]|access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref> [[Čile]],<ref name="El Pais">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020-12-16/chile-y-ecuador-se-adelantan-en-sudamerica-y-autorizan-la-vacuna-de-pfizer.html|title=Chile y Ecuador se adelantan en Sudamérica y autorizan la vacuna de Pfizer|publisher=El Pais|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref> [[Kostarika]],<ref>{{Cite news|author=Reuters Staff|date=2020-12-23|title=First Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines set to reach Costa Rica on Wednesday - president|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-costarica-vaccine-idUSS0N2HB06S|access-date=2020-12-24}}</ref> [[Ekvador]], [[Jordan]],<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201215-jordan-approves-pfizer-biontech-covid-vaccine|title=Jordan approves Pfizer-BioNTech Covid vaccine|date=15 December 2020|website=France 24|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> [[Kuvajt]],<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://arab.news/427j9|title=Kuwait authorizes emergency use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|date=13 December 2020|website=Arab News|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> [[Meksiko]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 December 2020|title=Mexico Approves Pfizer Vaccine for Emergency Use as Covid Surges|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-12/mexico-approves-pfizer-vaccine-for-emergency-use-as-covid-surges|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> [[Oman]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 December 2020|title=Oman issues licence to import Pfizer BioNTech Covid vaccine - TV|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-oman-vaccine-int-idUSKBN28P1RA|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> [[Sjedinjene Američke Države|Sjedinjene Države]] , [[Saudijska Arabija]],<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-15/saudi-arabia-to-launch-its-coronavirus-vaccination-program|title=Saudi Arabia to Launch Its Coronavirus Vaccination Program|language=es|publisher=Boomberg|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="mulla" /> [[Singapur]],<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://apnews.com/article/science-singapore-coronavirus-pandemic-lee-hsien-loong-coronavirus-vaccine-5bf8461b9d2d32ec08d56fcf5958317a|title=Singapore approves use of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine|date=14 December 2020|website=AP News|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> [[Irak]],<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/other/iraq-grants-emergency-approval-for-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine/ar-BB1cgvD6|title=Iraq grants emergency approval for Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine|publisher=MSN|access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref> [[Izrael]],<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/fda-approves-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-nyt-651871|title=Israeli Health Minister 'pleased' as FDA approves Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine|website=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> [[Panama]],<ref name="panama">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/panama-approves-pfizers-covid-19-010942802.html|title=Panama approves Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine – health ministry|publisher=Yahoo! Finance|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> [[Katar]]<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-qatar/qatar-oman-to-receive-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-this-week-idUSKBN28U0VE|title=Qatar, Oman to receive Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine this week|publisher=Reuters|access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref> i [[Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]].<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://emirateswoman.com/dubai-approves-the-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-free/|title=Dubai approves the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine which will be free of charge|date=23 December 2020|website=Emirates Woman|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
[[Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija|Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (WHO)]] odobrila ga je za hitne potrebe.<ref>{{ | [[Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija|Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (WHO)]] odobrila ga je za hitne potrebe.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://newsd.in/who-clears-pfizer-biontech-coronavirus-vaccine-for-emergency-use/|title=WHO clears Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus vaccine for emergency use|date=2021-01-01|website=Newsd.in|access-date=2021-01-01}}</ref> | ||
U Sjedinjenim Državama, odobrenje za hitnu uporabu (EUA) "mehanizam je koji olakšava dostupnost i upotrebu medicinskih protumjera, uključujući cjepiva, tijekom hitnih slučajeva u javnom zdravstvu, poput trenutne [[Pandemija COVID-19|pandemije COVID-19]]", navodi FDA.<ref name="fda-eua">{{ | U Sjedinjenim Državama, odobrenje za hitnu uporabu (EUA) "mehanizam je koji olakšava dostupnost i upotrebu medicinskih protumjera, uključujući cjepiva, tijekom hitnih slučajeva u javnom zdravstvu, poput trenutne [[Pandemija COVID-19|pandemije COVID-19]]", navodi FDA.<ref name="fda-eua">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained|title=Emergency Use Authorization for vaccines explained|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120184730/https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained|archive-date=20 November 2020|date=20 November 2020|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|access-date=20 November 2020|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Nakon izdavanja EUA, očekuje se da će [[BioNTech]] i [[Pfizer]] nastaviti fazu III kliničkog ispitivanja kako bi se finalizirali podaci o sigurnosti i djelotvornosti, što dovodi do zahtjeva za licencu (odobrenje) cjepiva u Sjedinjenim Državama.<ref name="fda-eua" /><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/144412/download|title=Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine EUA Letter of Authorization|date=11 December 2020|format=PDF|publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="EUA fact sheet">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/144413/download|title=Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine EUA Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers|date=11 December 2020|format=PDF|publisher=Pfizer}}</ref> Savjetodavni odbor za imunizacijske prakse (ACIP) Američkih centara za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti (CDC) odobrio je preporuke za cijepljenje osoba starijih od 16 godina.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sun|first1=Lena H.|last2=Stanley-Becker|first2=Isaac|title=CDC greenlights advisory group's decision to recommend Pfizer vaccine for use|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/12/12/covid-vaccine-cdc-approval/|access-date=14 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, December 2020|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm6950e2-H.pdf|date=December 2020|journal=MMWR|volume=69|issue=50|pages=1922–24|vauthors=Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Marin M, Wallace M, Curran KG, Chamberland M, McClung N, Campos-Outcalt D, Morgan RL, Mbaeyi S, Romero JR, Talbot HK, Lee GM, Bell BP, Dooling K|display-authors=6|pmid=33332292|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6950e2|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
=== Standardna === | === Standardna === | ||
[[Švicarska]] agencija za terapijske proizvode (Swissmedic) odobrila je [[19. prosinca]] 2020. cjepivo Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 za redovnu uporabu, dva mjeseca nakon zaprimanja zahtjeva, navodeći da je cjepivo u potpunosti udovoljavalo zahtjevima sigurnosti, djelotvornosti i kvalitete. Ovo je prvo odobrenje prema standardnom postupku, jer švicarski zakoni ne dopuštaju hitna odobrenja.<ref name="Swiss authorization">{{cite press release|title=Swissmedic grants authorisation for the first COVID-19 vaccine in Switzerland|url=https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/das-bag/aktuell/medienmitteilungen.msg-id-81761.html|publisher=Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic)|date=19 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=COVID-19: Switzerland can start vaccinating vulnerable groups already in December|publisher=Federal Office of Public Health|date=19 December 2020|url=https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/das-bag/aktuell/medienmitteilungen.msg-id-81762.html|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> [[23. prosinca]] stanovnica Lucerna, 90-godišnjakinja, postala je prva osoba koja je primila cjepivo u Švicarskoj.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Luzerner Zeitung]]|date=23 December 2020|url=https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/zentralschweiz/luzern/coronavirus-90-jaehrige-luzernerin-als-erste-person-in-der-schweiz-gegen-corona-geimpft-ld.2079678|first=Salome|last=Erni|title=90-jährige Luzernerin als erste Person in der Schweiz gegen Corona geimpft|access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> To je označilo početak masovnog cijepljenja u [[Europa|kontinentalnoj Europi]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Heidi.news|date=23 December 2020|url=https://www.heidi.news/sante/la-piqure-de-l-espoir-pratiquee-a-lucerne|first=Julien|last=Pralong|title=La piqûre de l'espoir pratiquée à Lucerne|access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> | [[Švicarska]] agencija za terapijske proizvode (Swissmedic) odobrila je [[19. prosinca]] 2020. cjepivo Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 za redovnu uporabu, dva mjeseca nakon zaprimanja zahtjeva, navodeći da je cjepivo u potpunosti udovoljavalo zahtjevima sigurnosti, djelotvornosti i kvalitete. Ovo je prvo odobrenje prema standardnom postupku, jer švicarski zakoni ne dopuštaju hitna odobrenja.<ref name="Swiss authorization">{{cite press release|title=Swissmedic grants authorisation for the first COVID-19 vaccine in Switzerland|url=https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/das-bag/aktuell/medienmitteilungen.msg-id-81761.html|publisher=Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic)|date=19 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=COVID-19: Switzerland can start vaccinating vulnerable groups already in December|publisher=Federal Office of Public Health|date=19 December 2020|url=https://www.bag.admin.ch/bag/en/home/das-bag/aktuell/medienmitteilungen.msg-id-81762.html|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> [[23. prosinca]] stanovnica Lucerna, 90-godišnjakinja, postala je prva osoba koja je primila cjepivo u Švicarskoj.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Luzerner Zeitung]]|date=23 December 2020|url=https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/zentralschweiz/luzern/coronavirus-90-jaehrige-luzernerin-als-erste-person-in-der-schweiz-gegen-corona-geimpft-ld.2079678|first=Salome|last=Erni|title=90-jährige Luzernerin als erste Person in der Schweiz gegen Corona geimpft|access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> To je označilo početak masovnog cijepljenja u [[Europa|kontinentalnoj Europi]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Heidi.news|date=23 December 2020|url=https://www.heidi.news/sante/la-piqure-de-l-espoir-pratiquee-a-lucerne|first=Julien|last=Pralong|title=La piqûre de l'espoir pratiquée à Lucerne|access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
[[21. prosinca]] 2020. Odbor za lijekove za humanu upotrebu (CHMP) Europske agencije za lijekove (EMA) preporučio je davanje uvjetnog odobrenja za stavljanje tozinamerana u promet.<ref name="EU PR 20201221">{{cite press release|title=EMA recommends first COVID-19 vaccine for authorisation in the EU|website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)|date=21 December 2020|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-recommends-first-covid-19-vaccine-authorisation-eu|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Comirnaty EPAR">{{ | [[21. prosinca]] 2020. Odbor za lijekove za humanu upotrebu (CHMP) Europske agencije za lijekove (EMA) preporučio je davanje uvjetnog odobrenja za stavljanje tozinamerana u promet.<ref name="EU PR 20201221">{{cite press release|title=EMA recommends first COVID-19 vaccine for authorisation in the EU|website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)|date=21 December 2020|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-recommends-first-covid-19-vaccine-authorisation-eu|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Comirnaty EPAR">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/comirnaty|title=Comirnaty EPAR|website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)|access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> Preporuku je prihvatila Europska komisija istog dana.<ref name="EU PR 20201221" /><ref name="EU statement">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_20_2510|title=Statement by President von der Leyen on the marketing authorisation of the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine against COVID-19|website=[[European Commission]]|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
== Neželjeni događaji == | == Neželjeni događaji == | ||
Profil štetnih učinaka tozinamerana sličan je profilu bilo kojeg standardnog cjepiva za odrasle.<ref name="herper" /> Tijekom kliničkih ispitivanja, jedine nuspojave za koje se smatralo da su vrlo česte bile su (redoslijedom učestalosti): bol i oteklina na mjestu injekcije, umor, glavobolja, bolovi u mišićima, hladnoća, bolovi u zglobovima i vrućica. Groznica je bila češća nakon druge doze. Ti su učinci predvidljivi i za očekivati ih, a posebno je važno da ljudi toga budu svjesni kako bi spriječili kolebanje cjepiva.<ref name="McKenna">{{ | Profil štetnih učinaka tozinamerana sličan je profilu bilo kojeg standardnog cjepiva za odrasle.<ref name="herper" /> Tijekom kliničkih ispitivanja, jedine nuspojave za koje se smatralo da su vrlo česte bile su (redoslijedom učestalosti): bol i oteklina na mjestu injekcije, umor, glavobolja, bolovi u mišićima, hladnoća, bolovi u zglobovima i vrućica. Groznica je bila češća nakon druge doze. Ti su učinci predvidljivi i za očekivati ih, a posebno je važno da ljudi toga budu svjesni kako bi spriječili kolebanje cjepiva.<ref name="McKenna">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.wired.com/story/vaccines-are-here-we-have-to-talk-about-side-effects|title=Vaccines Are Here. We Have to Talk About Side Effects|last=McKenna|first=Maryn|date=2020-12-17|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=2020-12-23|author-link=Maryn McKenna}}</ref> | ||
Kao rezultat dva primatelja cjepiva koja su imala ozbiljne anafilaktičke reakcije, britanska Regulatorna agencija za lijekove i zdravstvene proizvode (MHRA) savjetovala je 9. prosinca 2020. da ljudi koji imaju povijest "značajne" alergijske reakcije ne smiju primati Pfizer-BioNTech COVID -19 cjepiva.<ref name="mhra-allergy">{{ | Kao rezultat dva primatelja cjepiva koja su imala ozbiljne anafilaktičke reakcije, britanska Regulatorna agencija za lijekove i zdravstvene proizvode (MHRA) savjetovala je 9. prosinca 2020. da ljudi koji imaju povijest "značajne" alergijske reakcije ne smiju primati Pfizer-BioNTech COVID -19 cjepiva.<ref name="mhra-allergy">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.gponline.com/mhra-warning-allergic-reactions-nhs-staff-given-covid-19-vaccine/article/1702322|title=MHRA warning after allergic reactions in NHS staff given COVID-19 vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209163321/https://www.gponline.com/mhra-warning-allergic-reactions-nhs-staff-given-covid-19-vaccine/article/1702322|archive-date=9 December 2020|last=Bostock|first=Nick|date=9 December 2020|publisher=GP|access-date=9 December 2020|url-status=live|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="WP-20201209">{{cite news|last1=Booth|first1=William|last2=Cunningham|first2=Erin|title=Britain warns against Pfizer vaccine for people with history of 'significant' allergic reactions|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pfizer-allergic-warnings-vaccine/2020/12/09/4e79ec72-3a16-11eb-aad9-8959227280c4_story.html|date=9 December 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209195847/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pfizer-allergic-warnings-vaccine/2020/12/09/4e79ec72-3a16-11eb-aad9-8959227280c4_story.html|url-status=live|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="cekdis20">{{cite journal|title=Allergic reactions to the first COVID‐19 vaccine: A potential role of Polyethylene glycol?|year=2020|journal=Allergy|doi=10.1111/all.14711|last1=Cabanillas|first1=Beatriz|last2=Akdis|first2=Cezmi|last3=Novak|first3=Natalija|pmid=33320974|s2cid=229284320|name-list-style=vanc|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dana 12. prosinca kanadski regulator slijedio je njihov primjer, napominjući da: "Obje su osobe u Velikoj Britaniji imale povijest teških alergijskih reakcija i nosile su automatske injektore adrenalina. Oboje su liječeni i oporavili su se."<ref name="hc12dec">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2020/74543a-eng.php|title=Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine: Health Canada recommendations for people with serious allergies|date=12 December 2020|publisher=Health Canada}}</ref> | ||
Od 18. prosinca američki Centri za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti (CDC) izjavili su da je u njihovoj nadležnosti zabilježeno šest slučajeva "teške alergijske reakcije" iz više od 250 000 cijepljenja, a od tih šest samo je jedna osoba imala "povijest reakcije cijepljenja ".<ref name="afgm">{{cite news|last1=Furtula|first1=Aleksandar|last2=Jordans|first2=Frank|title=EU regulator gives conditional approval to Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-eu-regulator-gives-conditional-approval-to-pfizer-biontech-covid-19/|agency=Reuters|publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc|date=21 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref>{{ | Od 18. prosinca američki Centri za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti (CDC) izjavili su da je u njihovoj nadležnosti zabilježeno šest slučajeva "teške alergijske reakcije" iz više od 250 000 cijepljenja, a od tih šest samo je jedna osoba imala "povijest reakcije cijepljenja ".<ref name="afgm">{{cite news|last1=Furtula|first1=Aleksandar|last2=Jordans|first2=Frank|title=EU regulator gives conditional approval to Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-eu-regulator-gives-conditional-approval-to-pfizer-biontech-covid-19/|agency=Reuters|publisher=The Globe and Mail Inc|date=21 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/allergic-reaction.html|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|date=19 December 2020|website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/pfizer/anaphylaxis-management.html|title=Management of Anaphylaxis at COVID-19 Vaccination Sites|website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
== Proizvodnja == | == Proizvodnja == | ||
Redak 114: | Redak 114: | ||
== Unaprijeđene narudžbe i logistika == | == Unaprijeđene narudžbe i logistika == | ||
Pfizer je u svom priopćenju za tisak 9. studenoga naznačio da bi 50 milijuna doza moglo biti dostupno do kraja 2020., a oko 1,3 milijarde doza bilo bi osigurano globalno do 2021.<ref name="herper" /> U srpnju 2020. godine program za razvoj cjepiva Operacija Warp Speed dao je Pfizeru unaprijed narudžbu od 1,95 milijardi američkih dolara za proizvodnju 100 milijuna doza cjepiva COVID-19 za uporabu u Sjedinjenim Državama ako se pokaže da je cjepivo sigurno i učinkovito.<ref name="nytimes-2020-11-09">{{cite news|title=Pfizer's early data shows vaccine is more than 90% effective|vauthors=Thomas K, Gelles D, Zimmer C|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/health/covid-vaccine-pfizer.html|date=9 November 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123032409/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/health/covid-vaccine-pfizer.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pbio">{{Cite news|date=22 July 2020|title=U.S. to pay Pfizer, BioNTech $1.95 bln for millions of COVID-19 vaccine doses|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-pfizer-idUSKCN24N1I9|access-date=22 July 2020|vauthors=Erman M, Ankur B|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722171010/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-pfizer-idUSKCN24N1I9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{ | Pfizer je u svom priopćenju za tisak 9. studenoga naznačio da bi 50 milijuna doza moglo biti dostupno do kraja 2020., a oko 1,3 milijarde doza bilo bi osigurano globalno do 2021.<ref name="herper" /> U srpnju 2020. godine program za razvoj cjepiva Operacija Warp Speed dao je Pfizeru unaprijed narudžbu od 1,95 milijardi američkih dolara za proizvodnju 100 milijuna doza cjepiva COVID-19 za uporabu u Sjedinjenim Državama ako se pokaže da je cjepivo sigurno i učinkovito.<ref name="nytimes-2020-11-09">{{cite news|title=Pfizer's early data shows vaccine is more than 90% effective|vauthors=Thomas K, Gelles D, Zimmer C|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/health/covid-vaccine-pfizer.html|date=9 November 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123032409/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/health/covid-vaccine-pfizer.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pbio">{{Cite news|date=22 July 2020|title=U.S. to pay Pfizer, BioNTech $1.95 bln for millions of COVID-19 vaccine doses|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-pfizer-idUSKCN24N1I9|access-date=22 July 2020|vauthors=Erman M, Ankur B|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722171010/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-pfizer-idUSKCN24N1I9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/07/22/us-government-engages-pfizer-produce-millions-doses-covid-19-vaccine.html|title=U.S. Government Engages Pfizer to Produce Millions of Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722152445/https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/07/22/us-government-engages-pfizer-produce-millions-doses-covid-19-vaccine.html|archive-date=22 July 2020|date=22 July 2020|publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=23 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="yahoo">{{cite news|vauthors=Nazaryan A|title=So is Pfizer part of Operation Warp Speed or not? Yes and no|url=https://news.yahoo.com/so-is-pfizer-part-of-operation-warp-speed-or-not-well-its-a-little-complicated-175429888.html|access-date=9 November 2020|work=Yahoo!|date=9 November 2020|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110052209/https://news.yahoo.com/so-is-pfizer-part-of-operation-warp-speed-or-not-well-its-a-little-complicated-175429888.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Pfizer ima ugovore o isporuci 300 milijuna doza Europskoj uniji,<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Pleitgen F|title=EU agrees to buy 300 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/11/europe/eu-authorizes-contract-biontech-pfizer-vaccine-intl/index.html|access-date=26 November 2020|work=CNN|date=11 November 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124175829/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/11/europe/eu-authorizes-contract-biontech-pfizer-vaccine-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 120 milijuna doza Japanu,<ref>{{ | Pfizer ima ugovore o isporuci 300 milijuna doza Europskoj uniji,<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Pleitgen F|title=EU agrees to buy 300 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/11/europe/eu-authorizes-contract-biontech-pfizer-vaccine-intl/index.html|access-date=26 November 2020|work=CNN|date=11 November 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124175829/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/11/europe/eu-authorizes-contract-biontech-pfizer-vaccine-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 120 milijuna doza Japanu,<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/08/01/national/science-health/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-deal/|title=Japan and Pfizer reach COVID-19 vaccine deal to treat 60 million people|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110142029/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/08/01/national/science-health/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-deal/|archive-date=10 November 2020|date=1 August 2020|website=The Japan Times|access-date=21 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> 40 milijuna doza (10 milijuna prije 2021) Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, 20 milijuna doza Kanadi,<ref name="cbc">{{cite news|vauthors=Tasker JP|title=Trudeau says promising new Pfizer vaccine could be 'light at the end of the tunnel'|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-pfizer-vaccine-1.5795160|access-date=9 November 2020|work=CBC News|date=9 November 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109170721/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-pfizer-vaccine-1.5795160|url-status=live}}</ref> i 34,4 milijuna doza u Meksiko.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.gob.mx/salud/prensa/233-firma-secretario-de-salud-convenio-con-pfizer-para-fabricacion-y-suministro-de-vacuna-covid-19?idiom=es|title=233. Firma secretario de Salud convenio con Pfizer para fabricación y suministro de vacuna COVID-19|last=Salud|first=Secretaría de|website=gob.mx|language=es|access-date=17 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Fosun također ima sporazume o isporuci 10 milijuna doza u [[Hong Kong]] i [[Makao]].<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3099003/shanghais-fosun-pharma-track-bring-german-partners-covid-19|title=Fosun Pharma to supply Covid-19 vaccine to Hong Kong, Macau once approved|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120223224/https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3099003/shanghais-fosun-pharma-track-bring-german-partners-covid-19|archive-date=20 November 2020|last=Ng|first=Eric|date=27 August 2020|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=21 November 2020|url-status=live|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Vlada Hong Konga rekla je da će primiti prvu seriju od milijun doza do prvog kvartala 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ting|first1=Victor|last2=Lau|first2=Chris|last3=Wong|first3=Olga|title=Hong Kong buys 15 million Covid-19 vaccine doses from Sinovac, Pfizer|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3113509/hong-kong-fourth-wave-carrie-lam-update-progress|access-date=18 December 2020|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 December 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> | ||
[[BioNTech]] i [[Fosun]] dogovorili su se da će [[Kina|kontinentalnoj Kini]] 2021. opskrbiti seriju od 100 milijuna doza, podložno regulatornom odobrenju. Početna opskrba isporučivat će se iz proizvodnih pogona tvrtke BioNTech u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=BioNTech and Fosun Pharma to Supply China with mRNA-based COVID-19 Vaccine|date=16 December 2020|url=https://investors.biontech.de/news-releases/news-release-details/biontech-and-fosun-pharma-supply-china-mrna-based-covid-19|publisher=BioNTech|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | [[BioNTech]] i [[Fosun]] dogovorili su se da će [[Kina|kontinentalnoj Kini]] 2021. opskrbiti seriju od 100 milijuna doza, podložno regulatornom odobrenju. Početna opskrba isporučivat će se iz proizvodnih pogona tvrtke BioNTech u [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=BioNTech and Fosun Pharma to Supply China with mRNA-based COVID-19 Vaccine|date=16 December 2020|url=https://investors.biontech.de/news-releases/news-release-details/biontech-and-fosun-pharma-supply-china-mrna-based-covid-19|publisher=BioNTech|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
Cjepivo se isporučuje u bočicama koje jednom razrijeđene sadrže 2,25 ml cjepiva (0,45 ml smrznutog plus 1,8 ml razrjeđivača). Prema oznakama na bočici, svaka bočica sadrži pet doza od 0,3 ml, međutim višak cjepiva može se upotrijebiti za 1, ili možda 2 dodatne doze.<ref name="Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine FAQ">{{ | Cjepivo se isporučuje u bočicama koje jednom razrijeđene sadrže 2,25 ml cjepiva (0,45 ml smrznutog plus 1,8 ml razrjeđivača). Prema oznakama na bočici, svaka bočica sadrži pet doza od 0,3 ml, međutim višak cjepiva može se upotrijebiti za 1, ili možda 2 dodatne doze.<ref name="Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine FAQ">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-frequently-asked-questions|title=Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Frequently Asked Questions|date=11 December 2020|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]]|access-date=29 December 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Za dobivanje dodatnih doza poželjnija je upotreba štrcaljki s malim prostorom, a djelomične doze unutar bočice treba odbaciti. Talijanska agencija za lijekove službeno je odobrila uporabu viška doza preostalih u pojedinačnim bočicama.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://aifa.gov.it/-/aifa-possibile-ottenere-almeno-6-dosi-da-ogni-flaconcino-del-vaccino-biontech-pfizer|title=AIFA, possibile ottenere almeno 6 dosi da ogni flaconcino del vaccino BioNTech/Pfizer|website=aifa.gov.it|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref> | ||
Logistika u zemljama u razvoju koje imaju predbilježbe s Pfizerom - poput [[Ekvador|Ekvadora]] i [[Peru|Perua]] - i dalje je nejasna. Čak i zemlje s visokim dohotkom imaju ograničeni kapacitet hladnog lanca za ultrahladni transport i skladištenje cjepiva koje se razgrađuje u roku od pet dana kada se odmrzne i potrebna su dva pucanja u razmaku od tri tjedna. Cjepivo treba čuvati i transportirati na ultrahladnim temperaturama između -80 i -60 ° C.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Kollewe J|title=Pfizer and BioNTech's vaccine poses global logistics challenge|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/nov/10/pfizer-and-biontechs-vaccine-poses-global-logistics-challenge|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110184815/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/nov/10/pfizer-and-biontechs-vaccine-poses-global-logistics-challenge|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Newey S|date=8 September 2020|title=Daunting task of distribution exposed as it emerges some vaccines must be 'deep frozen' at −70C|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/boost-oxford-covid-vaccine-emerges-rivals-must-deep-frozen/|work=The Telegraph|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109121506/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/boost-oxford-covid-vaccine-emerges-rivals-must-deep-frozen/|url-status=live}}</ref> Šef indonezijske Bio Farme Honesti Basyir izjavio je da kupnja cjepiva ne dolazi u obzir za četvrtu najmnogoljudniju zemlju na svijetu, s obzirom da nije imala potrebne sposobnosti hladnog lanca. Slično tome, postojeća indijska mreža hladnih lanaca može podnijeti samo temperature između 2 i 8 ° C, daleko iznad zahtjeva cjepiva.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2020/12/05/china-covid-19-vaccines-approval-sinovac-sinopharm/|title=How China's COVID-19 could fill the gaps left by Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca|work=Fortune|date=5 December 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212204815/https://fortune.com/2020/12/05/china-covid-19-vaccines-approval-sinovac-sinopharm/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/business/pfizers-vaccine-is-out-of-the-question-as-indonesia-lacks-refrigerators-state-pharma-boss|title=Pfizer's Vaccine Is Out of the Question as Indonesia Lacks Refrigerators: State Pharma Boss|work=Jakarta Globe|date=22 November 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207124956/https://jakartaglobe.id/business/pfizers-vaccine-is-out-of-the-question-as-indonesia-lacks-refrigerators-state-pharma-boss/|url-status=live}}</ref> | Logistika u zemljama u razvoju koje imaju predbilježbe s Pfizerom - poput [[Ekvador|Ekvadora]] i [[Peru|Perua]] - i dalje je nejasna. Čak i zemlje s visokim dohotkom imaju ograničeni kapacitet hladnog lanca za ultrahladni transport i skladištenje cjepiva koje se razgrađuje u roku od pet dana kada se odmrzne i potrebna su dva pucanja u razmaku od tri tjedna. Cjepivo treba čuvati i transportirati na ultrahladnim temperaturama između -80 i -60 ° C.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Kollewe J|title=Pfizer and BioNTech's vaccine poses global logistics challenge|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/nov/10/pfizer-and-biontechs-vaccine-poses-global-logistics-challenge|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110184815/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/nov/10/pfizer-and-biontechs-vaccine-poses-global-logistics-challenge|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Newey S|date=8 September 2020|title=Daunting task of distribution exposed as it emerges some vaccines must be 'deep frozen' at −70C|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/boost-oxford-covid-vaccine-emerges-rivals-must-deep-frozen/|work=The Telegraph|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109121506/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/boost-oxford-covid-vaccine-emerges-rivals-must-deep-frozen/|url-status=live}}</ref> Šef indonezijske Bio Farme Honesti Basyir izjavio je da kupnja cjepiva ne dolazi u obzir za četvrtu najmnogoljudniju zemlju na svijetu, s obzirom da nije imala potrebne sposobnosti hladnog lanca. Slično tome, postojeća indijska mreža hladnih lanaca može podnijeti samo temperature između 2 i 8 ° C, daleko iznad zahtjeva cjepiva.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2020/12/05/china-covid-19-vaccines-approval-sinovac-sinopharm/|title=How China's COVID-19 could fill the gaps left by Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca|work=Fortune|date=5 December 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212204815/https://fortune.com/2020/12/05/china-covid-19-vaccines-approval-sinovac-sinopharm/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/business/pfizers-vaccine-is-out-of-the-question-as-indonesia-lacks-refrigerators-state-pharma-boss|title=Pfizer's Vaccine Is Out of the Question as Indonesia Lacks Refrigerators: State Pharma Boss|work=Jakarta Globe|date=22 November 2020|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207124956/https://jakartaglobe.id/business/pfizers-vaccine-is-out-of-the-question-as-indonesia-lacks-refrigerators-state-pharma-boss/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Posljednja izmjena od 2. siječanj 2022. u 12:48
Tozinameran[1] pod kodnim nazivom BNT162b2, poznato kao cjepivo Pfizer – BioNTech COVID-19, a prodaje se pod robnom markom Comirnaty, je cjepivo protiv COVID-19, koje je BioNTech razvilo u suradnji s Pfizerom. To je i prvo cjepivo protiv COVID-19 koje je odobrilo strogo regulatorno tijelo za hitnu uporabu[2][3] i prvo odobrenje za redovnu uporabu.[4][5]
BioNTech je početni razvijač cjepiva, koji se udružio s Pfizerom za razvoj, logistiku, financije, nadgledanje kliničkih ispitivanja i za svjetsku proizvodnju, osim Kine, gdje je licencu za distribuciju i proizvodnju kupio Fosun, zajedno sa svojim ulaganje u BioNTech. Distribuciju u Njemačkoj i Turskoj vrši sam BioNTech.[6]
Daje se intramuskularnom injekcijom. To je RNA cjepivo sastavljeno od nukleozidno modificirane mRNA koja kodira mutirani oblik proteina klasja SARS-CoV-2, koji je inkapsuliran u lipidne nanočestice.[7] Za cijepljenje su potrebne dvije doze u razmaku od tri tjedna.[8][9] Njegova sposobnost sprečavanja ozbiljne infekcije kod djece, trudnica ili osoba s oslabljenim imunitetom nije poznata, kao ni trajanje imunološkog učinka koji daje.[10][11]
Ispitivanja su započela u travnju 2020 .; do studenog je cjepivo testirano na više od 40 000 ljudi.[12] Privremena analiza podataka studije pokazala je potencijalnu učinkovitost od preko 90% u sprečavanju infekcije u roku od sedam dana od druge doze.[8][9] Najčešće nuspojave uključuju blagu do umjerenu bol na mjestu uboda, umor i glavobolju.[13][14] Od prosinca 2020. izvješća o ozbiljnim nuspojavama, poput alergijskih reakcija, bila su vrlo rijetka, a nisu zabilježene dugotrajne komplikacije.[15]
U prosincu 2020. Tozinameran je bio na procjeni odobrenja za hitnu uporabu (EUA) za široku upotrebu od strane nekoliko medicinskih regulatora na globalnoj razini. Potrebno je hitno odobrenje jer su njegova klinička ispitivanja faze III još uvijek u tijeku: praćenje primarnih ishoda nastavit će se do kolovoza 2021., dok će se praćenje sekundarnih ishoda nastaviti do siječnja 2023. Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo je prva zemlja koja je odobrila njegovu upotrebu u hitnim slučajevima.[16] Ostale su zemlje slijedile u roku od tjedan dana. Do 20. prosinca više od pola milijuna ljudi u Britaniji primilo je cjepivo u sklopu svog nacionalnog programa cijepljenja. Od 21. prosinca 17 zemalja i Europska unija odobrile su tozinameran, cjepivo Pfizer – BioNTech, za hitnu upotrebu.[17][18][19]
Pfizer je u studenom 2020. naznačio da bi 50 milijuna doza moglo biti dostupno globalno do kraja 2020., s oko 1,3 milijarde doza 2021. godine.[9]
Pfizer je unaprijed zaključio kupoprodajne ugovore od oko 3 milijarde američkih dolara za osiguravanje licenciranog cjepiva u Sjedinjenim Državama, Europskoj uniji, Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, Japanu, Kanadi, Peruu i Meksiku.[20] Distribucija i skladištenje cjepiva logistički je izazov jer ga treba čuvati na temperaturama između -80 i -60 ° C,[21] do pet dana prije cijepljenja.[21]
Razvoj[uredi]
Prije cjepiva protiv COVID, cjepivo protiv zarazne bolesti nikada prije nije proizvedeno u manje od nekoliko godina, a nije postojalo cjepivo za sprečavanje zaraze koronavirusom kod ljudi.[22] Nakon otkrivanja koronavirusa u prosincu 2019. godine,[23] razvoj BNT162b2 pokrenut je 10. siječnja 2020. godine, kada je kineski centar za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti putem GISAID-a[24][25][26] objavio genetske sekvence SARS-CoV-2, pokretanje hitne međunarodne reakcije radi pripreme za izbijanje bolesti i ubrzavanja razvoja preventivnih cjepiva.[27][28]
U siječnju 2020. njemačka biotehnološka tvrtka BioNtech započela je svoj program 'Lightspeed' za razvoj cjepiva protiv novog virusa COVID-19 na temelju već uspostavljene mRNA-tehnologije.[12] Nekoliko varijanti cjepiva stvoreno je u njihovim laboratorijima u Mainzu, a 20 od njih predstavljeno je stručnjacima Instituta Paul-Ehrlich u Langenu.[29] Ispitivanja faze I / II započeta su u Njemačkoj 23. travnja 2020., a u SAD-u 4. svibnja 2020., s četiri kandidata za cjepivo koja su ušla u klinička ispitivanja. Početno ključno ispitivanje faze II / III s kandidatom za glavno cjepivo 'BNT162b2' započelo je u srpnju. Rezultati III faze koji ukazuju na 95% učinkovitosti razvijenog cjepiva objavljeni su 18. studenog 2020.
BioNTech je u ožujku 2020. godine od Fosuna primio 135 milijuna američkih dolara ulaganja u zamjenu za 1,58 milijuna dionica BioNTecha i buduća razvojna i marketinška prava BNT162b2 u Kini, Hong Kongu, Makau i Tajvanu.[30]
U rujnu 2020. njemačka vlada odobrila je BioNTech-u 375 milijuna eura (445 milijuna američkih dolara) za svoj program razvoja cjepiva COVID-19 u vrijeme kada je Pfizer financirao svoj dio troškova razvoja bez državnog financiranja.[31] BioNTech je također dobio 100 milijuna eura (119 milijuna američkih dolara) za financiranje od Europske komisije i Europske investicijske banke, a sporazum o financiranju završen je u lipnju 2020.[32]
Izvršni direktor Pfizera Albert Bourla izjavio je da se odlučio za uzimanje sredstava iz američke vlade Operacije Warp Speed za razvoj cjepiva "jer sam želio osloboditi naše znanstvenike svake birokracije koja dolazi s tim da moraju davati izvještaje i dogovarati se kako idemo trošiti novac paralelno ili zajedno itd. " Pfizer je zaključio sporazum sa SAD-om o eventualnoj distribuciji cjepiva, kao i s drugim zemljama.[33]
Klinička ispitivanja[uredi]
Preliminarni rezultati kliničkih ispitivanja faze I – II na BNT162b2, objavljeni u listopadu 2020, ukazali su na potencijal njegove učinkovitosti i sigurnosti.[34] Istog mjeseca, Europska agencija za lijekove (EMA) započela je periodični pregled BNT162b2.[35]
Studija BNT162b2 kontinuirano je ispitivanje u fazi III od studenoga 2020. Riječ je o "randomiziranoj, placebo kontroliranom, slijepom promatraču, istraživanju doza, odabiru kandidata za cjepivo i ispitivanju učinkovitosti kod zdravih osoba". Istraživanjem u ranoj fazi utvrđena je sigurnost i razina doze za dva kandidata za cjepivo, a pokus se proširio sredinom 2020. godine kako bi se procijenila učinkovitost i sigurnost BNT162b2 u većem broju sudionika, dosegnuvši desetke tisuća ljudi koji su primali testna cijepljenja u više zemalja suradnja s Pfizerom i Fosunom.
Ispitivanje faze III procjenjuje sigurnost, djelotvornost, podnošljivost i imunogenost BNT162b2 na razini srednje doze (dvije injekcije odvojene po 21 dan) u tri dobne skupine: 12–15 godina, 16–55 godina ili više od 55 godina. Za odobrenje u EU, EMA je potvrdila ukupnu učinkovitost cjepiva od 95%.[36]
Krajnja točka | Efikasnost cjepiva (95% interval) [%] |
---|---|
Poslije prve doze | 52.4 (29.5, 68.4) |
Deset dana prije druge doze | 86.7 (68.6, 95.4) |
2 do 7 dana nakon druge doze | 90.5 (61.0, 98.9) |
≥7 dana nakon druge doze | |
Sveukupni rezultat | 95.0 (90.0, 97.9) |
16 do 55 godina | 95.6 (89.4, 98.6) |
≥55 godina | 93.7 (80.6, 98.8) |
≥65 godina | 94.7 (66.7, 99.9) |
Tekuće ispitivanje faze III, koje bi trebalo trajati od 2020. do 2022. godine, osmišljeno je kako bi se procijenila sposobnost BNT162b2 da spriječi ozbiljnu infekciju, kao i trajanje imunološkog učinka.[9][10]
Tehnologija[uredi]
Tehnologija BioNTech za cjepivo BNT162b2 temelji se na korištenju nukleozidno modificirane mRNA (modRNA) koja kodira dio proteina klasova koji se nalazi na površini koronavirusa SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), što pokreće imunološki odgovor protiv infekcije proteinom virusa.[37]
Kandidat za cjepivo BNT162b2 odabran je kao najperspektivniji među trojicom slične tehnologije koju je razvio BioNTech. Prije odabira BNT162b2, BioNTech i Pfizer proveli su ispitivanja faze I na BNT162b1 u Njemačkoj i Sjedinjenim Državama, dok je Fosun izveo ispitivanje faze I u Kini.[38] U ovim studijama faze I pokazalo se da BNT162b2 ima bolji sigurnosni profil od ostala tri kandidata za BioNTech.[38]
Sekvenca[uredi]
ModRNA sekvenca tozinamerana duga je 4.284 nukleotida, s molekularnom težinom od približno 1388 kDa.[39][40] Sastoji se od kapice s pet glavnih mjesta; pet primarnih neprevedenih područja izvedenih iz slijeda humanog alfa globina; gen optimiziran za kodon proteina spike pune duljine SARS-CoV-2 (baze 55–3879), uključujući signalni peptid (baze 55–102) i dvije supstitucije prolina (K986P i V987P, označene kao „2P“) koji uzrokovati da šiljak usvoji prefuzijski stabiliziranu konformaciju smanjujući sposobnost fuzije membrane, povećavajući ekspresiju i stimulirajući neutralizirajuća antitijela;[41] nakon čega slijede tri primarna neprevedena područja (baze 3880-4174) kombinirana iz AES i mtRNR1 odabranih za povećanu ekspresiju proteina i stabilnost mRNA;[42] i poli (A) rep koji sadrži 30 adenozinskih ostataka, 10-nukleotidnu vezujuću sekvencu i 70 ostalih adenozinskih ostataka (baze 4175-4284).[40] Slijed ne sadrži ostatke uridina; zamijenjeni su 1-metil-3′-pseudouridinom.[40]
Uporaba[uredi]
Ubrzana[uredi]
Regulatorna agencija za lijekove i zdravstvene proizvode Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva (MHRA) dala je cjepivu "brzo privremeno regulatorno odobrenje za rješavanje značajnih javnozdravstvenih problema, poput pandemije", što je dopušteno prema Zakonu o lijekovima iz 1968. godine.[43] prvo cjepivo protiv COVID-19 koje je odobreno za nacionalnu uporabu nakon provedenih velikih ispitivanja,[44] i prvo cjepivo protiv mRNA koje je odobreno za uporabu na ljudima.[45] Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo tako je postalo prva zapadna zemlja koja je odobrila cjepivo COVID-19 za nacionalnu upotrebu,[46] iako su neki stručnjaci kritizirali odluku o ubrzanom cjepivu.[47]
8. prosinca 2020., Margaret "Maggie" Keenan (90) iz Fermanagh postala je prva osoba koja je primila cjepivo u Velikoj Britaniji.[48] Do 20. prosinca 521 594 stanovnika Velike Britanije primilo je cjepivo u sklopu nacionalnog programa cijepljenja. 70% je bilo kod ljudi starijih od 80 godina.[49]
U prosincu, nakon Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, sljedeće zemlje ubrzale su postupke za odobravanje cjepiva Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 za upotrebu: Argentina,[50] Bahrein,[51] Kanada,[52][53] Čile,[54] Kostarika,[55] Ekvador, Jordan,[56] Kuvajt,[57] Meksiko,[58] Oman,[59] Sjedinjene Države , Saudijska Arabija,[60][19] Singapur,[61] Irak,[62] Izrael,[63] Panama,[64] Katar[65] i Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati.[66]
Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (WHO) odobrila ga je za hitne potrebe.[67]
U Sjedinjenim Državama, odobrenje za hitnu uporabu (EUA) "mehanizam je koji olakšava dostupnost i upotrebu medicinskih protumjera, uključujući cjepiva, tijekom hitnih slučajeva u javnom zdravstvu, poput trenutne pandemije COVID-19", navodi FDA.[68] Nakon izdavanja EUA, očekuje se da će BioNTech i Pfizer nastaviti fazu III kliničkog ispitivanja kako bi se finalizirali podaci o sigurnosti i djelotvornosti, što dovodi do zahtjeva za licencu (odobrenje) cjepiva u Sjedinjenim Državama.[68][69][70] Savjetodavni odbor za imunizacijske prakse (ACIP) Američkih centara za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti (CDC) odobrio je preporuke za cijepljenje osoba starijih od 16 godina.[71][72]
Standardna[uredi]
Švicarska agencija za terapijske proizvode (Swissmedic) odobrila je 19. prosinca 2020. cjepivo Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 za redovnu uporabu, dva mjeseca nakon zaprimanja zahtjeva, navodeći da je cjepivo u potpunosti udovoljavalo zahtjevima sigurnosti, djelotvornosti i kvalitete. Ovo je prvo odobrenje prema standardnom postupku, jer švicarski zakoni ne dopuštaju hitna odobrenja.[73][74] 23. prosinca stanovnica Lucerna, 90-godišnjakinja, postala je prva osoba koja je primila cjepivo u Švicarskoj.[75] To je označilo početak masovnog cijepljenja u kontinentalnoj Europi.[76]
21. prosinca 2020. Odbor za lijekove za humanu upotrebu (CHMP) Europske agencije za lijekove (EMA) preporučio je davanje uvjetnog odobrenja za stavljanje tozinamerana u promet.[77][78] Preporuku je prihvatila Europska komisija istog dana.[77][79]
Neželjeni događaji[uredi]
Profil štetnih učinaka tozinamerana sličan je profilu bilo kojeg standardnog cjepiva za odrasle.[9] Tijekom kliničkih ispitivanja, jedine nuspojave za koje se smatralo da su vrlo česte bile su (redoslijedom učestalosti): bol i oteklina na mjestu injekcije, umor, glavobolja, bolovi u mišićima, hladnoća, bolovi u zglobovima i vrućica. Groznica je bila češća nakon druge doze. Ti su učinci predvidljivi i za očekivati ih, a posebno je važno da ljudi toga budu svjesni kako bi spriječili kolebanje cjepiva.[80]
Kao rezultat dva primatelja cjepiva koja su imala ozbiljne anafilaktičke reakcije, britanska Regulatorna agencija za lijekove i zdravstvene proizvode (MHRA) savjetovala je 9. prosinca 2020. da ljudi koji imaju povijest "značajne" alergijske reakcije ne smiju primati Pfizer-BioNTech COVID -19 cjepiva.[81][82][83] Dana 12. prosinca kanadski regulator slijedio je njihov primjer, napominjući da: "Obje su osobe u Velikoj Britaniji imale povijest teških alergijskih reakcija i nosile su automatske injektore adrenalina. Oboje su liječeni i oporavili su se."[84]
Od 18. prosinca američki Centri za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti (CDC) izjavili su da je u njihovoj nadležnosti zabilježeno šest slučajeva "teške alergijske reakcije" iz više od 250 000 cijepljenja, a od tih šest samo je jedna osoba imala "povijest reakcije cijepljenja ".[85][86][87]
Proizvodnja[uredi]
Pfizer proizvodi cjepivo u vlastitim pogonima u trostupanjskom procesu. Prva faza, koja se provodi u maloj pilotskoj tvornici u St. Louisu, uključuje molekularno kloniranje DNA plazmida koji kodiraju protein klas kroz njihovo unošenje u bakterije Escherichia coli. Nakon četiri dana rasta, bakterije se ubijaju i otvaraju, a sadržaj njihovih stanica pročišćava se kroz tjedan i pol da bi se dobio željeni DNK proizvod. DNA se čuva u malim bočicama i zamrzava za otpremu. Sigurni i brzi transport DNK u ovoj je fazi toliko važan da je Pfizer za pomoć koristio svoj mrežni avion i helikopter.[88]
Druga se faza provodi u pogonima u Andoveru, Massachusetts, i u Njemačkoj. DNA se koristi kao predložak za izgradnju željenih mRNA lanaca. Jednom kad se mRNA stvori i pročisti, zamrzava se u plastičnim vrećama veličine približno velike vreće za kupovinu, od kojih svaka može sadržavati do 5 do 10 milijuna doza. Vreće se postavljaju na posebne police na kamionima koji ih prevoze do sljedeće tvornice.[88]
Treća faza se provodi u pogonima u Kalamazoou u Michiganu i Puursu u Belgiji. Ova faza uključuje kombiniranje mRNA s lipidnim nanočesticama, zatim punjenje bočica, boks bočica i njihovo zamrzavanje.[88] Podružnica Croda International Avanti Polar Lipids osigurava potrebne lipide. Od studenog 2020. glavno usko grlo u proizvodnom procesu bilo je kombiniranje mRNA s lipidnim nanočesticama.[89][88]
Unaprijeđene narudžbe i logistika[uredi]
Pfizer je u svom priopćenju za tisak 9. studenoga naznačio da bi 50 milijuna doza moglo biti dostupno do kraja 2020., a oko 1,3 milijarde doza bilo bi osigurano globalno do 2021.[9] U srpnju 2020. godine program za razvoj cjepiva Operacija Warp Speed dao je Pfizeru unaprijed narudžbu od 1,95 milijardi američkih dolara za proizvodnju 100 milijuna doza cjepiva COVID-19 za uporabu u Sjedinjenim Državama ako se pokaže da je cjepivo sigurno i učinkovito.[90][91][92][93]
Pfizer ima ugovore o isporuci 300 milijuna doza Europskoj uniji,[94] 120 milijuna doza Japanu,[95] 40 milijuna doza (10 milijuna prije 2021) Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, 20 milijuna doza Kanadi,[96] i 34,4 milijuna doza u Meksiko.[97] Fosun također ima sporazume o isporuci 10 milijuna doza u Hong Kong i Makao.[98] Vlada Hong Konga rekla je da će primiti prvu seriju od milijun doza do prvog kvartala 2021.[99]
BioNTech i Fosun dogovorili su se da će kontinentalnoj Kini 2021. opskrbiti seriju od 100 milijuna doza, podložno regulatornom odobrenju. Početna opskrba isporučivat će se iz proizvodnih pogona tvrtke BioNTech u Njemačkoj.[100]
Cjepivo se isporučuje u bočicama koje jednom razrijeđene sadrže 2,25 ml cjepiva (0,45 ml smrznutog plus 1,8 ml razrjeđivača). Prema oznakama na bočici, svaka bočica sadrži pet doza od 0,3 ml, međutim višak cjepiva može se upotrijebiti za 1, ili možda 2 dodatne doze.[101] Za dobivanje dodatnih doza poželjnija je upotreba štrcaljki s malim prostorom, a djelomične doze unutar bočice treba odbaciti. Talijanska agencija za lijekove službeno je odobrila uporabu viška doza preostalih u pojedinačnim bočicama.[102]
Logistika u zemljama u razvoju koje imaju predbilježbe s Pfizerom - poput Ekvadora i Perua - i dalje je nejasna. Čak i zemlje s visokim dohotkom imaju ograničeni kapacitet hladnog lanca za ultrahladni transport i skladištenje cjepiva koje se razgrađuje u roku od pet dana kada se odmrzne i potrebna su dva pucanja u razmaku od tri tjedna. Cjepivo treba čuvati i transportirati na ultrahladnim temperaturama između -80 i -60 ° C.[103][104] Šef indonezijske Bio Farme Honesti Basyir izjavio je da kupnja cjepiva ne dolazi u obzir za četvrtu najmnogoljudniju zemlju na svijetu, s obzirom da nije imala potrebne sposobnosti hladnog lanca. Slično tome, postojeća indijska mreža hladnih lanaca može podnijeti samo temperature između 2 i 8 ° C, daleko iznad zahtjeva cjepiva.[105][106]
U siječnju 2021. Pfizer Inc. i BioNTech SE ponudili su isporuku 50 milijuna doza COVID-19 cjepiva za zdravstvene radnike širom Afrike između ožujka i kraja 2021., po sniženoj dozi od 10 dolara.[107][108]
Izvori[uredi]
- ↑ World Health Organization (2020). "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Proposed INN: List 124 – COVID-19 (special edition)". WHO Drug Information 34 (3): 666. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 27. studeni 2020.. https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/issues/WHO_DI_34-3_PL124-SpecialEdition.pdf Pristupljeno 23. studeni 2020.
- ↑ Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) (2 December 2020). UK medicines regulator gives approval for first UK COVID-19 vaccine. Tiskovno izdanje.
- ↑ Boseley, Sarah; Halliday, Josh (2. prosinac 2020.). "UK approves Pfizer/BioNTech Covid vaccine for rollout next week". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/dec/02/pfizer-biontech-covid-vaccine-wins-licence-for-use-in-the-uk Pristupljeno 14. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Swissmedic autorise un premier vaccin contre le coronavirus" (fr.). Le Temps. 19. prosinac 2020.. https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/swissmedic-autorise-un-premier-vaccin-contre-coronavirus Pristupljeno 19. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Regulatory approval of Pfizer / BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19". 2. prosinac 2020.. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-covid-19 Pristupljeno 2. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Pfizer and BioNTech Celebrate Historic First Authorization in the U.S. of Vaccine to Prevent COVID-19". Pfizer Inc. and BioNTech SE. https://investors.biontech.de/news-releases/news-release-details/pfizer-and-biontech-celebrate-historic-first-authorization-us
- ↑ "Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates". The New England Journal of Medicine 383 (25): 2439–50. listopad 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2027906. PMC 7583697. PMID 33053279. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7583697/
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 "Pfizer says experimental COVID-19 vaccine is more than 90% effective". NPR. 9. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 9. studeni 2020.. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/09/933006651/pfizer-says-experimental-covid-19-vaccine-is-more-than-90-effective Pristupljeno 9. studeni 2020.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 "Covid-19 vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech is strongly effective, early data from large trial indicate". STAT. 9. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 9. studeni 2020.. https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/09/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-is-strongly-effective-early-data-from-large-trial-indicate/ Pristupljeno 9. studeni 2020.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 "Pfizer's Covid-19 vaccine promising, but many questions remain". NBC News. 9. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 22. studeni 2020.. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/pfizer-s-covid-19-vaccine-promising-many-questions-remain-n1247102 Pristupljeno 12. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "Covid vaccine: First 'milestone' vaccine offers 90% protection". BBC News. 9. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 26. studeni 2020.. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-54873105 Pristupljeno 9. studeni 2020.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 BioNTech (2 December 2020). Update on our COVID-19 vaccine development program with BNT162b2 (PDF). Tiskovno izdanje.
- ↑ "Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine". N Engl J Med. prosinac 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577. PMC 7745181. PMID 33301246. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7745181/
- ↑ "Questions and Answers About Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine". Pfizer. https://www.cvdvaccine-us.com/faqs Pristupljeno 16. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Adverse reactions to drugs". British National Formulary. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/guidance/adverse-reactions-to-drugs.html Pristupljeno 19. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Coronavirus vaccine". National Health Service. 7. prosinac 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 7. prosinac 2020.. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/coronavirus-vaccination/coronavirus-vaccine/ Pristupljeno 7. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Regulatory Decision Summary - Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine". Health Canada. 9. prosinac 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 9. prosinac 2020.. https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00730 Pristupljeno 9. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Bahrain becomes second country to approve Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine". Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 4. prosinac 2020.. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/bahrain-becomes-second-country-to-approve-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine Pristupljeno 5. prosinac 2020.
- "Coronavirus: Saudi Arabia approves Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine for use". 10. prosinac 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 11. prosinac 2020.. https://english.alarabiya.net/en/coronavirus/2020/12/10/Coronavirus-Saudi-Arabia-approves-Pfizer-COVID-19-vaccine-for-use Pristupljeno 10. prosinac 2020.
- Daina Beth Solomon; Torres, Noe (11. prosinac 2020.). "Mexico approves emergency use of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mexico-idUSKBN28M019 Pristupljeno 12. prosinac 2020.
- Thomas, Katie (20. studeni 2020.). "F.D.A. Clears Pfizer Vaccine, and Millions of Doses Will Be Shipped Right Away". Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 12. prosinac 2020.. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/11/health/pfizer-vaccine-authorized.html Pristupljeno 11. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Yasmena Al Mulla (13. prosinac 2020.). "Kuwait approves emergency use of Pfizer vaccine". Gulf News. https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-approves-emergency-use-of-pfizer-vaccine-1.75875294 Pristupljeno 14. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Deep-freeze hurdle makes Pfizer's vaccine one for the rich". Bloomberg. 10. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 22. studeni 2020.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-10/deep-freeze-challenge-makes-pfizer-s-shot-a-vaccine-for-the-rich Pristupljeno 12. studeni 2020.. "Vaccine goes bad five days after thawing, requires two shots; Many nations face costly ramp up of cold-chain infrastructure"
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 "Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Vaccination Storage & Dry Ice Safety Handling". Pfizer. https://www.cvdvaccine-us.com/product-storage-and-dry-ice Pristupljeno 17. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ Gates, Bill (30. travanj 2020.). "The vaccine race explained: What you need to know about the COVID-19 vaccine". The Gates Notes. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 14. svibanj 2020.. https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine Pristupljeno 2. svibanj 2020.
- ↑ "World Health Organization timeline – COVID-19". World Health Organization. 27. travanj 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 29. travanj 2020.. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19 Pristupljeno 2. svibanj 2020.
- ↑ Polack, Fernando (10. prosinac 2020.). "Safety and Efficacy of the mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577. "development of BNT162b2 was initiated on January 10, 2020, when the SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequence was released by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and disseminated globally by the GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) initiative"
- ↑ Bohn, Mary Kathryn (7. listopad 2020.). "IFCC Interim Guidelines on Molecular Testing of SARS-CoV-2 Infection". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 58: 1993–2000. doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-1412. https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/cclm/ahead-of-print/article-10.1515-cclm-2020-1412/article-10.1515-cclm-2020-1412.xml
- ↑ "CEPI's collaborative task force to assess COVID-19 vaccines on emerging viral strains". BioSpectrum - Asia Edition. 23. studeni 2020.. https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/83/17161/cepis-collaborative-task-force-to-assess-covid-19-vaccines-on-emerging-viral-strains.html. "the first SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes were shared via GISAID on 10 January 2020"
- ↑ Thanh Le, Tung; Andreadakis, Zacharias; Kumar, Arun; Gómez Román, Raúl; Tollefsen, Stig; Saville, Melanie et al. (9. travanj 2020.). "The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 19 (5): 305–06. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5. ISSN 1474-1776 nevaljani ISSN. PMID 32273591
- ↑ "Covid-19: Navigating the uncharted". The New England Journal of Medicine 382 (13): 1268–69. ožujak 2020. doi:10.1056/nejme2002387. PMC 7121221. PMID 32109011. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121221/
- ↑ Papadopoulos, Christian (14. prosinac 2020.). "Chronologie - So entstand der Corona-Impfstoff von Biontech" (njem.). Südwestrundfunk. https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/corona-impfstoff-chronologie-100.html Pristupljeno 20. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "BioNTech in China alliance with Fosun over coronavirus vaccine candidate". Reuters. 15. ožujak 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 14. studeni 2020.. https://www.reuters.com/article/biontech-fosunpharma-vaccine-collaborati/biontech-in-china-alliance-with-fosun-over-coronavirus-vaccine-candidate-idUSL8N2B90UW Pristupljeno 10. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "BioNTech gets $445 million in German funding for vaccine". Bloomberg.com. 15. rujan 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 9. studeni 2020.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-15/biontech-gets-445-million-in-german-funding-for-covid-vaccine Pristupljeno 10. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "Germany: Investment Plan for Europe – EIB to provide BioNTech with up to €100 million in debt financing for COVID-19 vaccine development and manufacturing". European Investment Bank. 11. lipanj 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 9. studeni 2020.. https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2020-144-eib-to-provide-biontech-with-up-to-eur-100-million-in-debt-financing-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-and-manufacturing Pristupljeno 10. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "Pfizer CEO says he would've released vaccine data before election if possible". Axios. 9. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 10. studeni 2020.. https://www.axios.com/pfizer-ceo-says-he-wouldve-released-vaccine-data-before-election-if-possible-a4f0c822-bf49-4a04-ac7f-5275c8d895b4.html Pristupljeno 11. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults". Nature 586 (7830): 589–593. listopad 2020. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2639-4. PMID 32785213
- ↑ "EMA begins rolling review of BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine". European Pharmaceutical Review. 7. listopad 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 11. studeni 2020.. https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/news/129817/ema-begins-rolling-review-of-bnt162b2-covid-19-vaccine Pristupljeno 11. studeni 2020.
- ↑ 36,0 36,1 "EMA Assessment Report". 21. prosinac 2020.. https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/assessment-report/comirnaty-epar-public-assessment-report_en.pdf Pristupljeno 29. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "All eyes on a hurdle race for a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine". Nature 586 (7830): 501–2. listopad 2020. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02926-w. PMID 33077943
- ↑ 38,0 38,1 "China's Fosun to end BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine trial, seek approval for another". Reuters. 3. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 12. prosinac 2020.. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-fosunpharma-idINL4N2HQ1UU Pristupljeno 21. studeni 2020.
- ↑ World Health Organization. "INN: Tozinameran". WHO MedNet. https://mednet-communities.net/inn/db/ViewINN.aspx?i=11889 Pristupljeno 1. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ 40,0 40,1 40,2 World Health Organization. "Messenger RNA encoding the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein" (DOC). WHO MedNet. https://mednet-communities.net/inn/db/media/docs/11889.doc Pristupljeno 16. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Immunogenicity and structures of a rationally designed prefusion MERS-CoV spike antigen". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (35): E7348–E7357. kolovoz 2017. doi:10.1073/pnas.1707304114. PMC 5584442. PMID 28807998. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5584442/
- ↑ "Improving mRNA-Based Therapeutic Gene Delivery by Expression-Augmenting 3' UTRs Identified by Cellular Library Screening". Molecular Therapy 27 (4). travanj 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.12.011. PMC 6453560. PMID 30638957. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6453560/
- ↑ "UK medicines regulator gives approval for first UK COVID-19 vaccine". 2. prosinac 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 2. prosinac 2020.. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-medicines-regulator-gives-approval-for-first-uk-covid-19-vaccine Pristupljeno 2. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Britain OKs Pfizer vaccine and will begin shots within days". AP. 2. prosinac 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 6. prosinac 2020.. https://apnews.com/article/uk-authorizes-vaccine-emergency-use-ea0170c978eb281a905866e5bd78bbdf Pristupljeno 6. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ Mueller, Benjamin (2. prosinac 2020.). "U.K. Approves Pfizer Coronavirus Vaccine, a First in the West". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/world/europe/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-approved-uk.html Pristupljeno 2. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Covid Pfizer vaccine approved for use next week in UK". BBC News Online. 2. prosinac 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 2. prosinac 2020.. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55145696 Pristupljeno 2. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ Henley, Jon; Connolly, Kate; Jones, Sam (3. prosinac 2020.). "European and US experts question UK's fast-track of Covid vaccine". Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 9. prosinac 2020.. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/03/europe-us-experts-question-uk-fast-track-covid-vaccine Pristupljeno 9. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "First patient receives Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine". 8. prosinac 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 8. prosinac 2020.. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-55227325 Pristupljeno 8. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "COVID-19 Vaccination Statistics –Week ending Sunday 20th December 2020". NHS. 24. prosinac 2020.. https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/12/COVID-19-total-announced-vaccinations-24-December-2020-1.pdf
- ↑ "Coronavirus en la Argentina: La ANMAT aprobo el uso de emergencia de la vacuna Pfizer" (šp.). https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/coronavirus-argentina-anmat-aprobo-uso-emergencia-vacuna-nid2548852 Pristupljeno 25. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Bahrain becomes second country to approve Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/4/bahrain-becomes-second-country-to-approve-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine Pristupljeno 5. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (tozinameran)". Health Canada. https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine/product-details Pristupljeno 15. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Drug and vaccine authorizations for COVID-19: List of applications received". Health Canada. 9. prosinac 2020.. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/covid19-industry/drugs-vaccines-treatments/authorization/applications.html Pristupljeno 9. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Chile y Ecuador se adelantan en Sudamérica y autorizan la vacuna de Pfizer". El Pais. https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020-12-16/chile-y-ecuador-se-adelantan-en-sudamerica-y-autorizan-la-vacuna-de-pfizer.html Pristupljeno 17. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ Reuters Staff (23. prosinac 2020.). "First Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines set to reach Costa Rica on Wednesday - president" (engl.). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-costarica-vaccine-idUSS0N2HB06S Pristupljeno 24. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Jordan approves Pfizer-BioNTech Covid vaccine". 15. prosinac 2020.. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201215-jordan-approves-pfizer-biontech-covid-vaccine Pristupljeno 15. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Kuwait authorizes emergency use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine". 13. prosinac 2020.. https://arab.news/427j9 Pristupljeno 15. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Mexico Approves Pfizer Vaccine for Emergency Use as Covid Surges". Bloomberg. 12. prosinac 2020.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-12/mexico-approves-pfizer-vaccine-for-emergency-use-as-covid-surges Pristupljeno 12. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Oman issues licence to import Pfizer BioNTech Covid vaccine - TV". Reuters. 15. prosinac 2020.. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-oman-vaccine-int-idUSKBN28P1RA Pristupljeno 16. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Saudi Arabia to Launch Its Coronavirus Vaccination Program" (šp.). Boomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-15/saudi-arabia-to-launch-its-coronavirus-vaccination-program Pristupljeno 17. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Singapore approves use of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine". 14. prosinac 2020.. https://apnews.com/article/science-singapore-coronavirus-pandemic-lee-hsien-loong-coronavirus-vaccine-5bf8461b9d2d32ec08d56fcf5958317a Pristupljeno 15. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Iraq grants emergency approval for Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine". MSN. https://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/other/iraq-grants-emergency-approval-for-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine/ar-BB1cgvD6 Pristupljeno 27. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Israeli Health Minister 'pleased' as FDA approves Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine". https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/fda-approves-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-nyt-651871 Pristupljeno 28. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Panama approves Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine – health ministry". Yahoo! Finance. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/panama-approves-pfizers-covid-19-010942802.html Pristupljeno 16. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Qatar, Oman to receive Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine this week". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccine-qatar/qatar-oman-to-receive-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-this-week-idUSKBN28U0VE Pristupljeno 24. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Dubai approves the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine which will be free of charge". 23. prosinac 2020.. https://emirateswoman.com/dubai-approves-the-pfizer-biontech-vaccine-for-free/ Pristupljeno 28. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "WHO clears Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus vaccine for emergency use". 1. siječanj 2021.. https://newsd.in/who-clears-pfizer-biontech-coronavirus-vaccine-for-emergency-use/ Pristupljeno 1. siječanj 2021.
- ↑ 68,0 68,1 "Emergency Use Authorization for vaccines explained". 20. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 20. studeni 2020.. https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained Pristupljeno 20. studeni 2020. Ovaj članak sadrži tekst iz ovog izvora, koji je u javnom vlasništvu.
- ↑ "Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine EUA Letter of Authorization" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 11. prosinac 2020.. https://www.fda.gov/media/144412/download Ovaj članak sadrži tekst iz ovog izvora, koji je u javnom vlasništvu.
- ↑ "Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine EUA Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers" (PDF). Pfizer. 11. prosinac 2020.. https://www.fda.gov/media/144413/download
- ↑ Sun, Lena H.; Stanley-Becker, Isaac. "CDC greenlights advisory group's decision to recommend Pfizer vaccine for use". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/12/12/covid-vaccine-cdc-approval/ Pristupljeno 14. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, December 2020". MMWR 69 (50): 1922–24. prosinac 2020. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6950e2. PMID 33332292. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm6950e2-H.pdf
- ↑ Federal Office of Public Health (19 December 2020). COVID-19: Switzerland can start vaccinating vulnerable groups already in December. Tiskovno izdanje.
- ↑ Erni, Salome (23. prosinac 2020.). "90-jährige Luzernerin als erste Person in der Schweiz gegen Corona geimpft". Luzerner Zeitung. https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/zentralschweiz/luzern/coronavirus-90-jaehrige-luzernerin-als-erste-person-in-der-schweiz-gegen-corona-geimpft-ld.2079678 Pristupljeno 23. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ Pralong, Julien (23. prosinac 2020.). "La piqûre de l'espoir pratiquée à Lucerne". Heidi.news. https://www.heidi.news/sante/la-piqure-de-l-espoir-pratiquee-a-lucerne Pristupljeno 23. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ 77,0 77,1 (21 December 2020). EMA recommends first COVID-19 vaccine for authorisation in the EU. Tiskovno izdanje.
- ↑ "Comirnaty EPAR". https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/comirnaty Pristupljeno 23. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Statement by President von der Leyen on the marketing authorisation of the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine against COVID-19". https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_20_2510 Pristupljeno 21. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ McKenna, Maryn (17. prosinac 2020.). "Vaccines Are Here. We Have to Talk About Side Effects". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/vaccines-are-here-we-have-to-talk-about-side-effects Pristupljeno 23. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ Bostock, Nick (9. prosinac 2020.). "MHRA warning after allergic reactions in NHS staff given COVID-19 vaccine". GP. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 9. prosinac 2020.. https://www.gponline.com/mhra-warning-allergic-reactions-nhs-staff-given-covid-19-vaccine/article/1702322 Pristupljeno 9. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ Booth, William; Cunningham, Erin (9. prosinac 2020.). "Britain warns against Pfizer vaccine for people with history of 'significant' allergic reactions". The Washington Post. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 9. prosinac 2020.. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pfizer-allergic-warnings-vaccine/2020/12/09/4e79ec72-3a16-11eb-aad9-8959227280c4_story.html Pristupljeno 9. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ Cabanillas, Beatriz; Akdis, Cezmi; Novak, Natalija (2020). "Allergic reactions to the first COVID‐19 vaccine: A potential role of Polyethylene glycol?". Allergy. doi:10.1111/all.14711. PMID 33320974
- ↑ "Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine: Health Canada recommendations for people with serious allergies". Health Canada. 12. prosinac 2020.. https://healthycanadians.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2020/74543a-eng.php
- ↑ Furtula, Aleksandar; Jordans, Frank (21. prosinac 2020.). "EU regulator gives conditional approval to Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters. The Globe and Mail Inc. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-eu-regulator-gives-conditional-approval-to-pfizer-biontech-covid-19/
- ↑ "COVID-19 and Your Health". 19. prosinac 2020.. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/allergic-reaction.html Pristupljeno 22. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Management of Anaphylaxis at COVID-19 Vaccination Sites". https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/pfizer/anaphylaxis-management.html Pristupljeno 22. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ 88,0 88,1 88,2 88,3 Johnson, Carolyn Y. (17. studeni 2020.). "A vial, a vaccine and hopes for slowing a pandemic — how a shot comes to be". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/11/17/coronavirus-vaccine-manufacturing/ Pristupljeno 21. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ Mullin, Rick (25. studeni 2020.). "Pfizer, Moderna ready vaccine manufacturing networks". Chemical & Engineering News (Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society). https://cen.acs.org/business/outsourcing/Pfizer-Moderna-ready-vaccine-manufacturing/98/i46 Pristupljeno 21. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Pfizer's early data shows vaccine is more than 90% effective". The New York Times. 9. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 23. studeni 2020.. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/health/covid-vaccine-pfizer.html Pristupljeno 9. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "U.S. to pay Pfizer, BioNTech $1.95 bln for millions of COVID-19 vaccine doses". Reuters. 22. srpanj 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 22. srpanj 2020.. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-pfizer-idUSKCN24N1I9 Pristupljeno 22. srpanj 2020.
- ↑ "U.S. Government Engages Pfizer to Produce Millions of Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine". US Department of Health and Human Services. 22. srpanj 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 22. srpanj 2020.. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/07/22/us-government-engages-pfizer-produce-millions-doses-covid-19-vaccine.html Pristupljeno 23. srpanj 2020.
- ↑ "So is Pfizer part of Operation Warp Speed or not? Yes and no". Yahoo!. 9. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 10. studeni 2020.. https://news.yahoo.com/so-is-pfizer-part-of-operation-warp-speed-or-not-well-its-a-little-complicated-175429888.html Pristupljeno 9. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "EU agrees to buy 300 million doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine". CNN. 11. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 24. studeni 2020.. https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/11/europe/eu-authorizes-contract-biontech-pfizer-vaccine-intl/index.html Pristupljeno 26. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "Japan and Pfizer reach COVID-19 vaccine deal to treat 60 million people". 1. kolovoz 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 10. studeni 2020.. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/08/01/national/science-health/pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-deal/ Pristupljeno 21. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "Trudeau says promising new Pfizer vaccine could be 'light at the end of the tunnel'". CBC News. 9. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 9. studeni 2020.. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-pfizer-vaccine-1.5795160 Pristupljeno 9. studeni 2020.
- ↑ Salud, Secretaría de. "233. Firma secretario de Salud convenio con Pfizer para fabricación y suministro de vacuna COVID-19" (šp.). http://www.gob.mx/salud/prensa/233-firma-secretario-de-salud-convenio-con-pfizer-para-fabricacion-y-suministro-de-vacuna-covid-19?idiom=es Pristupljeno 17. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ Ng, Eric (27. kolovoz 2020.). "Fosun Pharma to supply Covid-19 vaccine to Hong Kong, Macau once approved". Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 20. studeni 2020.. https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3099003/shanghais-fosun-pharma-track-bring-german-partners-covid-19 Pristupljeno 21. studeni 2020.
- ↑ Ting, Victor; Lau, Chris; Wong, Olga (11. prosinac 2020.). "Hong Kong buys 15 million Covid-19 vaccine doses from Sinovac, Pfizer". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3113509/hong-kong-fourth-wave-carrie-lam-update-progress Pristupljeno 18. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ BioNTech (16 December 2020). BioNTech and Fosun Pharma to Supply China with mRNA-based COVID-19 Vaccine. Tiskovno izdanje.
- ↑ "Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Frequently Asked Questions". 11. prosinac 2020.. https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-frequently-asked-questions Pristupljeno 29. prosinac 2020. Ovaj članak sadrži tekst iz ovog izvora, koji je u javnom vlasništvu.
- ↑ "AIFA, possibile ottenere almeno 6 dosi da ogni flaconcino del vaccino BioNTech/Pfizer" (tal.). https://aifa.gov.it/-/aifa-possibile-ottenere-almeno-6-dosi-da-ogni-flaconcino-del-vaccino-biontech-pfizer Pristupljeno 29. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Pfizer and BioNTech's vaccine poses global logistics challenge". The Guardian. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 10. studeni 2020.. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/nov/10/pfizer-and-biontechs-vaccine-poses-global-logistics-challenge Pristupljeno 10. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "Daunting task of distribution exposed as it emerges some vaccines must be 'deep frozen' at −70C". The Telegraph. 8. rujan 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 9. studeni 2020.. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/boost-oxford-covid-vaccine-emerges-rivals-must-deep-frozen/ Pristupljeno 10. studeni 2020.
- ↑ "How China's COVID-19 could fill the gaps left by Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca". Fortune. 5. prosinac 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 12. prosinac 2020.. https://fortune.com/2020/12/05/china-covid-19-vaccines-approval-sinovac-sinopharm/ Pristupljeno 5. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Pfizer's Vaccine Is Out of the Question as Indonesia Lacks Refrigerators: State Pharma Boss". Jakarta Globe. 22. studeni 2020.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 7. prosinac 2020.. https://jakartaglobe.id/business/pfizers-vaccine-is-out-of-the-question-as-indonesia-lacks-refrigerators-state-pharma-boss Pristupljeno 5. prosinac 2020.
- ↑ "Pfizer Has Offered South Africa Discounted Covid-19 Vaccines" (engl.). Bloomberg.com. 4. siječanj 2021.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-04/pfizer-has-offered-south-africa-discounted-covid-19-vaccines Pristupljeno 5. siječanj 2021.
- ↑ "Pfizer Has Offered South Africa Discounted Covid-19 Vaccines" (engl.). Bloomberg.com. 4. siječanj 2021.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-04/pfizer-has-offered-south-africa-discounted-covid-19-vaccines Pristupljeno 5. siječanj 2021.