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*"Since the beginning of the war, the Tanzim employed two main tactics in its attacks against Israel—shootings and car/roadside bombings. From September 27, 2000, to January 1, 2004, the ICT counted 54 separate shooting incidents in which Tanzim militants attempted to injure or kill Israeli soldiers or settlers." Anthony H. Cordesman. ''Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 316. | *"Since the beginning of the war, the Tanzim employed two main tactics in its attacks against Israel—shootings and car/roadside bombings. From September 27, 2000, to January 1, 2004, the ICT counted 54 separate shooting incidents in which Tanzim militants attempted to injure or kill Israeli soldiers or settlers." Anthony H. Cordesman. ''Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 316. | ||
*"This figure is based on a total of 800 Israeli fatalities from September 27, 2000 (the beginning of the second intifada) through August 12, 2003, Middleastern Conflict Statistics Project, Statistical Report Summary (2003), and an Israeli population of about 6.1 million." Neal Feigenson, Daniel Bailis, and William Klein. {{PDFlink|[http://www.law.missouri.edu/lawreview/docs/69-4/Feigenson.pdf "Perceptions of Terrorism and Disease Risks: A Cross-national Comparison"]|248 KB}} ,''Missouri Law Review'', Vol. 69, Issue 4, Fall 2004, p. 1000. | *"This figure is based on a total of 800 Israeli fatalities from September 27, 2000 (the beginning of the second intifada) through August 12, 2003, Middleastern Conflict Statistics Project, Statistical Report Summary (2003), and an Israeli population of about 6.1 million." Neal Feigenson, Daniel Bailis, and William Klein. {{PDFlink|[http://www.law.missouri.edu/lawreview/docs/69-4/Feigenson.pdf "Perceptions of Terrorism and Disease Risks: A Cross-national Comparison"]|248 KB}} ,''Missouri Law Review'', Vol. 69, Issue 4, Fall 2004, p. 1000. | ||
*"That war began on September 27, 2000 when a Palestinian security officer on a joint patrol with Israeli forces turned his firearm on his Israeli counterpart and murdered him." Caroline B. Glick. [{{PDFlink|[http://www.oxfordgovernance.org/fileadmin/Journal/OJGG_Vol_2_No_2.pdf "Addressing the Root Caust of the Arab-Israeli Conflict"]|1.42 MB}}], ''Oxford Journal on Good Governance'', Volume 2 ~ Number 2, August 2005, p. 32.</ref> Međutim, mnogo češće se [[28. rujna]] uzima kao glavni datum, kada su Palestinci uzvratili nemirima kada je [[Ariel Sharon]], u pratnji naoružanih policajaca, posjetio [[Brdo hrama]] u [[Jeruzalem]]u, sveto mjesto i za [[Židovi|Židove]] i za [[Muslimani|Muslimane]]. Palestinci su njegovu posjetu smatrali činom provokacije i omalovažavanja te su burno reagirali.<ref name=bbctimeline>BBC News: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3677206.stm "Al-Aqsa Intifada timeline"].</ref><ref>Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism, Dan Diner, Jonathan Frankel, Oxford University Press, p.311</ref> Neki pak smatraju da je ustanak započeo tek sljedeći dan, u petak [[29. rujna]], na dan molitve, kada je povećana prisutnost izraelske policije i vojske koja je uzrokovala teške nemire i sukobe sa Palestincima.<ref name=Mitchell>"Mr. Sharon made the visit on September 28 accompanied by over 1,000 Israeli police officers. Although Israelis viewed the visit in an internal political context, Palestinians saw it as highly provocative to them. On the following day, in the same place, a large number of unarmed Palestinian demonstrators and a large Israeli police contingent confronted each other." [https://web.archive.org/web/20020809145118/http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rpt/3060.htm "Sharm El-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee Report"] (Mitchell Report), April 30, 2001.</ref><ref name=Cypel>"The following day, the 29th, a Friday and hence the Muslim day of prayer, the young Palestinians flared up." Cypel, Sylvain. ''Walled: Israeli Society at an Impasse'', Other Press, 2006, p. 6. {{ISBN|1590512103}}</ref><ref name=Mittleman>"Then in late September Ariel Sharon [...] visited the Temple Mount [...] The next day, massive violence erupted in Jerusalem and Palestinian-controlled areas in the West Bank and Gaza Strip." Alan Mittleman, Robert A. Licht, Jonathan D. Sarna, ''Jewish Polity and American Civil Society: Communal Agencies and Religious Movements in the American Public Sphere'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2002, p. 161. {{ISBN|0742521222}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dawn.com/weekly/books/archive/030406/books1.htm What America wants] – [[Noam Chomsky]]</ref> Sharon je najavio svoju posjetu te mu je palestinski šef sigurnosti [[Jibril Rajoub]] dao odobrenje za istu, dokle god ne stupi u džamiju. Na dan posjete isprva su bile zabilježene mirne demonstracije, s obzirom na Sharonovu vojnu prošlost, poglavito u krvavom [[Libanonski rat 1982.|Libanonskom ratu 1982.]], da bi na kraju prerasli u otvorene nemire i sukobe Palestinaca sa izraelskim sigurnosnim službama. Razlog takvih burnih reakcija ima nekoliko: tih dana Palestinci su obilježavali 18. godišnjicu [[Masakr u Sabri i Šatili|masakra u Sabri i Šatili]], koji se dogodio kada je Sharon bio ministar obrane, tako da su mnogi Palestinci smatrali njegovu posjetu tom svetom mjestu svetogrđem. Također, iako je Sharonova namjera bila pokazati da svaki Izraelac ima pravo posjetiti Brdo hrama,<ref>{{ | *"That war began on September 27, 2000 when a Palestinian security officer on a joint patrol with Israeli forces turned his firearm on his Israeli counterpart and murdered him." Caroline B. Glick. [{{PDFlink|[http://www.oxfordgovernance.org/fileadmin/Journal/OJGG_Vol_2_No_2.pdf "Addressing the Root Caust of the Arab-Israeli Conflict"]|1.42 MB}}], ''Oxford Journal on Good Governance'', Volume 2 ~ Number 2, August 2005, p. 32.</ref> Međutim, mnogo češće se [[28. rujna]] uzima kao glavni datum, kada su Palestinci uzvratili nemirima kada je [[Ariel Sharon]], u pratnji naoružanih policajaca, posjetio [[Brdo hrama]] u [[Jeruzalem]]u, sveto mjesto i za [[Židovi|Židove]] i za [[Muslimani|Muslimane]]. Palestinci su njegovu posjetu smatrali činom provokacije i omalovažavanja te su burno reagirali.<ref name=bbctimeline>BBC News: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3677206.stm "Al-Aqsa Intifada timeline"].</ref><ref>Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism, Dan Diner, Jonathan Frankel, Oxford University Press, p.311</ref> Neki pak smatraju da je ustanak započeo tek sljedeći dan, u petak [[29. rujna]], na dan molitve, kada je povećana prisutnost izraelske policije i vojske koja je uzrokovala teške nemire i sukobe sa Palestincima.<ref name=Mitchell>"Mr. Sharon made the visit on September 28 accompanied by over 1,000 Israeli police officers. Although Israelis viewed the visit in an internal political context, Palestinians saw it as highly provocative to them. On the following day, in the same place, a large number of unarmed Palestinian demonstrators and a large Israeli police contingent confronted each other." [https://web.archive.org/web/20020809145118/http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rpt/3060.htm "Sharm El-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee Report"] (Mitchell Report), April 30, 2001.</ref><ref name=Cypel>"The following day, the 29th, a Friday and hence the Muslim day of prayer, the young Palestinians flared up." Cypel, Sylvain. ''Walled: Israeli Society at an Impasse'', Other Press, 2006, p. 6. {{ISBN|1590512103}}</ref><ref name=Mittleman>"Then in late September Ariel Sharon [...] visited the Temple Mount [...] The next day, massive violence erupted in Jerusalem and Palestinian-controlled areas in the West Bank and Gaza Strip." Alan Mittleman, Robert A. Licht, Jonathan D. Sarna, ''Jewish Polity and American Civil Society: Communal Agencies and Religious Movements in the American Public Sphere'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2002, p. 161. {{ISBN|0742521222}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dawn.com/weekly/books/archive/030406/books1.htm What America wants] – [[Noam Chomsky]]</ref> Sharon je najavio svoju posjetu te mu je palestinski šef sigurnosti [[Jibril Rajoub]] dao odobrenje za istu, dokle god ne stupi u džamiju. Na dan posjete isprva su bile zabilježene mirne demonstracije, s obzirom na Sharonovu vojnu prošlost, poglavito u krvavom [[Libanonski rat 1982.|Libanonskom ratu 1982.]], da bi na kraju prerasli u otvorene nemire i sukobe Palestinaca sa izraelskim sigurnosnim službama. Razlog takvih burnih reakcija ima nekoliko: tih dana Palestinci su obilježavali 18. godišnjicu [[Masakr u Sabri i Šatili|masakra u Sabri i Šatili]], koji se dogodio kada je Sharon bio ministar obrane, tako da su mnogi Palestinci smatrali njegovu posjetu tom svetom mjestu svetogrđem. Također, iako je Sharonova namjera bila pokazati da svaki Izraelac ima pravo posjetiti Brdo hrama,<ref>{{Citiranje novina|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E4DB1F3DF936A35753C1A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all| title= Unapologetic, Sharon Rejects Blame for Igniting Violence| publisher=[[New York Times]]|date=October 5, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|title=Israeli’s Tour of Holy Site Ignites Riot; Palestinians Angered By Test of Sovereignty in Jerusalem’s Old City|publisher=Washington Post|author=Lee Hockstader|date=2000-09-29|page=A22}}</ref> glasnogovornik [[Likud]]a Ofir Akounis je izjavio da je namjera bila pokazati da će pod „Likudom brdo hrama ostati pod izraelskom kontrolom."<ref>{{Citiranje novina| title= | ||
Palestinians say opposition tour of holy site could cause bloodshed|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/27/israel.palestinians.ap/index.html| publisher=CNN| date=September 27, 2000}}</ref> | Palestinians say opposition tour of holy site could cause bloodshed|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/27/israel.palestinians.ap/index.html| publisher=CNN| date=September 27, 2000}}</ref> | ||
Pojedini Izraelci smatraju daje Druga Intifada započela još ranije, kada je [[Jaser Arafat]] u [[srpanj|srpnju]] 2000. napustio sumit u kampu David. Izraelske žrtve zabilježene su već 27. rujna, navodi Dr. [[Jeremy Pressman]].<ref>[http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/Fall03/pressman.pdf The Second Intifada: Backgrounds and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict] by [[Jeremy Pressman]]</ref><ref><blockquote>"The wave of terrorism that began in September 2000 is the direct result of a strategic Palestinian decision to use violence – rather than negotiation – as the primary means to advance their agenda...."</blockquote><blockquote>"Indeed, the current wave of terrorism began shortly after intense high-level negotiations were conducted to find a permanent resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In July 2000, a Middle East peace summit was held at Camp David, hosted by U.S. President Bill Clinton and attended by Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and Israel's Prime Minister Ehud Barak. During the summit, Israel expressed its willingness to make far-reaching and unprecedented compromises in order to arrive at a workable, enduring agreement. However, Yasser Arafat chose to break off the negotiations without even offering any proposals of his own. Consequently, the summit adjourned with President Clinton placing the blame for its failure squarely at Arafat's feet."</blockquote><blockquote>"It is clear that the current wave of Palestinian terrorism, which began in the wake of the Camp David summit failure, has nothing to do with a spontaneous Palestinian action to "resist the occupation." The Palestinian leadership had taken a strategic decision to abandon the path to peace and to use violence as their primary tactic for advancing their agenda. This decision undermined the bedrock foundation of the peace process – the understanding that a solution can only be reached through compromise rather than inflexibility, and through negotiation rather than violence. The Palestinian claim that Israel's presence in the territories caused the terrorism began as a desperate attempt to deflect criticism after Arafat rejected Israel's peace proposals. It quickly evolved into an excuse for the inexcusable – the indiscriminate murder of innocent civilians.Terrorist attacks can never be justified, and they are particularly tragic when the disputed issues could have been settled through negotiations. The Palestinian Authority had been given a real opportunity to end the conflict through negotiations. However, Israel's olive branch was met with a hail of gunfire and a barrage of suicide bombers. The greatest obstacle to peace is not the lack of a Palestinian state, rather it is the existence of Palestinian terrorism."</blockquote>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/11/Israel-+the+Conflict+and+Peace-+Answers+to+Frequen+-+2003.htm#cause What caused the current wave of Palestinian terrorism?] by the [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]</ref><ref><blockquote>"The events of last few days represent the latest and most severe developments in a wave of violence that has been building in recent weeks. Though some are inclined to assign exclusive responsibility to Israel for these acts of provocation, the present Palestinian escalation dates back to well before the Temple Mount disturbances, when, on September 13, stones and [[Molotov cocktail]]s were thrown at Israeli positions in the vicinity of the Netzarim junction in the Gaza Strip. This was followed by a number of increasingly violent incidents, including the killing of an Israeli soldier by a roadside bomb near Netzarim on September 27"</blockquote>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Palestinian+violence+and+terrorism+since+September.htm Palestinian terrorism since Sept 2000] by the [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]</ref><ref name=biri-IMFA>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Memorial/2000/Sgt+David+Biri.htm Sgt. David Biri]. September 27, 2000. [[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].</ref><ref name=jpost2000sep29>[http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2000_09_27.html "Fallen soldier's father: I never thought this would happen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030219211334/http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2000_09_27.html |date=19. veljače 2003. }}. September 29, 2000. ''[[Jerusalem Post]].''</ref> | Pojedini Izraelci smatraju daje Druga Intifada započela još ranije, kada je [[Jaser Arafat]] u [[srpanj|srpnju]] 2000. napustio sumit u kampu David. Izraelske žrtve zabilježene su već 27. rujna, navodi Dr. [[Jeremy Pressman]].<ref>[http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/Fall03/pressman.pdf The Second Intifada: Backgrounds and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict] by [[Jeremy Pressman]]</ref><ref><blockquote>"The wave of terrorism that began in September 2000 is the direct result of a strategic Palestinian decision to use violence – rather than negotiation – as the primary means to advance their agenda...."</blockquote><blockquote>"Indeed, the current wave of terrorism began shortly after intense high-level negotiations were conducted to find a permanent resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In July 2000, a Middle East peace summit was held at Camp David, hosted by U.S. President Bill Clinton and attended by Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and Israel's Prime Minister Ehud Barak. During the summit, Israel expressed its willingness to make far-reaching and unprecedented compromises in order to arrive at a workable, enduring agreement. However, Yasser Arafat chose to break off the negotiations without even offering any proposals of his own. Consequently, the summit adjourned with President Clinton placing the blame for its failure squarely at Arafat's feet."</blockquote><blockquote>"It is clear that the current wave of Palestinian terrorism, which began in the wake of the Camp David summit failure, has nothing to do with a spontaneous Palestinian action to "resist the occupation." The Palestinian leadership had taken a strategic decision to abandon the path to peace and to use violence as their primary tactic for advancing their agenda. This decision undermined the bedrock foundation of the peace process – the understanding that a solution can only be reached through compromise rather than inflexibility, and through negotiation rather than violence. The Palestinian claim that Israel's presence in the territories caused the terrorism began as a desperate attempt to deflect criticism after Arafat rejected Israel's peace proposals. It quickly evolved into an excuse for the inexcusable – the indiscriminate murder of innocent civilians.Terrorist attacks can never be justified, and they are particularly tragic when the disputed issues could have been settled through negotiations. The Palestinian Authority had been given a real opportunity to end the conflict through negotiations. However, Israel's olive branch was met with a hail of gunfire and a barrage of suicide bombers. The greatest obstacle to peace is not the lack of a Palestinian state, rather it is the existence of Palestinian terrorism."</blockquote>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/11/Israel-+the+Conflict+and+Peace-+Answers+to+Frequen+-+2003.htm#cause What caused the current wave of Palestinian terrorism?] by the [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]</ref><ref><blockquote>"The events of last few days represent the latest and most severe developments in a wave of violence that has been building in recent weeks. Though some are inclined to assign exclusive responsibility to Israel for these acts of provocation, the present Palestinian escalation dates back to well before the Temple Mount disturbances, when, on September 13, stones and [[Molotov cocktail]]s were thrown at Israeli positions in the vicinity of the Netzarim junction in the Gaza Strip. This was followed by a number of increasingly violent incidents, including the killing of an Israeli soldier by a roadside bomb near Netzarim on September 27"</blockquote>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Palestinian+violence+and+terrorism+since+September.htm Palestinian terrorism since Sept 2000] by the [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]</ref><ref name=biri-IMFA>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Memorial/2000/Sgt+David+Biri.htm Sgt. David Biri]. September 27, 2000. [[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].</ref><ref name=jpost2000sep29>[http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2000_09_27.html "Fallen soldier's father: I never thought this would happen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030219211334/http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2000_09_27.html |date=19. veljače 2003. }}. September 29, 2000. ''[[Jerusalem Post]].''</ref> | ||
Većina analitičara i povjesničara smatra da je Sharonov posjet toj lokaciji pokrenuo nemire koji su prerasli u Drugu Intifadu.<ref name=nytimes2008sept30>{{ | Većina analitičara i povjesničara smatra da je Sharonov posjet toj lokaciji pokrenuo nemire koji su prerasli u Drugu Intifadu.<ref name=nytimes2008sept30>{{Citiranje novina|title=Battle at Jerusalem Holy Site Leaves 4 Dead and 200 Hurt|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E2DB143DF933A0575AC0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|publisher=[[New York Times]]|date=September 30, 2000}}. "This morning, both sides started out tense, after clashes on Thursday [Sept 28, 2000] provoked by Mr. Sharon's visit."</ref><ref name=cnn2008sept28>{{Citiranje novina|title=Israeli troops, Palestinians clash after Sharon visits Jerusalem sacred site|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/28/jerusalem.violence.02/|publisher=CNN|date=September 28, 2000}}. "A visit by Likud Party leader Ariel Sharon to the site known as the Temple Mount by Jews sparked a clash on Thursday [Sept 28, 2000] between stone-throwing Palestinians and Israeli troops, who fired tear gas and rubber bullets into the crowd. ... Also Thursday [Sept 28, 2000], an Israeli soldier critically injured in a bomb attack on an army convoy in the Gaza Strip died of his wounds."</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{Citiranje novina|title=Riot police clash with protesters at holy shrine |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1357329/Riot-police-clash-with-protesters-at-holy-shrine.html|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=June 29, 2001}}</ref> U prvih pet dana nemira, izraelska policija ubila je 47 Palestinaca a ranila 1,885, dok su Palestinci ubili 5 Izraelaca.<ref name=btselem-idf-OT>[http://www.btselem.org/English/Statistics/Casualties_Data.asp?Category=7®ion=TER B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605010429/http://www.btselem.org/english/Statistics/Casualties_Data.asp?Category=7®ion=TER |date=5. lipnja 2011. }}. Israeli security force personnel killed by Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. Detailed [[B'Tselem]] list.</ref><ref name=btselem-civ-OT>[http://www.btselem.org/English/Statistics/Casualties_Data.asp?Category=5®ion=TER B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605010359/http://www.btselem.org/english/Statistics/Casualties_Data.asp?Category=5®ion=TER |date=5. lipnja 2011. }}. Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. Detailed [[B'Tselem]] list.</ref> | ||
== Kronologija == | == Kronologija == | ||
| Redak 72: | Redak 72: | ||
Uslijedili su brojni okršaji između militantnih Palestinaca i izraelskih snaga sigurnosti, popraćeni kratkim razdobljima mira. Radikalne frakcije [[Hamas]] i Islamski džihad okrenuli su se metodi [[samoubilački terorizam|samoubilačkih napada]] i oružanim okršajima sa tehnološki i oružano superiornijom izraelskom vojskom. Palestinci su ustanak smatrali legitimnim pravom na samo-obranu i borbu za oslobođenje od okupacije koja traje od 1967., dok su Izraelci te akcije nazvali činom [[teror]]izma te ih često uspoređivali sa zloglasnim [[Napadi 11. rujna 2001.|napadima 11. rujna]]. | Uslijedili su brojni okršaji između militantnih Palestinaca i izraelskih snaga sigurnosti, popraćeni kratkim razdobljima mira. Radikalne frakcije [[Hamas]] i Islamski džihad okrenuli su se metodi [[samoubilački terorizam|samoubilačkih napada]] i oružanim okršajima sa tehnološki i oružano superiornijom izraelskom vojskom. Palestinci su ustanak smatrali legitimnim pravom na samo-obranu i borbu za oslobođenje od okupacije koja traje od 1967., dok su Izraelci te akcije nazvali činom [[teror]]izma te ih često uspoređivali sa zloglasnim [[Napadi 11. rujna 2001.|napadima 11. rujna]]. | ||
Kao odgovor na sukobe, Izrael je uveo [[policijski sat]] na pojedinim područjima, pojačao nadzor nad kontrolnim točkama diljem Zapadne obale i uveo strože mjere za putovanje što se tiče Palestinaca. Također je [[2002.]] ponovno otvoren [[zatvor Ofer]] radi zadržavanja palestinskih zarobljenika, koji je bio zatvoren [[1995.]]<ref name="ynet1">{{ | Kao odgovor na sukobe, Izrael je uveo [[policijski sat]] na pojedinim područjima, pojačao nadzor nad kontrolnim točkama diljem Zapadne obale i uveo strože mjere za putovanje što se tiče Palestinaca. Također je [[2002.]] ponovno otvoren [[zatvor Ofer]] radi zadržavanja palestinskih zarobljenika, koji je bio zatvoren [[1995.]]<ref name="ynet1">{{Citiranje novina|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3641468,00.html|title=10 Lightly Wounded as Palestinian Inmates Clash with Guards|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|author=Ben-Zur, Raanan|date=December 20, 2008|accessdate=2008-12-20}}</ref> Od 2000. do 2004., razoreno je preko 5,000 palestinskih kuća.<ref>[http://www.icahd.org/eng/faq.asp?menu=9&submenu=1 Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions] - FAQ</ref> Naime, do veljače [[2005.]], Izrael je koristio politiku demoliranja obiteljskih kuća bombaša samoubojica, što je, zbog velikih šteta i broja palestinskih civila koji žive u jednom domu, bio kontroverzan čin. [[Human Rights Watch]] dokumentirao je kako su izraelski buldožeri demolirali oko 2,500 kuća samo u pojasu Gaze, od toga 2/3 u [[Rafah]]u kako bi se stvorila "tampon zona" uz granicu sa Izraelom. Na taj način oko 16,000 Palestinaca je ostalo bez krova nad glavom, a mnogi od njih su evakuirani po drugi ili čak treći put.<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]]; [http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11963/section/3 Razing Rafah]; 17-10-2005. Preuzeto 31-03-2010.</ref> Zbog blokade pojasa Gaze otkad je Hamas preuzeo vlast u toj enklavi, stanovnici su počeli graditi podzemne tunele do Egipta kako bi nabavili potrebne namirnice: od krava i drugih domaćih životinja, preko osobnih računala i ostalih kućanskih aparata, pa do betona i inoga građevnog materijala, te raznog oružja i vojne opreme koje uglavnom nabavlja Hamas, za održavanje svoje vlasti u tome području i za napade na Izrael.<ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/hamasovim-tunelima-u-gazu-stize-sve--kompjutori--oruzje--beton--cak-i-koze-/410206/ Hamasovim tunelima u Gazu stiže sve: kompjutori, oružje, beton, čak i koze]; [[Jutarnji list]]. 16-12-2009.</ref> Također su izraelske snage sigurnosti često koristile tzv. "[[atentat|ciljana ubojstva]]" protiv palestinskih militanata uz pomoć [[raketa]] ispaljenih iz borbenih helikoptera ili zrakoplova. | ||
Slijedi sažetak značajnijih događaja: | Slijedi sažetak značajnijih događaja: | ||
===2000.=== | ===2000.=== | ||
*[[30. rujna]] 2000. TV ekipa [[francuska|francuskog]] kanala [[France 2]] objavila je snimku na kojoj se navodno vidi kako su IDF vojnici pucali i ubili 12-godišnjeg dječaka Muhameda al-Durraha, koji se zajedno sa ocem skrivao iza betonskog cilindra nakon što su se našli usred pucnjave palestinskih snaga sigurnosti i IDF-a, u [[Netzarim]]u u pojasu Gaze. Događaj je snimio kamerman Talal Abu Rahma. Iako je al-Durrah proglašen mučenikom, postoje velike sumnje oko toga da li je cijeli incident bio fingiran, a neki su analitičari čak optužili Palestince da su sami upucali al-Durraha<ref>''Haaretz'' (May 16, 2007). [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/924440.html Haaretz, May 16, 2007]; also see [http://www.seconddraft.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=454:france-2-raw&catid=61:aldurah-footage-selections&Itemid=192 France 2 raw footage], ''Secondraft.com'', the al-Durrah material begins around 02:10 mins; and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUhM2NZavcc ''You Tube''], the al-Durrahs are first seen at 7:18 minutes.</ref><ref name=Moutet>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/015/284xawsb.asp?pg=1 Moutet 2008]. Enderlin's report said: "Here, Jamal and his son Mohamed are the target of fire from the Israeli positions ... Another burst of fire. Mohamed is dead and his father seriously wounded." See [http://www.theaugeanstables.com/al-durah-affair-the-dossier/courts-decision-in-the-karsenty-case/ Enderlin, France 2 v. Karsenty, 2006]. The original French: "Ici, Jamal et son fils Mohammed sont la cible de tirs venus des positions israéliennes ... Mais une nouvelle rafale. Mohammed est mort et son père grièvement blessé."</ref><ref>Sources for martyrdom: [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/1368574/Death-of-boy-caught-in-gun-battle-provokes-wave-of-revenge-attacks.html Philps 2000]; [http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/02/world/a-young-symbol-of-mideast-violence.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print Orme 2000(a)]; [http://books.google.ca/books?id=dX0KUGLxg8AC&dq=%22palestinian+martyr%22+durra&source=gbs_navlinks_s Cook 2007], p. 156: "... Muhammed al-Durra is the paradigmatic Palestinian martyr, and discussion on the circumstances of his martyrdom does not take place in Arab countries". Sources for postage stamps, parks, and streets: [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/07/business/worldbusiness/07iht-video07_ed3_.html Carvajal 2005]; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/952600.stm BBC News, October 2, 2000].</ref><ref name=Fallows>[http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200306/fallows Fallows 2003].</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/28/world/28MIDE.html The New York Times, November 27, 2000]. Later accounts of this stress that the IDF could not have shot the boy. See [http://www.aafs.org/pdf/NewOrleansabstracts05.pdf Maurice and Shahaf 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070801122544/http://www.aafs.org/pdf/NewOrleansabstracts05.pdf |date=1. kolovoza 2007. }}, p. 46; and [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1211288137213&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Rettig Gur 2008]: Citing the report in 2008, Col. Shlomi Am-Shalom of the IDF said: "The general [Samia] has made clear that from an analysis of all the data from the scene, including the location of the IDF position, the trajectory of the bullets, the location of the father and son behind an obstacle, the cadence of the bullet fire, the angle at which the bullets penetrated the wall behind the father and his son, and the hours of the events, we can rule out with the greatest certainty the possibility that the gunfire that apparently harmed the boy and his father was fired by IDF soldiers, who were at the time located only inside their fixed position"; also see [http://www.seconddraft.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=283:stupidity-marches-on&catid=43:the-a-dura-case Haaretz 2000] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20061119084403/http://www.proche-orient.info/images/mbd/Segev_haaretz.htm Segev 2002].</ref> | *[[30. rujna]] 2000. TV ekipa [[francuska|francuskog]] kanala [[France 2]] objavila je snimku na kojoj se navodno vidi kako su IDF vojnici pucali i ubili 12-godišnjeg dječaka Muhameda al-Durraha, koji se zajedno sa ocem skrivao iza betonskog cilindra nakon što su se našli usred pucnjave palestinskih snaga sigurnosti i IDF-a, u [[Netzarim]]u u pojasu Gaze. Događaj je snimio kamerman Talal Abu Rahma. Iako je al-Durrah proglašen mučenikom, postoje velike sumnje oko toga da li je cijeli incident bio fingiran, a neki su analitičari čak optužili Palestince da su sami upucali al-Durraha<ref>''Haaretz'' (May 16, 2007). [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/924440.html Haaretz, May 16, 2007]; also see [http://www.seconddraft.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=454:france-2-raw&catid=61:aldurah-footage-selections&Itemid=192 France 2 raw footage], ''Secondraft.com'', the al-Durrah material begins around 02:10 mins; and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUhM2NZavcc ''You Tube''], the al-Durrahs are first seen at 7:18 minutes.</ref><ref name=Moutet>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/015/284xawsb.asp?pg=1 Moutet 2008]. Enderlin's report said: "Here, Jamal and his son Mohamed are the target of fire from the Israeli positions ... Another burst of fire. Mohamed is dead and his father seriously wounded." See [http://www.theaugeanstables.com/al-durah-affair-the-dossier/courts-decision-in-the-karsenty-case/ Enderlin, France 2 v. Karsenty, 2006]. The original French: "Ici, Jamal et son fils Mohammed sont la cible de tirs venus des positions israéliennes ... Mais une nouvelle rafale. Mohammed est mort et son père grièvement blessé."</ref><ref>Sources for martyrdom: [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/1368574/Death-of-boy-caught-in-gun-battle-provokes-wave-of-revenge-attacks.html Philps 2000]; [http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/02/world/a-young-symbol-of-mideast-violence.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print Orme 2000(a)]; [http://books.google.ca/books?id=dX0KUGLxg8AC&dq=%22palestinian+martyr%22+durra&source=gbs_navlinks_s Cook 2007], p. 156: "... Muhammed al-Durra is the paradigmatic Palestinian martyr, and discussion on the circumstances of his martyrdom does not take place in Arab countries". Sources for postage stamps, parks, and streets: [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/07/business/worldbusiness/07iht-video07_ed3_.html Carvajal 2005]; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/952600.stm BBC News, October 2, 2000].</ref><ref name=Fallows>[http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200306/fallows Fallows 2003].</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/28/world/28MIDE.html The New York Times, November 27, 2000]. Later accounts of this stress that the IDF could not have shot the boy. See [http://www.aafs.org/pdf/NewOrleansabstracts05.pdf Maurice and Shahaf 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070801122544/http://www.aafs.org/pdf/NewOrleansabstracts05.pdf |date=1. kolovoza 2007. }}, p. 46; and [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1211288137213&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Rettig Gur 2008]: Citing the report in 2008, Col. Shlomi Am-Shalom of the IDF said: "The general [Samia] has made clear that from an analysis of all the data from the scene, including the location of the IDF position, the trajectory of the bullets, the location of the father and son behind an obstacle, the cadence of the bullet fire, the angle at which the bullets penetrated the wall behind the father and his son, and the hours of the events, we can rule out with the greatest certainty the possibility that the gunfire that apparently harmed the boy and his father was fired by IDF soldiers, who were at the time located only inside their fixed position"; also see [http://www.seconddraft.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=283:stupidity-marches-on&catid=43:the-a-dura-case Haaretz 2000] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20061119084403/http://www.proche-orient.info/images/mbd/Segev_haaretz.htm Segev 2002].</ref> | ||
*Deset dana kasnije, bijesna palestinska rulja napala je dvojicu izraelskih vojnika koji su zabunom skrenuli u [[Ramallah]] te zadržani u palestinskoj policijskoj postaji, te ih ubili pred kamerama sumnjajući da su tajni agenti. Incident je šokirao izraelsku javnost i oslabio ljevicu. Kao odgovor, Izrael je pokrenuo niz zračnih napada protiv Palestinske samouprave u Zapadnoj obali i pojasu Gaze. Policijska postaja gdje se dogodio linč je sravnjena sa zemljom.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1310307/Lynch-mob-suspects-held-by-Israelis.html "The Telegraph: Lynch mob suspects held by Israelis"]</ref><ref name=BBClynch>{{ | *Deset dana kasnije, bijesna palestinska rulja napala je dvojicu izraelskih vojnika koji su zabunom skrenuli u [[Ramallah]] te zadržani u palestinskoj policijskoj postaji, te ih ubili pred kamerama sumnjajući da su tajni agenti. Incident je šokirao izraelsku javnost i oslabio ljevicu. Kao odgovor, Izrael je pokrenuo niz zračnih napada protiv Palestinske samouprave u Zapadnoj obali i pojasu Gaze. Policijska postaja gdje se dogodio linč je sravnjena sa zemljom.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1310307/Lynch-mob-suspects-held-by-Israelis.html "The Telegraph: Lynch mob suspects held by Israelis"]</ref><ref name=BBClynch>{{Citiranje novina | first = Martin| last = Asser| title = Lynch mob's brutal attack| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/969778.stm | publisher = BBC News|date = October 13, 2000| accessdate = 2006-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|url=http://home.mindspring.com/~fontenelles/Levy2.htm|title=Interview with Ramallah's chief of police|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=2000-10-20|accessdate=30. ožujka 2010.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010804004210/http://home.mindspring.com/~fontenelles/Levy2.htm|archivedate=4. kolovoza 2001.}}</ref><ref>Feldman, Shai. [http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/sa/v3n3p7.html The October Violence: An Interim Assessment], Jaffes Center for Strategic Studies, ''Strategic Assessment'', Vol. 3 No. 3, November 2000.</ref><ref name="revenge">{{Citiranje weba |title=A day of rage, revenge and bloodshed |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1370229/A-day-of-rage%2C-revenge-and-bloodshed.html |date=2000-10-13 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba |title=Israeli copters retaliate for soldiers' deaths |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/mideast.htm#readmore |date= |work=[[USA Today]] |publisher= |accessdate=03-07-09}}</ref> | ||
===2001.=== | ===2001.=== | ||
*[[6. veljače]] [[2001.]], u izvanrednim izborima, desničar [[Ariel Sharon]] je izabran za izraelskog premijera, koji je naglasio da odbija naći se osobno sa Arafatom. | *[[6. veljače]] [[2001.]], u izvanrednim izborima, desničar [[Ariel Sharon]] je izabran za izraelskog premijera, koji je naglasio da odbija naći se osobno sa Arafatom. | ||
*[[7. svibnja]] 2001. IDF spriječava brod koji je krijumčario oružje da uplovi u Gazu. | *[[7. svibnja]] 2001. IDF spriječava brod koji je krijumčario oružje da uplovi u Gazu. | ||
*Palestinski samoubilački napad u redu za čekanje ispred diskoteke Dolphinarium u [[Tel Aviv]]u, u subotu [[1. lipnja]] [[2001.]] u 23 sata, [[Pokolj kod Dolphinariuma|odnio je živote 21 osobe, a 132 su dodatno ranjene]].<ref>[http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx The Palestinian Authority-Hamas Collusion - From Operational Cooperation to Propaganda Hoax]</ref><ref>{{ | *Palestinski samoubilački napad u redu za čekanje ispred diskoteke Dolphinarium u [[Tel Aviv]]u, u subotu [[1. lipnja]] [[2001.]] u 23 sata, [[Pokolj kod Dolphinariuma|odnio je živote 21 osobe, a 132 su dodatno ranjene]].<ref>[http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/65/currentpage/22/Default.aspx The Palestinian Authority-Hamas Collusion - From Operational Cooperation to Propaganda Hoax]</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html|title=No. 1 Hamas terrorist killed. Followers threaten revenge in Tel Aviv.|last=O'Sullvian|first=Arieh|date=2001-11-25|publisher=Jerusalem Post|accessdate=2009-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030542/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html|archivedate=23. listopada 2012.}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html|title=In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope|last=Fisher|first=Ian|date=2006-01-29|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-1258,00.html Ynet - פיגוע בדולפינריום - חדשות]</ref> | ||
*[[9. kolovoza]] u 14:00 sati bombaš samoubojica detonirao je bombu u krcatom restoranu Sbarro te odnio živote 15 osoba a ranio preko 130. Hamas i [[Islamski džihad]] preuzeli su odgovornost.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/jerusalem-bombing-a-war-increasing-in-cruelty-fuelled-by-lust-for-revenge-665183.html Jerusalem bombing: A war increasing in cruelty, fuelled by lust for revenge], [[The Independent]], August 10, 2001.</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/aug/10/israel1 'The street was covered with blood and bodies: the dead and the dying'], [[The Guardian]], August 10, 2001.</ref> | *[[9. kolovoza]] u 14:00 sati bombaš samoubojica detonirao je bombu u krcatom restoranu Sbarro te odnio živote 15 osoba a ranio preko 130. Hamas i [[Islamski džihad]] preuzeli su odgovornost.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/jerusalem-bombing-a-war-increasing-in-cruelty-fuelled-by-lust-for-revenge-665183.html Jerusalem bombing: A war increasing in cruelty, fuelled by lust for revenge], [[The Independent]], August 10, 2001.</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/aug/10/israel1 'The street was covered with blood and bodies: the dead and the dying'], [[The Guardian]], August 10, 2001.</ref> | ||
===2002.=== | ===2002.=== | ||
| Redak 107: | Redak 107: | ||
*S obzirom da se izraelska strana odbijala sastati sa Arafatom, [[Mahmud Abbas]] imenovan je [[2003.]] novim palestinskim premijerom kako bi se nastavili mirovni pregovori. | *S obzirom da se izraelska strana odbijala sastati sa Arafatom, [[Mahmud Abbas]] imenovan je [[2003.]] novim palestinskim premijerom kako bi se nastavili mirovni pregovori. | ||
*[[5. ožujka]] bombaš samoubojica iz [[Hebron]]a raznio se u autobusu u [[Haifa|Haifi]]. U napadu je 17 osoba izgubilo živote.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/mar/07/israel1 Mother tells of last call as families mourn bus bomb children], [[The Guardian]], March 7, 2003.</ref> | *[[5. ožujka]] bombaš samoubojica iz [[Hebron]]a raznio se u autobusu u [[Haifa|Haifi]]. U napadu je 17 osoba izgubilo živote.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/mar/07/israel1 Mother tells of last call as families mourn bus bomb children], [[The Guardian]], March 7, 2003.</ref> | ||
*[[16. ožujka]] dogodio se ozbiljan incident u pojasu Gaze kada je izraelski buldožer pregazio 23-godišnju američku aktivistkinju [[Rachel Corrie]], članicu Međunarodnog pokreta solidarnosti, dok je pokušavala spriječiti IDF od rušenja palestinske kuće. IDF je objavio da buldožer nije rušio kuće nego je samo čistio otpad a da je vozač nije vidio na vrijeme te da je sve bio nesretni slučaj, no očevici su izjavili da je vozač imao jasan pogled na cijelo područje.<ref name="TIME Who">{{ | *[[16. ožujka]] dogodio se ozbiljan incident u pojasu Gaze kada je izraelski buldožer pregazio 23-godišnju američku aktivistkinju [[Rachel Corrie]], članicu Međunarodnog pokreta solidarnosti, dok je pokušavala spriječiti IDF od rušenja palestinske kuće. IDF je objavio da buldožer nije rušio kuće nego je samo čistio otpad a da je vozač nije vidio na vrijeme te da je sve bio nesretni slučaj, no očevici su izjavili da je vozač imao jasan pogled na cijelo područje.<ref name="TIME Who">{{Citiranje novina|last=Webley|first=Kayla|journal=Time|title=Who Is Rachel Corrie?|date=June 4, 2010|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/06/04/who-is-rachel-corrie/|accessdate=June 6, 2010}}</ref><ref name="NYT">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0D71631F934A25750C0A9659C8B63&scp=12&sq=rachel+corrie+crushed&st=nyt Israeli Army Bulldozer Kills American Protesting in Gaza] New York Times, March 17, 2003</ref> Joe Carr, također član pokreta solidarnosti, tvrdi da je Corrie vidljivo stajala najmanje 15 metara ispred buldožera, vikala i mahala rukama, no vozač je samo nastavio voziti dalje: "''Svi smo pojurili prema njoj...Jedan aktivist je vikao na megafon, no buldožer je samo nastavio voziti dalje dok ju nije pregazio.''"<ref name="PCHR affs">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2003/78-2003.htm|title=Impunity for US Peace Activist's Death|last=Sourani|first=Raji|date=30 June 2003|publisher=Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR)|accessdate=2008-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612210015/http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2003/78-2003.htm|archivedate=12. lipnja 2009.}}</ref> Izrael je izvršio istragu u kojoj odbacuje odgovornost za incident te je obećao da će ubuduće staviti kamere na svoje buldožere. Corrijini roditelji su nastavili "promovirati mir i podizati svijest o palestinskoj situaciji" a [[2010.]] u Ramallahu je jedna cesta dobila naziv "Rachel Corrie". | ||
*Izraelska mornarica presrela je [[20. svibnja]] 2003. još jedan brod koji je krijumčario oružje i municiju, "Abu Hassan", na putu prema pojasu Gaze. | *Izraelska mornarica presrela je [[20. svibnja]] 2003. još jedan brod koji je krijumčario oružje i municiju, "Abu Hassan", na putu prema pojasu Gaze. | ||
*[[19. kolovoza]] palestinski bombaš samoubojica detonirao je eksploziv u punom [[autobus]]u u Shmuelu HaNaviju, u Jeruzalemu, te odnio živote 23 ljudi a ranio još 130.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/19/jerusalem.bomb.scene.ap/index.html Israel shocked at child toll of Jerusalem bus bombing] [[CNN]], 20 August 2003</ref> IDF je potom pokrenuo raciju u [[Nablus]]u koja je trajala preko 100 dana. | *[[19. kolovoza]] palestinski bombaš samoubojica detonirao je eksploziv u punom [[autobus]]u u Shmuelu HaNaviju, u Jeruzalemu, te odnio živote 23 ljudi a ranio još 130.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/08/19/jerusalem.bomb.scene.ap/index.html Israel shocked at child toll of Jerusalem bus bombing] [[CNN]], 20 August 2003</ref> IDF je potom pokrenuo raciju u [[Nablus]]u koja je trajala preko 100 dana. | ||
| Redak 123: | Redak 123: | ||
*[[15. kolovoza]] [[2005.]] Izrael se povukao iz pojasa Gaze, demontirao sva židovska naselja te evakuirao oko 7,000 židovskih doseljenika natrag u hebrejsku državu. Židovski doseljenici koji su odbijali napustiti to područje, su prisilno evakuirani od izraelske policije.<ref>[http://www.hrt.hr/arhiv/2005/07/10/HRT0027.html IZRAEL I PALESTINCI KOORDINIRAT ĆE POVLAČENJE IZ GAZE]; [[HRT]]</ref><ref>[http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/abas-zeli-olaksati-izraelsko-povlacenje-iz-gaze/262582.aspx Abas želi olakšati izraelsko povlačenje iz Gaze], Index, 28-04-2005. Preuzeto 31-03-2010.</ref> Neočekivano, radikalni Hamas je preuzeo vlast u Gazi. | *[[15. kolovoza]] [[2005.]] Izrael se povukao iz pojasa Gaze, demontirao sva židovska naselja te evakuirao oko 7,000 židovskih doseljenika natrag u hebrejsku državu. Židovski doseljenici koji su odbijali napustiti to područje, su prisilno evakuirani od izraelske policije.<ref>[http://www.hrt.hr/arhiv/2005/07/10/HRT0027.html IZRAEL I PALESTINCI KOORDINIRAT ĆE POVLAČENJE IZ GAZE]; [[HRT]]</ref><ref>[http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/abas-zeli-olaksati-izraelsko-povlacenje-iz-gaze/262582.aspx Abas želi olakšati izraelsko povlačenje iz Gaze], Index, 28-04-2005. Preuzeto 31-03-2010.</ref> Neočekivano, radikalni Hamas je preuzeo vlast u Gazi. | ||
===2006.=== | ===2006.=== | ||
*U ljeto [[2006.]] IDF je započeo sporadični 4-mjesečni sukob sa pojasom Gaze kao odgovor na kontinuirano lansiranje kasam raketa na [[Negev]] te kako bi Hamas oslobodio otetog vojnika, Gilada Shalita.<ref>{{ | *U ljeto [[2006.]] IDF je započeo sporadični 4-mjesečni sukob sa pojasom Gaze kao odgovor na kontinuirano lansiranje kasam raketa na [[Negev]] te kako bi Hamas oslobodio otetog vojnika, Gilada Shalita.<ref>{{Citiranje novina|url= http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=2&cid=1150885884391&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=IAF gunships hit Ismail Haniyeh's office in Gaza City|publisher=[[Jerusalem Post]]|date=2006-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/733349.html|title=Two Hamas operatives killed in further air strikes|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=2006-07-02}}</ref> Na prvi dan borbe, Izrael je bombardirao jedinu elektranu u Gazi.<ref>[http://www.btselem.org/english/publications/summaries/200609_act_of_vengeance.asp "Act of Vengeance: Israel's Bombing of the Gaza Power Plant and its Effects"], ''[[B'tselem]]''</ref> Vijeće sigurnosti glasovalo je o osudi nerproporcionalne upotrebe sile sa strane Izraela, no SAD je stavio veto na rezoluciju. Do [[26. studenog]], kada je potpisano primirje, ubijeno je 5 vojnika na izraelskoj strani te 277 militanata i 117 civila na palestinskoj strani. | ||
===2007.=== | ===2007.=== | ||
*[[29. siječnja]] [[2007.]] bombaš samoubojica odnio je živote troje Izraelaca u pekari u [[Eilat]]u.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/world/middleeast/29cnd-mideast.html?hp&ex=1170133200&en=672e889f68796e72&ei=5094&partner=homepage ''Suicide Bomb Kills 3 in Bakery in Israel''] - The New York Times, Jan 29, 2007</ref> | *[[29. siječnja]] [[2007.]] bombaš samoubojica odnio je živote troje Izraelaca u pekari u [[Eilat]]u.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/world/middleeast/29cnd-mideast.html?hp&ex=1170133200&en=672e889f68796e72&ei=5094&partner=homepage ''Suicide Bomb Kills 3 in Bakery in Israel''] - The New York Times, Jan 29, 2007</ref> | ||
*[[15. svibnja]] 2007., nakon što su palestinski militanti mjesecima lansirali stotine raketa na južni Izrael, IDF je pokrenuo novi sukob sa Gazom te uhapsio razne Hamasove političare u Zapadnoj obali. Od jeseni 2007., Izrael je počeo ograničavati dostavu goriva tom teritoriju te proglasio Gazu "neprijateljskim entitetom", što je Hamas interpretirao kao "objavu rata".<ref>{{ | *[[15. svibnja]] 2007., nakon što su palestinski militanti mjesecima lansirali stotine raketa na južni Izrael, IDF je pokrenuo novi sukob sa Gazom te uhapsio razne Hamasove političare u Zapadnoj obali. Od jeseni 2007., Izrael je počeo ograničavati dostavu goriva tom teritoriju te proglasio Gazu "neprijateljskim entitetom", što je Hamas interpretirao kao "objavu rata".<ref>{{Citiranje novina | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1972328720070919 | title = Hamas says Gaza sanctions "declaration of war" | work = Reuters | date = 2007-09-19 }}</ref> | ||
===2008.=== | ===2008.=== | ||
*Do siječnja [[2008.]], [[blokada]] pojasa Gaze dosegla je kritičnu točku, prema istraživanju [[UN]]-a.<ref>{{ | *Do siječnja [[2008.]], [[blokada]] pojasa Gaze dosegla je kritičnu točku, prema istraživanju [[UN]]-a.<ref>{{Citiranje novina | url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/947133.html | title=UN: Despite Israel's promises, West Bank barriers have increased | first = Akiva | last = Eldar | work = Haaretz | date=2008-01-22 }}</ref> [[17. siječnja]], nakon porasta raketnih napada, Izrael je potpuno zatvorio granicu. [[23. siječnja]] u eksploziji je napravljena rupa u zidu u blizini graničnog prijelaza Rafah. UN procjenjuje da je potom između 200,000 i 700,000 ljudi, oko polovice stanovništva pojasa Gaze, prešlo granicu i otišlo u [[Egipat]] u potrazi za hranom i namirnicama.<ref>{{Citiranje novina | url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/947624.html | title = At Gaza border with Egypt, masses make reverse exodus into Sinai | work = Haaretz | date = 2008-01-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina | url = http://www.radionetherlands.nl/news/international/5615026/UN-fails-to-agree-on-Gaza-statement | title = UN fails to agree on Gaza statement | work = Radio Netherlands Worldwide | date = 2008-01-25 | accessdate = 3. travnja 2010. | archiveurl = https://archive.is/20080128011916/http://www.radionetherlands.nl/news/international/5615026/UN-fails-to-agree-on-Gaza-statement | archivedate = 28. siječnja 2008. }}</ref> IDF je ušao u stanje visoke pripravnosti zbog straha da bi militanti mogli ujedno nabaviti i oružje. Nakon 11 dana, granica je ponovno zatvorena, izuzev za putnike koji su se vraćali kući.<ref name=Kershner>{{Citiranje weba | ||
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/04/world/middleeast/04mideast.html?em&ex=1202187600&en=e3ebdcac739a1d7a&ei=5087%0A | |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/04/world/middleeast/04mideast.html?em&ex=1202187600&en=e3ebdcac739a1d7a&ei=5087%0A | ||
|title=Egyptian Troops Seal Gaza Border | |title=Egyptian Troops Seal Gaza Border | ||
| Redak 136: | Redak 136: | ||
|date=2008-02-04}}</ref> U vojnoj ofenzivi od [[29. veljače]] do [[4. ožujka]], IDF je pokrenuo zračne napade na skladišta oružja, tvornice raketa te lokacije za lansiranje raketa, na što je Hamas odgovorio lansiranjem raketa na Sderot. U pet dana poginulo je 110 Palestinaca te troje Izraelaca.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7277460.stm Abbas calls for Middle East truce]. [[BBC News]]. Tuesday, 4 March 2008</ref> Nakon vojne akcije, Mahmud Abbas je neko vrijeme prekinuo sve veze sa Izraelom dok je [[EU]] osudila "nesrazmjernu upotrebu sile".<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-03-02-eu-israel_N.htm EU condemns "disproportionate" use of force by Israel]</ref> | |date=2008-02-04}}</ref> U vojnoj ofenzivi od [[29. veljače]] do [[4. ožujka]], IDF je pokrenuo zračne napade na skladišta oružja, tvornice raketa te lokacije za lansiranje raketa, na što je Hamas odgovorio lansiranjem raketa na Sderot. U pet dana poginulo je 110 Palestinaca te troje Izraelaca.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7277460.stm Abbas calls for Middle East truce]. [[BBC News]]. Tuesday, 4 March 2008</ref> Nakon vojne akcije, Mahmud Abbas je neko vrijeme prekinuo sve veze sa Izraelom dok je [[EU]] osudila "nesrazmjernu upotrebu sile".<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-03-02-eu-israel_N.htm EU condemns "disproportionate" use of force by Israel]</ref> | ||
*[[6. ožujka]] dogodio se [[pokolj u Mercaz HaRavu]].<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7282269.stm Eight killed at Jerusalem school]", BBC News Online, March 6, 2008. Preuzeto 2010-11-06.</ref> | *[[6. ožujka]] dogodio se [[pokolj u Mercaz HaRavu]].<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7282269.stm Eight killed at Jerusalem school]", BBC News Online, March 6, 2008. Preuzeto 2010-11-06.</ref> | ||
*[[2. srpnja]] [[2008.]] arapski stanovnik istočnog [[Jeruzalem]]a je u buldožeru jurio po cesti i ubio troje ljudi u autu, prije nego je upucan. To je bio jedan od zadnjih incidenata Intifade.<ref name="nytimes">{{ | *[[2. srpnja]] [[2008.]] arapski stanovnik istočnog [[Jeruzalem]]a je u buldožeru jurio po cesti i ubio troje ljudi u autu, prije nego je upucan. To je bio jedan od zadnjih incidenata Intifade.<ref name="nytimes">{{Citiranje novina |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/03/world/middleeast/03mideast.html |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |title=Construction Vehicle Kills 3 in Israel Attack |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |last2=Cowell |first2=Alan}}</ref> | ||
*[[22. rujna]] 2008. Arap Qassem Mughrabi sa autom se zabio u izraelske vojnike. 19 ljudi je ozljeđeno dok je napadač ubijen. | *[[22. rujna]] 2008. Arap Qassem Mughrabi sa autom se zabio u izraelske vojnike. 19 ljudi je ozljeđeno dok je napadač ubijen. | ||
== Žrtve == | == Žrtve == | ||
Posljednja izmjena od 6. prosinac 2021. u 01:52
- PREUSMJERI Predložak:Infookvir oružani sukob
Druga Intifada, također znana i kao Al-Aksa Intifada (arapski انتفاضة الأقصى, Intifāḍat El Aqṣa; hebrejski אינתיפאדת אל-אקצה, Intifādat El-Aqtzah) je bio drugi palestinski ustanak protiv izraelske okupacije Zapadne obale i pojasa Gaze, od 2000. do 2008., kad se situacija smirila i zadržala na razini razmjerno mirnog statusa quo.[1] Prva Intifada bila je od 1987. do 1993.
To razdoblje je označilo intenzivne sukobe i povećanje nasilja između Izraela i Palestine, a općenito se smatra da je povod bio dan kada je Ariel Sharon posjetio Brdo hrama u Jeruzalemu. Arapska riječ "Intifada" se doslovno može prevesti kao "uzdrmavanje". Smrtnost Druge Intifade mnogo je veća od prve: broj poginulih u 8 godina pobune je preko 6,000, od toga 5,500 Palestinaca, 1,062 Izraelaca te 64 strana državljana.[2]
Početak Intifade
Točan datum početka ustanka je sporan. Neki izvori navode 27. rujna 2000. kao početak, kada je "palestinski službenik za sigurnost ubio izraelskog IDF vojnika kada su zajedno išli na patrolu".[3] Međutim, mnogo češće se 28. rujna uzima kao glavni datum, kada su Palestinci uzvratili nemirima kada je Ariel Sharon, u pratnji naoružanih policajaca, posjetio Brdo hrama u Jeruzalemu, sveto mjesto i za Židove i za Muslimane. Palestinci su njegovu posjetu smatrali činom provokacije i omalovažavanja te su burno reagirali.[4][5] Neki pak smatraju da je ustanak započeo tek sljedeći dan, u petak 29. rujna, na dan molitve, kada je povećana prisutnost izraelske policije i vojske koja je uzrokovala teške nemire i sukobe sa Palestincima.[6][7][8][9] Sharon je najavio svoju posjetu te mu je palestinski šef sigurnosti Jibril Rajoub dao odobrenje za istu, dokle god ne stupi u džamiju. Na dan posjete isprva su bile zabilježene mirne demonstracije, s obzirom na Sharonovu vojnu prošlost, poglavito u krvavom Libanonskom ratu 1982., da bi na kraju prerasli u otvorene nemire i sukobe Palestinaca sa izraelskim sigurnosnim službama. Razlog takvih burnih reakcija ima nekoliko: tih dana Palestinci su obilježavali 18. godišnjicu masakra u Sabri i Šatili, koji se dogodio kada je Sharon bio ministar obrane, tako da su mnogi Palestinci smatrali njegovu posjetu tom svetom mjestu svetogrđem. Također, iako je Sharonova namjera bila pokazati da svaki Izraelac ima pravo posjetiti Brdo hrama,[10][11] glasnogovornik Likuda Ofir Akounis je izjavio da je namjera bila pokazati da će pod „Likudom brdo hrama ostati pod izraelskom kontrolom."[12]
Pojedini Izraelci smatraju daje Druga Intifada započela još ranije, kada je Jaser Arafat u srpnju 2000. napustio sumit u kampu David. Izraelske žrtve zabilježene su već 27. rujna, navodi Dr. Jeremy Pressman.[13][14][15][16][17]
Većina analitičara i povjesničara smatra da je Sharonov posjet toj lokaciji pokrenuo nemire koji su prerasli u Drugu Intifadu.[18][19][20] U prvih pet dana nemira, izraelska policija ubila je 47 Palestinaca a ranila 1,885, dok su Palestinci ubili 5 Izraelaca.[21][22]
Kronologija
Uslijedili su brojni okršaji između militantnih Palestinaca i izraelskih snaga sigurnosti, popraćeni kratkim razdobljima mira. Radikalne frakcije Hamas i Islamski džihad okrenuli su se metodi samoubilačkih napada i oružanim okršajima sa tehnološki i oružano superiornijom izraelskom vojskom. Palestinci su ustanak smatrali legitimnim pravom na samo-obranu i borbu za oslobođenje od okupacije koja traje od 1967., dok su Izraelci te akcije nazvali činom terorizma te ih često uspoređivali sa zloglasnim napadima 11. rujna.
Kao odgovor na sukobe, Izrael je uveo policijski sat na pojedinim područjima, pojačao nadzor nad kontrolnim točkama diljem Zapadne obale i uveo strože mjere za putovanje što se tiče Palestinaca. Također je 2002. ponovno otvoren zatvor Ofer radi zadržavanja palestinskih zarobljenika, koji je bio zatvoren 1995.[23] Od 2000. do 2004., razoreno je preko 5,000 palestinskih kuća.[24] Naime, do veljače 2005., Izrael je koristio politiku demoliranja obiteljskih kuća bombaša samoubojica, što je, zbog velikih šteta i broja palestinskih civila koji žive u jednom domu, bio kontroverzan čin. Human Rights Watch dokumentirao je kako su izraelski buldožeri demolirali oko 2,500 kuća samo u pojasu Gaze, od toga 2/3 u Rafahu kako bi se stvorila "tampon zona" uz granicu sa Izraelom. Na taj način oko 16,000 Palestinaca je ostalo bez krova nad glavom, a mnogi od njih su evakuirani po drugi ili čak treći put.[25] Zbog blokade pojasa Gaze otkad je Hamas preuzeo vlast u toj enklavi, stanovnici su počeli graditi podzemne tunele do Egipta kako bi nabavili potrebne namirnice: od krava i drugih domaćih životinja, preko osobnih računala i ostalih kućanskih aparata, pa do betona i inoga građevnog materijala, te raznog oružja i vojne opreme koje uglavnom nabavlja Hamas, za održavanje svoje vlasti u tome području i za napade na Izrael.[26] Također su izraelske snage sigurnosti često koristile tzv. "ciljana ubojstva" protiv palestinskih militanata uz pomoć raketa ispaljenih iz borbenih helikoptera ili zrakoplova.
Slijedi sažetak značajnijih događaja:
2000.
- 30. rujna 2000. TV ekipa francuskog kanala France 2 objavila je snimku na kojoj se navodno vidi kako su IDF vojnici pucali i ubili 12-godišnjeg dječaka Muhameda al-Durraha, koji se zajedno sa ocem skrivao iza betonskog cilindra nakon što su se našli usred pucnjave palestinskih snaga sigurnosti i IDF-a, u Netzarimu u pojasu Gaze. Događaj je snimio kamerman Talal Abu Rahma. Iako je al-Durrah proglašen mučenikom, postoje velike sumnje oko toga da li je cijeli incident bio fingiran, a neki su analitičari čak optužili Palestince da su sami upucali al-Durraha[27][28][29][30][31]
- Deset dana kasnije, bijesna palestinska rulja napala je dvojicu izraelskih vojnika koji su zabunom skrenuli u Ramallah te zadržani u palestinskoj policijskoj postaji, te ih ubili pred kamerama sumnjajući da su tajni agenti. Incident je šokirao izraelsku javnost i oslabio ljevicu. Kao odgovor, Izrael je pokrenuo niz zračnih napada protiv Palestinske samouprave u Zapadnoj obali i pojasu Gaze. Policijska postaja gdje se dogodio linč je sravnjena sa zemljom.[32][33][34][35][36][37]
2001.
- 6. veljače 2001., u izvanrednim izborima, desničar Ariel Sharon je izabran za izraelskog premijera, koji je naglasio da odbija naći se osobno sa Arafatom.
- 7. svibnja 2001. IDF spriječava brod koji je krijumčario oružje da uplovi u Gazu.
- Palestinski samoubilački napad u redu za čekanje ispred diskoteke Dolphinarium u Tel Avivu, u subotu 1. lipnja 2001. u 23 sata, odnio je živote 21 osobe, a 132 su dodatno ranjene.[38][39][40][41]
- 9. kolovoza u 14:00 sati bombaš samoubojica detonirao je bombu u krcatom restoranu Sbarro te odnio živote 15 osoba a ranio preko 130. Hamas i Islamski džihad preuzeli su odgovornost.[42][43]
2002.
- 27. ožujka 2002. palestinski bombaš samoubojica je za vrijeme blagdana Pashe ušao u hotel Park u Netanyi, ušao u gostionicu i aktivirao eksploziv, ubivši 30 ljudi i ranivši 140. Sharon je na to pokrenuo vojnu akciju „Operacija Obrambeni štit“ u kojoj su uhićeni brojni militanti.[44][45]
- Izraelske postrojbe i osobna garda palestinskog predsjednika Arafata sukobile su se oko Arafatova ureda, nakon što su 29. ožujka 2002. izraelski tenkovi ponovno okupirali Ramallah i s tri strane okružili Arafatov ured, a izraelski buldožeri počeli rušiti ogradu koja okružuje kompleks. Arafatov najviši pomoćnik Nabil Abu Rdainah rekao je da su se vodile borbe između izraelskih snaga i Arafatovih tjeločuvara unutar kompleksa te da je u borbama nekoliko ljudi ranjeno. Prema palestinskim izvorima, u borbama je ranjeno najmanje pet palestinskih policajaca, dok je izraelska vojska probila rupu u Arafatovim uredima, pa je njegov pomoćnik izrazio bojazan da će izraelske snage upasti u stožer palestinskog predsjednika. Ministar Abed Rabbo izjavio je Reutersu telefonom iz opkoljenog stožera da je jasno da je cilj ove operacije sam Arafat i cijelo palestinsko vodstvo. Izraelski premijer Sharon na izraelskoj je televiziji Arafata nazvao neprijateljem i rekao da će ga Izrael "izolirati". Osim toga, istaknuo je da će Izrael poduzeti akciju širokih razmjera kako bi izolirao Palestinsku samoupravu te da su izraelske postrojbe ušle u Arafatov stožer u gradu Ramallahu na Zapadnoj obali. Sharon je rekao da će Izrael progoniti palestinsku vlast na čitavom području koje je pod upravom Palestinaca, dok je ministar obrane Binyamin Ben-Eliezer izjavio da je Ramallah "prijestolnica terora".[46] Međunarodna zajednica je izrazila zabrinutost oko opsade Arafatovog jedišta, a čak su i američki dužnosnici kritizirali taj čin.[47] Nakon mjesec dana natezanja, opsada je završena kada je predano šestero palestinskih militanata.
- Između 2. i 11. travnja 2002. IDF je započeo bitku za Jenin u kojoj su poginula 52 Palestinaca i 23 Izraelaca.[48]
- Od 2. travnja do 10. svibnja 2002. IDF je držao Baziliku Rođenja Isusova u Betlehemu pod opsadom, pošto su se u njoj nalazili palestinski militanti. Opsada je završila kada je postignut dogovor da će se palestinski militanti odvući u Europu.
- 31. srpnja 2002. aktivirana je bomba skrivena na stolu kantine na Herbrejskom sveučilištu u Jeruzalemu te ubila 9 a ranila preko 100 osoba, uglavnom studenata. Hamas je preuzeo odgovornost za napad.[49][50]
2003.
- S obzirom da se izraelska strana odbijala sastati sa Arafatom, Mahmud Abbas imenovan je 2003. novim palestinskim premijerom kako bi se nastavili mirovni pregovori.
- 5. ožujka bombaš samoubojica iz Hebrona raznio se u autobusu u Haifi. U napadu je 17 osoba izgubilo živote.[51]
- 16. ožujka dogodio se ozbiljan incident u pojasu Gaze kada je izraelski buldožer pregazio 23-godišnju američku aktivistkinju Rachel Corrie, članicu Međunarodnog pokreta solidarnosti, dok je pokušavala spriječiti IDF od rušenja palestinske kuće. IDF je objavio da buldožer nije rušio kuće nego je samo čistio otpad a da je vozač nije vidio na vrijeme te da je sve bio nesretni slučaj, no očevici su izjavili da je vozač imao jasan pogled na cijelo područje.[52][53] Joe Carr, također član pokreta solidarnosti, tvrdi da je Corrie vidljivo stajala najmanje 15 metara ispred buldožera, vikala i mahala rukama, no vozač je samo nastavio voziti dalje: "Svi smo pojurili prema njoj...Jedan aktivist je vikao na megafon, no buldožer je samo nastavio voziti dalje dok ju nije pregazio."[54] Izrael je izvršio istragu u kojoj odbacuje odgovornost za incident te je obećao da će ubuduće staviti kamere na svoje buldožere. Corrijini roditelji su nastavili "promovirati mir i podizati svijest o palestinskoj situaciji" a 2010. u Ramallahu je jedna cesta dobila naziv "Rachel Corrie".
- Izraelska mornarica presrela je 20. svibnja 2003. još jedan brod koji je krijumčario oružje i municiju, "Abu Hassan", na putu prema pojasu Gaze.
- 19. kolovoza palestinski bombaš samoubojica detonirao je eksploziv u punom autobusu u Shmuelu HaNaviju, u Jeruzalemu, te odnio živote 23 ljudi a ranio još 130.[55] IDF je potom pokrenuo raciju u Nablusu koja je trajala preko 100 dana.
- Potkraj ljeta 2003., Izrael započinje građenje sigurnosne ograde uz granicu sa Zapadnom obalom, kako bi se povećala sigurnost izraelskih građana odvajanjem od Palestinaca. Međutim, barijera ne slijedi tzv. "zelenu liniju", nego pripaja neke palestinske dijelove hebrejskoj državi.
- 4. listopada palestinski bombaš samoubojica ubija 21 Izraelca u restoranu Maxim u gradu Haifa. Izrael je optužio Siriju i Iran da financiraju teroriste te je idući dan pokrenuo zračni napad na navodni palestinski logor za obuku militanata 25 km sjevero-zapadno od Damaska. Bio je to prvi izraelski napad na sirijski teritorij od Jomkipurskog rata 1973. Nije bilo prijavljenih žrtava. Sirija je na to pozvala Vijeće sigurnosti UN-a da osudi taj čin.[56]
2004.
- 29. siječnja 2004., u 9:00 ujutro bombaš samoubojica aktivirao je bombu u autobusu br. 19 u Jeruzalemu te odnio živote 10 osoba a ranio preko 50. Detonacija je razorila gotovo cijeli autobus.[57] Brigade mučenika Al-Akse i Hamas preuzeli su odgovornost.
- 22. ožujka 2004., izraelski ratni helikopter raketom je ubio šejka Ahmeda Jasina, osnivača i duhovnog vođu Hamasa, dok je izlazio nakon molitve iz džamije u Gazi. U napadu je također ubijeno 9 ljudi. Međunarodna zajednica podvojeno je reagirala na događaj: neki su ga pravdali, drugi su ga osudili. 200,000 ljudi u Gazi prisustvovalo je Jasinovom sprovodu."[58][59] Jack Straw je naveo da "takvi postupci neće pomoći postići mir u regiji".[60]
- 17. travnja Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, Jasinov nasljednik i novi Hamasov vođa, također je samovoljno ubijen izraelskim ratnim helikopterom u automobilu.
- 18. svibnja IDF je bombardirao podzemne tunele u Gazi za koje se sumnja da krijumčare oružje.
- 7. listopada dogodio se napad na Izraelce u Egiptu: kamion pun eksploziva zaletio se u Taba Hilton hotel na istoku Sinaja te eksplodirao, odnijevši živote 34 ljudi (od toga 12 Izraelaca), a ranivši preko 150. Deset katova u hotelu se urušilo zbog detonacije.[61] Mnogi turisti napustili su Tabu i vratili se u Izrael a Egipat je u žestokoj raciji uhapsio 2.400 osumnjičenih. Troje je osuđeno na smrt zbog uloge u napadu.[62]
- 11. studenog 2004. umro je Jaser Arafat.
- 10. prosinca 2004. Hamas je izbacio rakete na židovsko naselje Neveh Dekalim u pojasu Gaze, na što je IDF otvorio vatru na izbjeglički logor Khan Younis.
2005.
- 15. kolovoza 2005. Izrael se povukao iz pojasa Gaze, demontirao sva židovska naselja te evakuirao oko 7,000 židovskih doseljenika natrag u hebrejsku državu. Židovski doseljenici koji su odbijali napustiti to područje, su prisilno evakuirani od izraelske policije.[63][64] Neočekivano, radikalni Hamas je preuzeo vlast u Gazi.
2006.
- U ljeto 2006. IDF je započeo sporadični 4-mjesečni sukob sa pojasom Gaze kao odgovor na kontinuirano lansiranje kasam raketa na Negev te kako bi Hamas oslobodio otetog vojnika, Gilada Shalita.[65][66] Na prvi dan borbe, Izrael je bombardirao jedinu elektranu u Gazi.[67] Vijeće sigurnosti glasovalo je o osudi nerproporcionalne upotrebe sile sa strane Izraela, no SAD je stavio veto na rezoluciju. Do 26. studenog, kada je potpisano primirje, ubijeno je 5 vojnika na izraelskoj strani te 277 militanata i 117 civila na palestinskoj strani.
2007.
- 29. siječnja 2007. bombaš samoubojica odnio je živote troje Izraelaca u pekari u Eilatu.[68]
- 15. svibnja 2007., nakon što su palestinski militanti mjesecima lansirali stotine raketa na južni Izrael, IDF je pokrenuo novi sukob sa Gazom te uhapsio razne Hamasove političare u Zapadnoj obali. Od jeseni 2007., Izrael je počeo ograničavati dostavu goriva tom teritoriju te proglasio Gazu "neprijateljskim entitetom", što je Hamas interpretirao kao "objavu rata".[69]
2008.
- Do siječnja 2008., blokada pojasa Gaze dosegla je kritičnu točku, prema istraživanju UN-a.[70] 17. siječnja, nakon porasta raketnih napada, Izrael je potpuno zatvorio granicu. 23. siječnja u eksploziji je napravljena rupa u zidu u blizini graničnog prijelaza Rafah. UN procjenjuje da je potom između 200,000 i 700,000 ljudi, oko polovice stanovništva pojasa Gaze, prešlo granicu i otišlo u Egipat u potrazi za hranom i namirnicama.[71][72] IDF je ušao u stanje visoke pripravnosti zbog straha da bi militanti mogli ujedno nabaviti i oružje. Nakon 11 dana, granica je ponovno zatvorena, izuzev za putnike koji su se vraćali kući.[73] U vojnoj ofenzivi od 29. veljače do 4. ožujka, IDF je pokrenuo zračne napade na skladišta oružja, tvornice raketa te lokacije za lansiranje raketa, na što je Hamas odgovorio lansiranjem raketa na Sderot. U pet dana poginulo je 110 Palestinaca te troje Izraelaca.[74] Nakon vojne akcije, Mahmud Abbas je neko vrijeme prekinuo sve veze sa Izraelom dok je EU osudila "nesrazmjernu upotrebu sile".[75]
- 6. ožujka dogodio se pokolj u Mercaz HaRavu.[76]
- 2. srpnja 2008. arapski stanovnik istočnog Jeruzalema je u buldožeru jurio po cesti i ubio troje ljudi u autu, prije nego je upucan. To je bio jedan od zadnjih incidenata Intifade.[77]
- 22. rujna 2008. Arap Qassem Mughrabi sa autom se zabio u izraelske vojnike. 19 ljudi je ozljeđeno dok je napadač ubijen.
Žrtve
Nevladina udruga B'Tselem dokumentirala je svaku žrtvu Druge Intifade: broj poginulih u 8 godina pobune, od rujna 2000. do prosinca 2008. je 6,626. Od toga broja, 5,500 žrtava su Palestinci (83 %), 1,062 Izraelci (16 %) te 64 strana državljana (1 %).[2]
Izvori
- ↑ Seth Freedman (1. listopad 2010.). "The second intifada, 10 years on". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/oct/01/israel-palestine-intifada-10-years-on Pristupljeno 6. studeni 2010.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Pogreška u citiranju: Nevažeća
<ref>oznaka; nije zadan tekst za izvorB'Tselem - ↑
- "We describe the epidemiologic features of injuries sustained by Israeli soldiers in the first 19 weeks of the events that occurred in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and northern Israel and started September 27, 2000. This conflict, referred to by the Palestinians as the "Al-Aqsa Intifada," combined riots of the civilian population with low-intensity military conflict between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the Palestinian Armed Forces." Lakstein, Dror, Blumenfeld, Amir. "Israeli Army Casualties in the Second Palestinian Uprising", Military medicine, May 2005.
- "The Tisha B'Av service – one of a number organized nationally by the American Zionist Movement in conjunction with Schindler's Ark – focused on the 470 victims of Palestinian terrorism who have died in Israel since September 27, 2000, the resurgence of the intifada." Caplane, Ronnie."Christians, Jews 'stand for Israel' at Tisha B'Av service", j., July 26, 2002.
- "IDF soldier David Biri, was murdered on September 27, when a convoy of settlers on the way to Netzarim in the Gaza Strip, accompanied by a IDF escort vehicle, was attacked." "Israeli Victims of El Aksa Intifada ", Global Jewish Agenda, Vol. 1, No. 40, November 9, 2000.
- "Some reasons for inconsistency of the official numbers are eg the date which is counted as the start of the intifada (September 27 or 28th 2000), the regional restrictions of counting areas [...] and differing definitions." Hans-Jörg Albrecht. Conflicts and Conflict Resolution in Middle Eastern Societies-between Tradition and Modernity, Duncker & Humblot, 2006, p. 81.
- "The eruption of the second Palestinian intifada on September 27, 200, was influenced by the Lebanese example." Najib Ghadbian, "Political Islam: Inclusion or Violence?", in Kent Worcester, Sally A. Bermanzohn, Mark Ungar. Violence and Politics: Globalization's Paradox, Routledge, 2002, p. 103.
- "The eruption of the second uprising known as al-Aqsa intifada, on September 27, 2000, attests to this view." Najib Ghadbian, "Political Islam: Inclusion or Violence?", in Kent Worcester, Sally A. Bermanzohn, Mark Ungar. Violence and Politics: Globalization's Paradox, Routledge, 2002, p. 105.
- "Since the beginning of the war, the Tanzim employed two main tactics in its attacks against Israel—shootings and car/roadside bombings. From September 27, 2000, to January 1, 2004, the ICT counted 54 separate shooting incidents in which Tanzim militants attempted to injure or kill Israeli soldiers or settlers." Anthony H. Cordesman. Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 316.
- "This figure is based on a total of 800 Israeli fatalities from September 27, 2000 (the beginning of the second intifada) through August 12, 2003, Middleastern Conflict Statistics Project, Statistical Report Summary (2003), and an Israeli population of about 6.1 million." Neal Feigenson, Daniel Bailis, and William Klein. "Perceptions of Terrorism and Disease Risks: A Cross-national Comparison"PDF (248 KB) ,Missouri Law Review, Vol. 69, Issue 4, Fall 2004, p. 1000.
- "That war began on September 27, 2000 when a Palestinian security officer on a joint patrol with Israeli forces turned his firearm on his Israeli counterpart and murdered him." Caroline B. Glick. ["Addressing the Root Caust of the Arab-Israeli Conflict"PDF (1.42 MB)], Oxford Journal on Good Governance, Volume 2 ~ Number 2, August 2005, p. 32.
- ↑ BBC News: "Al-Aqsa Intifada timeline".
- ↑ Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism, Dan Diner, Jonathan Frankel, Oxford University Press, p.311
- ↑ "Mr. Sharon made the visit on September 28 accompanied by over 1,000 Israeli police officers. Although Israelis viewed the visit in an internal political context, Palestinians saw it as highly provocative to them. On the following day, in the same place, a large number of unarmed Palestinian demonstrators and a large Israeli police contingent confronted each other." "Sharm El-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee Report" (Mitchell Report), April 30, 2001.
- ↑ "The following day, the 29th, a Friday and hence the Muslim day of prayer, the young Palestinians flared up." Cypel, Sylvain. Walled: Israeli Society at an Impasse, Other Press, 2006, p. 6. ISBN 1590512103
- ↑ "Then in late September Ariel Sharon [...] visited the Temple Mount [...] The next day, massive violence erupted in Jerusalem and Palestinian-controlled areas in the West Bank and Gaza Strip." Alan Mittleman, Robert A. Licht, Jonathan D. Sarna, Jewish Polity and American Civil Society: Communal Agencies and Religious Movements in the American Public Sphere, Rowman & Littlefield, 2002, p. 161. ISBN 0742521222
- ↑ What America wants – Noam Chomsky
- ↑ "Unapologetic, Sharon Rejects Blame for Igniting Violence". New York Times. 5. listopad 2000.. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E4DB1F3DF936A35753C1A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
- ↑ Lee Hockstader (29. rujan 2000.). "Israeli’s Tour of Holy Site Ignites Riot; Palestinians Angered By Test of Sovereignty in Jerusalem’s Old City". Washington Post. str. A22
- ↑ "Palestinians say opposition tour of holy site could cause bloodshed". CNN. 27. rujan 2000.. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/27/israel.palestinians.ap/index.html
- ↑ The Second Intifada: Backgrounds and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict by Jeremy Pressman
- ↑
"The wave of terrorism that began in September 2000 is the direct result of a strategic Palestinian decision to use violence – rather than negotiation – as the primary means to advance their agenda...."
"Indeed, the current wave of terrorism began shortly after intense high-level negotiations were conducted to find a permanent resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In July 2000, a Middle East peace summit was held at Camp David, hosted by U.S. President Bill Clinton and attended by Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and Israel's Prime Minister Ehud Barak. During the summit, Israel expressed its willingness to make far-reaching and unprecedented compromises in order to arrive at a workable, enduring agreement. However, Yasser Arafat chose to break off the negotiations without even offering any proposals of his own. Consequently, the summit adjourned with President Clinton placing the blame for its failure squarely at Arafat's feet."
What caused the current wave of Palestinian terrorism? by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs"It is clear that the current wave of Palestinian terrorism, which began in the wake of the Camp David summit failure, has nothing to do with a spontaneous Palestinian action to "resist the occupation." The Palestinian leadership had taken a strategic decision to abandon the path to peace and to use violence as their primary tactic for advancing their agenda. This decision undermined the bedrock foundation of the peace process – the understanding that a solution can only be reached through compromise rather than inflexibility, and through negotiation rather than violence. The Palestinian claim that Israel's presence in the territories caused the terrorism began as a desperate attempt to deflect criticism after Arafat rejected Israel's peace proposals. It quickly evolved into an excuse for the inexcusable – the indiscriminate murder of innocent civilians.Terrorist attacks can never be justified, and they are particularly tragic when the disputed issues could have been settled through negotiations. The Palestinian Authority had been given a real opportunity to end the conflict through negotiations. However, Israel's olive branch was met with a hail of gunfire and a barrage of suicide bombers. The greatest obstacle to peace is not the lack of a Palestinian state, rather it is the existence of Palestinian terrorism."
- ↑
Palestinian terrorism since Sept 2000 by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs"The events of last few days represent the latest and most severe developments in a wave of violence that has been building in recent weeks. Though some are inclined to assign exclusive responsibility to Israel for these acts of provocation, the present Palestinian escalation dates back to well before the Temple Mount disturbances, when, on September 13, stones and Molotov cocktails were thrown at Israeli positions in the vicinity of the Netzarim junction in the Gaza Strip. This was followed by a number of increasingly violent incidents, including the killing of an Israeli soldier by a roadside bomb near Netzarim on September 27"
- ↑ Sgt. David Biri. September 27, 2000. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- ↑ "Fallen soldier's father: I never thought this would happen" (Arhivirano 19. veljače 2003.). September 29, 2000. Jerusalem Post.
- ↑ "Battle at Jerusalem Holy Site Leaves 4 Dead and 200 Hurt". New York Times. 30. rujan 2000.. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E2DB143DF933A0575AC0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. "This morning, both sides started out tense, after clashes on Thursday [Sept 28, 2000] provoked by Mr. Sharon's visit."
- ↑ "Israeli troops, Palestinians clash after Sharon visits Jerusalem sacred site". CNN. 28. rujan 2000.. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/28/jerusalem.violence.02/. "A visit by Likud Party leader Ariel Sharon to the site known as the Temple Mount by Jews sparked a clash on Thursday [Sept 28, 2000] between stone-throwing Palestinians and Israeli troops, who fired tear gas and rubber bullets into the crowd. ... Also Thursday [Sept 28, 2000], an Israeli soldier critically injured in a bomb attack on an army convoy in the Gaza Strip died of his wounds."
- ↑ "Riot police clash with protesters at holy shrine". The Telegraph. 29. lipanj 2001.. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1357329/Riot-police-clash-with-protesters-at-holy-shrine.html
- ↑ B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities (Arhivirano 5. lipnja 2011.). Israeli security force personnel killed by Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. Detailed B'Tselem list.
- ↑ B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities (Arhivirano 5. lipnja 2011.). Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. Detailed B'Tselem list.
- ↑ Ben-Zur, Raanan (20. prosinac 2008.). "10 Lightly Wounded as Palestinian Inmates Clash with Guards". Ynetnews. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3641468,00.html Pristupljeno 20. prosinac 2008.
- ↑ Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions - FAQ
- ↑ Human Rights Watch; Razing Rafah; 17-10-2005. Preuzeto 31-03-2010.
- ↑ Hamasovim tunelima u Gazu stiže sve: kompjutori, oružje, beton, čak i koze; Jutarnji list. 16-12-2009.
- ↑ Haaretz (May 16, 2007). Haaretz, May 16, 2007; also see France 2 raw footage, Secondraft.com, the al-Durrah material begins around 02:10 mins; and You Tube, the al-Durrahs are first seen at 7:18 minutes.
- ↑ Moutet 2008. Enderlin's report said: "Here, Jamal and his son Mohamed are the target of fire from the Israeli positions ... Another burst of fire. Mohamed is dead and his father seriously wounded." See Enderlin, France 2 v. Karsenty, 2006. The original French: "Ici, Jamal et son fils Mohammed sont la cible de tirs venus des positions israéliennes ... Mais une nouvelle rafale. Mohammed est mort et son père grièvement blessé."
- ↑ Sources for martyrdom: Philps 2000; Orme 2000(a); Cook 2007, p. 156: "... Muhammed al-Durra is the paradigmatic Palestinian martyr, and discussion on the circumstances of his martyrdom does not take place in Arab countries". Sources for postage stamps, parks, and streets: Carvajal 2005; BBC News, October 2, 2000.
- ↑ Fallows 2003.
- ↑ The New York Times, November 27, 2000. Later accounts of this stress that the IDF could not have shot the boy. See Maurice and Shahaf 2005 (Arhivirano 1. kolovoza 2007.), p. 46; and Rettig Gur 2008: Citing the report in 2008, Col. Shlomi Am-Shalom of the IDF said: "The general [Samia] has made clear that from an analysis of all the data from the scene, including the location of the IDF position, the trajectory of the bullets, the location of the father and son behind an obstacle, the cadence of the bullet fire, the angle at which the bullets penetrated the wall behind the father and his son, and the hours of the events, we can rule out with the greatest certainty the possibility that the gunfire that apparently harmed the boy and his father was fired by IDF soldiers, who were at the time located only inside their fixed position"; also see Haaretz 2000 and Segev 2002.
- ↑ "The Telegraph: Lynch mob suspects held by Israelis"
- ↑ Asser, Martin (13. listopad 2000.). "Lynch mob's brutal attack". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/969778.stm Pristupljeno 3. rujan 2006.
- ↑ "Interview with Ramallah's chief of police". Haaretz. 20. listopad 2000.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 4. kolovoza 2001.. http://home.mindspring.com/~fontenelles/Levy2.htm Pristupljeno 30. ožujka 2010.
- ↑ Feldman, Shai. The October Violence: An Interim Assessment, Jaffes Center for Strategic Studies, Strategic Assessment, Vol. 3 No. 3, November 2000.
- ↑ "A day of rage, revenge and bloodshed". The Daily Telegraph. 13. listopad 2000.. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1370229/A-day-of-rage%2C-revenge-and-bloodshed.html Pristupljeno 9. srpanj 2002.
- ↑ "Israeli copters retaliate for soldiers' deaths". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/mideast.htm#readmore Pristupljeno 9. srpanj 2003.
- ↑ The Palestinian Authority-Hamas Collusion - From Operational Cooperation to Propaganda Hoax
- ↑ O'Sullvian, Arieh (25. studeni 2001.). "No. 1 Hamas terrorist killed. Followers threaten revenge in Tel Aviv.". Jerusalem Post. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 23. listopada 2012.. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-48416289.html Pristupljeno 30. siječanj 2009.
- ↑ Fisher, Ian (29. siječanj 2006.). "In Hamas's Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/international/middleeast/29israel.html Pristupljeno 30. siječanj 2009.
- ↑ Ynet - פיגוע בדולפינריום - חדשות
- ↑ Jerusalem bombing: A war increasing in cruelty, fuelled by lust for revenge, The Independent, August 10, 2001.
- ↑ 'The street was covered with blood and bodies: the dead and the dying', The Guardian, August 10, 2001.
- ↑ Sources describing the incident as the "Passover massacre":
- "Alleged Passover massacre plotter arrested", CNN, March 26, 2008.
- Ohad Gozani, "Hotel blast survivors relive the Passover massacre", The Daily Telegraph, 29/03/2002.
- "This reached a peak following the Passover massacre in the seaside resort of Netanya..." David Newman, "The consequence or the cause? Impact on the Israel-Palestine Peace Process", in Mary E. A. Buckley, Mary Buckley, Rick Fawn. Global Responses to Terrorism: 9/11, the War in Afghanistan, and Beyond, Rouledge, 2003, ISBN 0-415-31429-1, p. 158.
- "They faced stiff resistance from Palestinian gunmen who began preparing the camp's defenses as early as the Passover massacre in Netanya..." Todd C. Helmus, Russell W. Glenn. Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Implications for Urban Warfare Rand Corporation, 2005, ISBN 0-8330-3702-1, p. 58.
- "It can therefore be asked whether the 'human bomb' offensive starting with the Passover massacre on 27 March 2002..." Brigitte L. Nacos, "The Terrorist Calculus Behind 9-11: A Model for Future Terrorism?" in Gus Martin. The New Era of Terrorism: Selected Readings, Sage Publications Inc, 2004, ISBN 0761988734, p. 176.
- ↑ Israel seals off territories for Passover, BBC News, April 16, 2003.
- ↑ ESKALACIJE SUKOBA NA BLISKOM ISTOKU; HRT
- ↑ US criticises Arafat siege; BBC
- ↑ Rees, Matt. "Inside the Battle of Jenin". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/2002/jenin/story.html Pristupljeno 19. rujan 2008.
- ↑ Israel arrests suspects in university bombing, CNN 21-08-2002
- ↑ Remembering Israel's campus blast, BBC 30-07-2003
- ↑ Mother tells of last call as families mourn bus bomb children, The Guardian, March 7, 2003.
- ↑ Webley, Kayla (4. lipanj 2010.). "Who Is Rachel Corrie?". Time. http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/06/04/who-is-rachel-corrie/ Pristupljeno 6. lipanj 2010.
- ↑ Israeli Army Bulldozer Kills American Protesting in Gaza New York Times, March 17, 2003
- ↑ Sourani, Raji (30. lipanj 2003.). "Impunity for US Peace Activist's Death". Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR). Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 12. lipnja 2009.. http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2003/78-2003.htm Pristupljeno 31. prosinac 2008.
- ↑ Israel shocked at child toll of Jerusalem bus bombing CNN, 20 August 2003
- ↑ Security Council meets on Israeli attack in Syria; CNN
- ↑ Ten killed in Jerusalem suicide bombing, The Guardian, January 29, 2004.
- ↑ After Sheik Is Slain, Hamas Picks Fiery Figure as Its Leader in Gaza; New York Times
- ↑ Israel defiant over Yassin killing. BBC News. Monday, 22 March 2004
- ↑ BBC News: Blair condemns Hamas chief death
- ↑ Death toll rises in Egypt blasts BBC News
- ↑ Egyptian Court Condemns 3 Militants Washington Post
- ↑ IZRAEL I PALESTINCI KOORDINIRAT ĆE POVLAČENJE IZ GAZE; HRT
- ↑ Abas želi olakšati izraelsko povlačenje iz Gaze, Index, 28-04-2005. Preuzeto 31-03-2010.
- ↑ "IAF gunships hit Ismail Haniyeh's office in Gaza City". Jerusalem Post. 30. lipanj 2006.. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=2&cid=1150885884391&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
- ↑ "Two Hamas operatives killed in further air strikes". Haaretz. 2. srpanj 2006.. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/733349.html
- ↑ "Act of Vengeance: Israel's Bombing of the Gaza Power Plant and its Effects", B'tselem
- ↑ Suicide Bomb Kills 3 in Bakery in Israel - The New York Times, Jan 29, 2007
- ↑ "Hamas says Gaza sanctions "declaration of war"". Reuters. 19. rujan 2007.. http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL1972328720070919
- ↑ Eldar, Akiva (22. siječanj 2008.). "UN: Despite Israel's promises, West Bank barriers have increased". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/947133.html
- ↑ "At Gaza border with Egypt, masses make reverse exodus into Sinai". Haaretz. 25. siječanj 2008.. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/947624.html
- ↑ "UN fails to agree on Gaza statement". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 25. siječanj 2008.. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 28. siječnja 2008.. http://www.radionetherlands.nl/news/international/5615026/UN-fails-to-agree-on-Gaza-statement Pristupljeno 3. travnja 2010.
- ↑ Kershner, Isabel (4. veljača 2008.). "Egyptian Troops Seal Gaza Border". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/04/world/middleeast/04mideast.html?em&ex=1202187600&en=e3ebdcac739a1d7a&ei=5087%0A
- ↑ Abbas calls for Middle East truce. BBC News. Tuesday, 4 March 2008
- ↑ EU condemns "disproportionate" use of force by Israel
- ↑ "Eight killed at Jerusalem school", BBC News Online, March 6, 2008. Preuzeto 2010-11-06.
- ↑ Kershner, Isabel; Cowell, Alan. "Construction Vehicle Kills 3 in Israel Attack". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/03/world/middleeast/03mideast.html
