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Kodon: razlika između inačica

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Redak 1: Redak 1:
<!--'''Kodon'''-->[[File:RNA-codons.png|thumb|Niz kodona u dijelu molekule glasničke RNK. Svaki se kodon sastoji od triju nukleotida, koje obično odgovaraju jednoj aminokiselini. Nukleotide označene slovima A, U, G i C. Ovo je glasnička RNK koja koristi U ([[uracil]]). DNK koristi T ([[timin]]). Ova molekula glasničke RNK instruirat će [[ribosom]] kad bude vrijeme sintetizirati bjelančevinu prema ovom kodu.]]
<!--'''Kodon'''-->[[Datoteka:RNA-codons.png|thumb|Niz kodona u dijelu molekule glasničke RNK. Svaki se kodon sastoji od triju nukleotida, koje obično odgovaraju jednoj aminokiselini. Nukleotide označene slovima A, U, G i C. Ovo je glasnička RNK koja koristi U ([[uracil]]). DNK koristi T ([[timin]]). Ova molekula glasničke RNK instruirat će [[ribosom]] kad bude vrijeme sintetizirati bjelančevinu prema ovom kodu.]]


'''Kodon''' je niz triju [[nukleotid]]a koji se nalazi na molekuli [[glasnička RNK|glasničke RNK]]. Određuje položaj određene [[aminokiselina|aminokiseline]] u procesu [[sinteza bjelančevina|sinteze]] [[bjelančevina]]<ref name="hinus">Ilić, Sanda. Zadražil, Lela. Kostanić, Ljubica. [http://www.hinus.hr/wp-content/knjige/2011/10/SKOLSKI-LEKSIKON-BIOLOGIJE-S-PITANJIMA-ZA-MATURU-I-PRIJEMNE.pdf Školski leksikon biologije s pitanjima za maturu i prijemne] (ur. Hrvoje Zrnčić), Hinus, Zagreb, {{ISBN|978-953-6904-26-6}}, str. 68</ref> u stanici, čime djeluju kao jedinica [[genska uputa|genetičkoga kodiranja]].
'''Kodon''' je niz triju [[nukleotid]]a koji se nalazi na molekuli [[glasnička RNK|glasničke RNK]]. Određuje položaj određene [[aminokiselina|aminokiseline]] u procesu [[sinteza bjelančevina|sinteze]] [[bjelančevina]]<ref name="hinus">Ilić, Sanda. Zadražil, Lela. Kostanić, Ljubica. [http://www.hinus.hr/wp-content/knjige/2011/10/SKOLSKI-LEKSIKON-BIOLOGIJE-S-PITANJIMA-ZA-MATURU-I-PRIJEMNE.pdf Školski leksikon biologije s pitanjima za maturu i prijemne] (ur. Hrvoje Zrnčić), Hinus, Zagreb, {{ISBN|978-953-6904-26-6}}, str. 68</ref> u stanici, čime djeluju kao jedinica [[genska uputa|genetičkoga kodiranja]].
Ovi su nukleotidi uzastopni.<ref name="HE-kodon">{{cite web|title=kodon|url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=32214|work=Hrvatska enciklopedija|publisher=Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža|accessdate=26. veljače 2015.}}</ref> Svaka trojka nukleotida prepisana s DNK na glasničku RNK naziva se kodon ili kod<ref name="hinus-genetička uputa">Ilić, Sanda. Zadražil, Lela. Kostanić, Ljubica. [http://www.hinus.hr/wp-content/knjige/2011/10/SKOLSKI-LEKSIKON-BIOLOGIJE-S-PITANJIMA-ZA-MATURU-I-PRIJEMNE.pdf Školski leksikon biologije s pitanjima za maturu i prijemne] (ur. Hrvoje Zrnčić), Hinus, Zagreb, {{ISBN|978-953-6904-26-6}}, str. 46-47</ref> i predstavlja osnovnu jedinicu genskog koda.<ref name="HE-genski kod">{{cite web|title=genski kôd|url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=21607|work=Hrvatska enciklopedija|publisher=Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža|accessdate=26. veljače 2015.}}</ref>
Ovi su nukleotidi uzastopni.<ref name="HE-kodon">{{Citiranje weba|title=kodon|url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=32214|work=Hrvatska enciklopedija|publisher=Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža|accessdate=26. veljače 2015.}}</ref> Svaka trojka nukleotida prepisana s DNK na glasničku RNK naziva se kodon ili kod<ref name="hinus-genetička uputa">Ilić, Sanda. Zadražil, Lela. Kostanić, Ljubica. [http://www.hinus.hr/wp-content/knjige/2011/10/SKOLSKI-LEKSIKON-BIOLOGIJE-S-PITANJIMA-ZA-MATURU-I-PRIJEMNE.pdf Školski leksikon biologije s pitanjima za maturu i prijemne] (ur. Hrvoje Zrnčić), Hinus, Zagreb, {{ISBN|978-953-6904-26-6}}, str. 46-47</ref> i predstavlja osnovnu jedinicu genskog koda.<ref name="HE-genski kod">{{Citiranje weba|title=genski kôd|url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=21607|work=Hrvatska enciklopedija|publisher=Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža|accessdate=26. veljače 2015.}}</ref>


Kodone u procesima sinteze bjelančevina dijelimo na:<ref name="HE-kodon"/>
Kodone u procesima sinteze bjelančevina dijelimo na:<ref name="HE-kodon"/>
Redak 13: Redak 13:
{| class="wikitable" style="border:none; background:none; text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="border:none; background:none; text-align:center;"
| Biokemijska svojstva aminokiselina
| Biokemijska svojstva aminokiselina
| style="background-color:#ffe75f; width: 50px;" | Nepolarna [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| style="background-color:#ffe75f; width: 50px;" | Nepolarna [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| style="background-color:#b3dec0; width: 50px;" | Polarna [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
| style="background-color:#b3dec0; width: 50px;" | Polarna [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
| style="background-color:#bbbfe0; width: 50px;" | Bazična [[File:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
| style="background-color:#bbbfe0; width: 50px;" | Bazična [[Datoteka:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
| style="background-color:#f8b7d3; width: 50px;" | Kisela ↓
| style="background-color:#f8b7d3; width: 50px;" | Kisela ↓
| style="border:none; background:none; width: 100px;" |
| style="border:none; background:none; width: 100px;" |
Redak 23: Redak 23:
===Standardna tablica RNA kodona ===
===Standardna tablica RNA kodona ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Standardni genetski kod<ref name="RNA kodon table">{{cite web|url=http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/genbio/otherresources/aminoacidtranslation.htm|title=Amino Acid Translation Table|publisher=Oregon State University|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529000711/http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/genbio/otherresources/aminoacidtranslation.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-information-in-dna-determines-cellular-function-6523228/|title=The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation|website=Scitable|publisher=Nature|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923100645/http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-information-in-dna-determines-cellular-function-6523228|url-status=live}}</ref>
|+ Standardni genetski kod<ref name="RNA kodon table">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/genbio/otherresources/aminoacidtranslation.htm|title=Amino Acid Translation Table|publisher=Oregon State University|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529000711/http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/genbio/otherresources/aminoacidtranslation.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-information-in-dna-determines-cellular-function-6523228/|title=The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation|website=Scitable|publisher=Nature|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923100645/http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-information-in-dna-determines-cellular-function-6523228|url-status=live}}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | Prvi nukleotid
! rowspan=2 | Prvi nukleotid
! colspan=8 | Drugi nukleotid
! colspan=8 | Drugi nukleotid
Redak 36: Redak 36:
! rowspan=4 | U
! rowspan=4 | U
| UUU
| UUU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Phe/F) [[Fenilalanin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Phe/F) [[Fenilalanin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| UCU
| UCU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
| UAU
| UAU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Tyr/Y) [[Tirozin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Tyr/Y) [[Tirozin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
| UGU
| UGU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Cys/C) [[Cistein]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Cys/C) [[Cistein]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
! U
! U
|-
|-
Redak 52: Redak 52:
|-
|-
| UUA
| UUA
|rowspan=6 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Leu/L) [[Leucin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=6 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Leu/L) [[Leucin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| UCA
| UCA
| UAA
| UAA
Redak 65: Redak 65:
| style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Završni kodon|Stop]]
| style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Završni kodon|Stop]]
| UGG
| UGG
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Trp/W) [[Triptofan]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Trp/W) [[Triptofan]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
! G
! G
|-
|-
Redak 72: Redak 72:
| CUU
| CUU
| CCU
| CCU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Pro/P) [[Prolin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Pro/P) [[Prolin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| CAU
| CAU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (His/H) [[Histidin]] [[File:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (His/H) [[Histidin]] [[Datoteka:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|CGU
|CGU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginin]] [[File:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginin]] [[Datoteka:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
! U  
! U  
|-
|-
Redak 88: Redak 88:
|CCA
|CCA
|CAA
|CAA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Gln/Q) [[Glutamin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Gln/Q) [[Glutamin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|CGA
|CGA
! A
! A
Redak 101: Redak 101:
! rowspan="4" | A
! rowspan="4" | A
|AUU
|AUU
|rowspan=3 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ile/I) [[Izoleucin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ile/I) [[Izoleucin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|ACU
|ACU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Thr/T) [[Treonin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Thr/T) [[Treonin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|AAU
|AAU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Asn/N) [[Asparagin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Asn/N) [[Asparagin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|AGU
|AGU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
! U
! U
|-
|-
Redak 119: Redak 119:
|ACA
|ACA
|AAA
|AAA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Lys/K) [[Lizin]] [[File:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Lys/K) [[Lizin]] [[Datoteka:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|AGA
|AGA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginin]] [[File:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginin]] [[Datoteka:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
! A
! A
|-
|-
|AUG
|AUG
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Met/M) [[Metionin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Met/M) [[Metionin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|ACG
|ACG
|AAG
|AAG
Redak 134: Redak 134:
! rowspan="4" | G
! rowspan="4" | G
|GUU
|GUU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Val/V) [[Valin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Val/V) [[Valin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|GCU
|GCU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ala/A) [[Alanin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ala/A) [[Alanin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|GAU
|GAU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#f8b7d3" | (Asp/D) [[Asparaginska kiselina]] ↓
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#f8b7d3" | (Asp/D) [[Asparaginska kiselina]] ↓
|GGU
|GGU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Gly/G) [[Glicin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Gly/G) [[Glicin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
! U
! U
|-
|-
Redak 166: Redak 166:
===Inverzna tablica RNA kodona ===
===Inverzna tablica RNA kodona ===
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top;"
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top;"
|+ Inverzna tablica za standardni genetski kod<ref name="iupac">{{cite web|url=http://publications.iupac.org/pac/1974/pdf/4003x0277.pdf|title=Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and Their Constituents|author=IUPAC—IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature|publisher=International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>
|+ Inverzna tablica za standardni genetski kod<ref name="iupac">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://publications.iupac.org/pac/1974/pdf/4003x0277.pdf|title=Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and Their Constituents|author=IUPAC—IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature|publisher=International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|-
! Aminokiselina!! DNA kodoni !! Skraćeno
! Aminokiselina!! DNA kodoni !! Skraćeno
Redak 257: Redak 257:
===Standardna tablica DNA kodona ===
===Standardna tablica DNA kodona ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Standardni genetski kod<ref group="note">Glavna razlika između DNA i RNA je da je DNA baza [[timin]] (T) unutar RNA zamjenjena [[uracil]]om (U). To je jedina razlika u tablicama DNA i RNA kodona</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/DNA-Genetics/DNA-Genetics3.html|title=Genes|website=DNA, Genetics, and Evolution|publisher=Boston University|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428050259/http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/DNA-Genetics/DNA-Genetics3.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|+ Standardni genetski kod<ref group="note">Glavna razlika između DNA i RNA je da je DNA baza [[timin]] (T) unutar RNA zamjenjena [[uracil]]om (U). To je jedina razlika u tablicama DNA i RNA kodona</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/DNA-Genetics/DNA-Genetics3.html|title=Genes|website=DNA, Genetics, and Evolution|publisher=Boston University|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428050259/http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/DNA-Genetics/DNA-Genetics3.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | Prvi nukleotid
! rowspan=2 | Prvi nukleotid
! colspan=8 | Drugi nukleotid
! colspan=8 | Drugi nukleotid
Redak 269: Redak 269:
! rowspan=4 | T
! rowspan=4 | T
| TTT
| TTT
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Phe/F) [[Fenilalanin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Phe/F) [[Fenilalanin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| TCT
| TCT
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
| TAT
| TAT
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Tyr/Y) [[Tirozin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Tyr/Y) [[Tirozin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
| TGT
| TGT
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Cys/C) [[Cistein]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Cys/C) [[Cistein]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
! T
! T
|-
|-
Redak 285: Redak 285:
|-
|-
| TTA
| TTA
|rowspan=6 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Leu/L) [[Leucin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=6 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Leu/L) [[Leucin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| TCA
| TCA
| TAA
| TAA
Redak 298: Redak 298:
| style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Završni kodon|Stop]]
| style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Završni kodon|Stop]]
| TGG
| TGG
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Trp/W) [[Triptofan]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Trp/W) [[Triptofan]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
! G
! G
|-
|-
Redak 305: Redak 305:
| CTT
| CTT
| CCT
| CCT
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Pro/P) [[Prolin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Pro/P) [[Prolin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| CAT  
| CAT  
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (His/H) [[Histidin]] [[File:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (His/H) [[Histidin]] [[Datoteka:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|CGT
|CGT
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginin]] [[File:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginin]] [[Datoteka:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
! T
! T
|-
|-
Redak 321: Redak 321:
|CCA
|CCA
|CAA
|CAA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Gln/Q) [[Glutamin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Gln/Q) [[Glutamin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|CGA
|CGA
! A
! A
Redak 334: Redak 334:
! rowspan="4" | A
! rowspan="4" | A
|ATT
|ATT
|rowspan=3 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ile/I) [[Izoleucin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ile/I) [[Izoleucin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|ACT
|ACT
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Thr/T) [[Treonin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Thr/T) [[Treonin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|AAT
|AAT
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Asn/N) [[Asparagin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Asn/N) [[Asparagin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|AGT
|AGT
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serin]] [[File:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serin]] [[Datoteka:Dagger-14-plain.png|alt=dagger|link=]]
! T
! T
|-
|-
Redak 352: Redak 352:
|ACA
|ACA
|AAA
|AAA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Lys/K) [[Lizin]] [[File:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Lys/K) [[Lizin]] [[Datoteka:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|AGA
|AGA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginin]] [[File:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginin]] [[Datoteka:Double-dagger-14-plain.png|alt=double-dagger|link=]]
! A
! A
|-
|-
|ATG
|ATG
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Met/M) [[Metionin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Met/M) [[Metionin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|ACG
|ACG
|AAG
|AAG
Redak 367: Redak 367:
! rowspan="4" | G
! rowspan="4" | G
|GTT
|GTT
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Val/V) [[Valin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Val/V) [[Valin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|GCT
|GCT
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ala/A) [[Alanin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ala/A) [[Alanin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|GAT
|GAT
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#f8b7d3" | (Asp/D) [[Asparaginska kiselina]] ↓
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#f8b7d3" | (Asp/D) [[Asparaginska kiselina]] ↓
|GGT
|GGT
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Gly/G) [[Glicin]] [[File:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Gly/G) [[Glicin]] [[Datoteka:Up-arrow-14.png|alt=Up-arrow|link=]]
! T
! T
|-
|-

Posljednja izmjena od 29. travanj 2022. u 21:23

Niz kodona u dijelu molekule glasničke RNK. Svaki se kodon sastoji od triju nukleotida, koje obično odgovaraju jednoj aminokiselini. Nukleotide označene slovima A, U, G i C. Ovo je glasnička RNK koja koristi U (uracil). DNK koristi T (timin). Ova molekula glasničke RNK instruirat će ribosom kad bude vrijeme sintetizirati bjelančevinu prema ovom kodu.

Kodon je niz triju nukleotida koji se nalazi na molekuli glasničke RNK. Određuje položaj određene aminokiseline u procesu sinteze bjelančevina[1] u stanici, čime djeluju kao jedinica genetičkoga kodiranja. Ovi su nukleotidi uzastopni.[2] Svaka trojka nukleotida prepisana s DNK na glasničku RNK naziva se kodon ili kod[3] i predstavlja osnovnu jedinicu genskog koda.[4]

Kodone u procesima sinteze bjelančevina dijelimo na:[2]

  • početni kodon: AUG – kodira aminokiselinu metionin, koja označava početak stvaranja polipeptidnoga lanca
  • završni kodon (STOP-kodon), koji označava kraj stvaranja polipeptidnoga lanca, ali ne kodira ni jednu aminokiselinu jer mu ne postoji ni jedan komplementarni antikodon. Postoje 3 poznata STOP-kodona: UAG, UAA i UGA (za RNK), te TAG, TAA i TAG (za DNK).

Tablica translacije

Podrobniji članak o temi: Translacija (biologija)
Biokemijska svojstva aminokiselina Nepolarna Up-arrow Polarna dagger Bazična double-dagger Kisela ↓ Kraj: stop kodon

Standardna tablica RNA kodona

Standardni genetski kod[5][6]
Prvi nukleotid Drugi nukleotid Treći nukleotid
U C A G
U UUU (Phe/F) Fenilalanin Up-arrow UCU (Ser/S) Serin dagger UAU (Tyr/Y) Tirozin dagger UGU (Cys/C) Cistein dagger U
UUC UCC UAC UGC C
UUA (Leu/L) Leucin Up-arrow UCA UAA Stop UGA Stop A
UUG UCG UAG Stop UGG (Trp/W) Triptofan Up-arrow G
C CUU CCU (Pro/P) Prolin Up-arrow CAU (His/H) Histidin double-dagger CGU (Arg/R) Arginin double-dagger U
CUC CCC CAC CGC C
CUA CCA CAA (Gln/Q) Glutamin dagger CGA A
CUG CCG CAG CGG G
A AUU (Ile/I) Izoleucin Up-arrow ACU (Thr/T) Treonin dagger AAU (Asn/N) Asparagin dagger AGU (Ser/S) Serin dagger U
AUC ACC AAC AGC C
AUA ACA AAA (Lys/K) Lizin double-dagger AGA (Arg/R) Arginin double-dagger A
AUG (Met/M) Metionin Up-arrow ACG AAG AGG G
G GUU (Val/V) Valin Up-arrow GCU (Ala/A) Alanin Up-arrow GAU (Asp/D) Asparaginska kiselina ↓ GGU (Gly/G) Glicin Up-arrow U
GUC GCC GAC GGC C
GUA GCA GAA (Glu/E) Glutaminska kiselina ↓ GGA A
GUG GCG GAG GGG G

Inverzna tablica RNA kodona

Inverzna tablica za standardni genetski kod[7]
Aminokiselina DNA kodoni Skraćeno Aminokiselina DNA kodoni Skraćeno
Ala, A GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG GCN Ile, I AUU, AUC, AUA AUH
Arg, R CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG; AGA, AGG CGN, AGR; ili
CGY, MGR 		Leu, L CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG; UUA, UUG CUN, UUR; ili
CUY, YUR
Asn, N AAU, AAC AAY Lys, K AAA, AAG AAR
Asp, D GAU, GAC GAY Met, M AUG
Asn ili Asp, B AAU, AAC; GAU, GAC RAY Phe, F UUU, UUC UUY
Cys, C UGU, UGC UGY Pro, P CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG CCN
Gln, Q CAA, CAG CAR Ser, S UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG; AGU, AGC UCN, AGY
Glu, E GAA, GAG GAR Thr, T ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG ACN
Gln ili Glu, Z CAA, CAG; GAA, GAG SAR Trp, W UGG
Gly, G GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG GGN Tyr, Y UAU, UAC UAY
His, H CAU, CAC CAY Val, V GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG GUN
START AUG STOP UAA, UGA, UAG URA, UAR

Standardna tablica DNA kodona

Standardni genetski kod[note 1][8]
Prvi nukleotid Drugi nukleotid Treći nukleotid
T C A G
T TTT (Phe/F) Fenilalanin Up-arrow TCT (Ser/S) Serin dagger TAT (Tyr/Y) Tirozin dagger TGT (Cys/C) Cistein dagger T
TTC TCC TAC TGC C
TTA (Leu/L) Leucin Up-arrow TCA TAA Stop TGA Stop A
TTG TCG TAG Stop TGG (Trp/W) Triptofan Up-arrow G
C CTT CCT (Pro/P) Prolin Up-arrow CAT (His/H) Histidin double-dagger CGT (Arg/R) Arginin double-dagger T
CTC CCC CAC CGC C
CTA CCA CAA (Gln/Q) Glutamin dagger CGA A
CTG CCG CAG CGG G
A ATT (Ile/I) Izoleucin Up-arrow ACT (Thr/T) Treonin dagger AAT (Asn/N) Asparagin dagger AGT (Ser/S) Serin dagger T
ATC ACC AAC AGC C
ATA ACA AAA (Lys/K) Lizin double-dagger AGA (Arg/R) Arginin double-dagger A
ATG (Met/M) Metionin Up-arrow ACG AAG AGG G
G GTT (Val/V) Valin Up-arrow GCT (Ala/A) Alanin Up-arrow GAT (Asp/D) Asparaginska kiselina ↓ GGT (Gly/G) Glicin Up-arrow T
GTC GCC GAC GGC C
GTA GCA GAA (Glu/E) Glutaminska kiselina ↓ GGA A
GTG GCG GAG GGG G

Inverzna tablica DNA kodona

Inverzna tablica za standardni genetski kod[7]
Aminokiselina DNA kodoni Skraćeno Aminokiselina DNA kodoni Skraćeno
Ala, A GCT, GCC, GCA, GCG GCN Ile, I ATT, ATC, ATA ATH
Arg, R CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG; AGA, AGG CGN, AGR; ili
CGY, MGR 		Leu, L CTT, CTC, CTA, CTG; TTA, TTG CTN, TTR; ili
CTY, YTR
Asn, N AAT, AAC AAY Lys, K AAA, AAG AAR
Asp, D GAT, GAC GAY Met, M ATG
Asn ili Asp, B AAT, AAC; GAT, GAC RAY Phe, F TTT, TTC TTY
Cys, C TGT, TGC TGY Pro, P CCT, CCC, CCA, CCG CCN
Gln, Q CAA, CAG CAR Ser, S TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG; AGT, AGC TCN, AGY
Glu, E GAA, GAG GAR Thr, T ACT, ACC, ACA, ACG ACN
Gln ili Glu, Z CAA, CAG; GAA, GAG SAR Trp, W TGG
Gly, G GGT, GGC, GGA, GGG GGN Tyr, Y TAT, TAC TAY
His, H CAT, CAC CAY Val, V GTT, GTC, GTA, GTG GTN
START ATG STOP TAA, TGA, TAG TRA, TAR

Vidi

Bilješke

  1. ↑ Glavna razlika između DNA i RNA je da je DNA baza timin (T) unutar RNA zamjenjena uracilom (U). To je jedina razlika u tablicama DNA i RNA kodona

Izvori

  1. ↑ Ilić, Sanda. Zadražil, Lela. Kostanić, Ljubica. Školski leksikon biologije s pitanjima za maturu i prijemne (ur. Hrvoje Zrnčić), Hinus, Zagreb, ISBN 978-953-6904-26-6, str. 68
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 "kodon". Hrvatska enciklopedija. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=32214 Pristupljeno 26. veljače 2015. 
  3. ↑ Ilić, Sanda. Zadražil, Lela. Kostanić, Ljubica. Školski leksikon biologije s pitanjima za maturu i prijemne (ur. Hrvoje Zrnčić), Hinus, Zagreb, ISBN 978-953-6904-26-6, str. 46-47
  4. ↑ "genski kôd". Hrvatska enciklopedija. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=21607 Pristupljeno 26. veljače 2015. 
  5. ↑ "Amino Acid Translation Table". Oregon State University. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 29. svibanj 2020.. http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/genbio/otherresources/aminoacidtranslation.htm Pristupljeno 2. prosinac 2020. 
  6. ↑ "The Information in DNA Determines Cellular Function via Translation". Nature. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 23. rujan 2017.. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-information-in-dna-determines-cellular-function-6523228/ Pristupljeno 5. prosinac 2020. 
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 IUPAC—IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. "Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and Their Constituents". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. http://publications.iupac.org/pac/1974/pdf/4003x0277.pdf Pristupljeno 5. prosinac 2020. 
  8. ↑ "Genes". Boston University. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 28. travanj 2020.. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/DNA-Genetics/DNA-Genetics3.html Pristupljeno 10. prosinac 2020. 
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