Politička ljevica

Lјevica predstavlja opći pojam kojim se označavaju politički pokreti, političke stranke i političke ideje koje pripadaju političkom spektru lјevice.

Opći ciljevi ljevice obično su društvena jednakost, egalitarizam, radnička prava i demokratizacija, sa čestim naglaskom protiv nevoluntarnih hijerarhija.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Tipično zagovara brigu o skupinama koje su potlačene naspram drugih u društvu kroz ublažavanje ili rješavanje nepravednih nejednakosti.^[1]

Termini Ljevica i Desnica nastaju tokom Francuske revolucije (1789. – 1799.), a odnosi se na raspodjelu sjedala u Skupštini Generalnih staleža. Oni koji su sjedili na lijevoj strani, republikanci, protivili su se monarhiji i podržavali revoluciju, uključujući i formiranje republike, dok su na desnici podržavali tradicionalne institucije Ancien Régimea, tj. Starog poretka. Termin ljevica počinje biti korišten restauracijom Francuske monarhije 1815. godine.^[5]

Termin se koristi za mnoge pokrete, pogotovo republikanizam tokom Francuske revolucije, proljeća naroda, pa onda za socijalizam,^[6] koji uključuje anarhizam, marksizam, socijaldemokraciju i brojne druge teorije, u 19. i 20. stoljeću.^[7] Od tada se ljevica koristi za širok pojas pokreta i ideja,^[8] uključujući pokrete za građanska prava, feminističke pokrete, proturatne prosvjede i environmentalizam,^[9]^[10] i niz političkih stranaka.^[11]^[12]^[13] Profesor ekonomije Barry Clark tvrdi: "ljevičari smatraju da ljudski razvoj napreduje kada se individualci uključe u kooperativne, međusobno sporazumne odnose koji bujaju tek kada se pretjerane razlike u statusu, moći i bogatstvu eliminiraju."^[14]

Obilježja suvremene i nove ljevice za umanjenje nepravda koje stvara ekonomski kapitalizam:

Na razini poduzeća to znači razvijanje mehanizama demokracije na radnom mjestu;

Na razini ekonomije to znači razvijanje društvene i demokratske koordinacije umjesto slijepe tržišne proizvodnje;

Na razini državnih institucija to znači širenje predstavničkog tipa demokracije s mehanizmima izravne demokracije (npr. participativni proračun, opoziv zastupnika i gradonačelnika, itd.);

Na razini društva to znači borba protiv svakog oblika podređenosti i iskorištavanja, naročito borba protiv diskriminacije na osnovi rase, spola, seksualne orijentacije, nacionalne ili etničke pripadnosti, svjetonazora, hendikepa, pripadnosti manjinskoj zajednici i sl.;

U odnosu na okoliš to znači usklađivanje gospodarstva u skladu s nosećim i obnovljivim sposobnostima okoliša, te s uvođenjem ekološki prihvatljivih tehnologija.

Pristaše suvremene i nove ljevice se zalažu za internacionalizam, umanjenje i prevazilaženje nepravdi koje stvara svjetski kapitalizam, pa se vezuju uz napredne pokrete i stranke iz cijelog svijeta. Borba obuhvata svjetski anti-kapitalistički pokret, kojeg čine različiti radnički i sindikalni pokreti, pokreti za ljudska i manjinska prava i slobode, te suvremene ljevičarske stranke, organizacije i pojedinci.

Napredni pokreti obično se organiziraju na dva načina. Organiziraju se kao stranke koje žele dobiti demokratsku političku moć i djelovati kao anti-sistemska vlast, ali i kao pokreti koji se bore za nadilaženje sustava bez želje za preuzimanjem političke vlasti. Obje strategije su značajne: oni koji djeluju odozdo, i nadilaze dosadašnje društvene odnose, i oni koji u formalnom političkom prostoru mijenjaju politike odozgo.

Termin suvremena ljevica, nova ljevica ili demokratska ljevica koristi se i kao sinonim za različite anti-autoritarne socijalističke i neo-marksističke pokrete, organizacije i stranke, ali se pridjev "demokratski" koristi za razlikovanje demokratskih ljevičara od boljševizma 20. stoljeća i marksističko-lenjinističkog modela izgradnje socijalizma, koji se smatra nedemokratskim i autoritarnim, te iskrivljenjem plemenite ideje socijalne pravde.

Načelna obilježja suvremene i nove ljevice su: anti-autoritarnost i demokratičnost; anti-kapitalizam; anti-militarizam; sekularizam i anti-klerikalizam; internacionalizam i anti-nacionalizam.

Izvori

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Smith, T. Alexander; Tatalovich, Raymond (2003). Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press. str. 30. https://archive.org/details/culturesatwarmor0000smit
↑ Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1997). Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. University of Chicago Press. str. 37. https://archive.org/details/leftrightsignifi00bobb
↑ Ball, Terence (2005). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought (Reprint. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 614. ISBN 9780521563543. https://books.google.com/?id=N1h4_NqTOFoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Cambridge+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Political+Thought#v=onepage&q&f=false Pristupljeno 15. studeni 2016.
↑ Thompson, Willie (1997). The Left In History: Revolution and Reform in Twentieth-Century Politic. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745308913
↑ Realms of memory: conflicts and divisions (1996), ed. Pierre Nora, "Right and Left" by Marcel Gauchet, p. 248.
↑ Maass, Alan; Zinn, Howard (2010). The Case for Socialism (Revised ed.). Haymarket Books. str. 164. ISBN 978-1608460731. "The International Socialist Review is one of the best left-wing journals around..."
↑ Schmidt, Michael; Van der Walt, Lucien (2009). Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism. Counter-Power. 1. AK Press. str. 128. ISBN 978-1-904859-16-1. "[...] anarchism is a coherent intellectual and political current dating back to the 1860s and the First International, and part of the labour and left tradition"
↑ Revel, Jean Francois (2009). Last Exit to Utopia. Encounter Books. str. 24. ISBN 978-1594032646. https://archive.org/details/lastexittoutopia0000reve/page/24. "In the United States, the word liberal is often used to describe the left wing of the Democratic party."
↑ Neumayer, Eric (2004). "The environment, left-wing political orientation, and ecological economics". Ecological Economics 51 (3–4): 167–175. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.006. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/714/1/EE_51%283-4%29.pdf
↑ Barry, John (2002). International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415202855. https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000unse_a2h7. "All surveys confirm that environmental concern is associated with green voting...[I]n subsequent European elections, green voters have tended to be more left-leaning...the party is capable of motivating its core supporters as well as other environmentally minded voters of predominantly left-wing persuasion..."
↑ "Democratic socialism". Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 2. rujan 2006.. http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/Fleisher/courses/econ508winter06/docs/Democratic_socialism.pdf Pristupljeno 3. lipanj 2017.
↑ Fiona Harvey (5. rujan 2014.), "Green party to position itself as the real left of UK politics", The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/05/green-party-left-uk-politics-caroline-lucas
↑ Arnold, N. Scott (2009). Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation. Florence: Oxford University Press. str. 3. ISBN 978-0-495-50112-1. https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg. "Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States, the Labor Party in the United Kingdom, and the mainstream Left (including some nominally socialist parties) in other advanced democratic societies."
↑ Clark, Barry (1998) Political Economy: A Comparative Approach. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Press ISBN 9780275958695

Vidi još

Literatura

Karl Marks: „Kapital“. Marksovi radovi inspirisali su mnoge društvene pokrete.
Milan Kangrga: „Etika“ (Tehnička knjiga Zagreb, 2004). Etika kao vječita potreba za boljim svijetom.
Naomi Klajn: „Ne logo“ (Samizdat, 2003). Popularna alter-globalistička, odnosno anti-korporativna knjiga u kojoj autorka izvodi pojedine slučajeve protiv globalnog kapitalizma.
Noam Čomski: „Svjetski poredak stari i novi“ (SKC, 1996). Popularni autor.

[Smith-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Smith, T. Alexander; Tatalovich, Raymond (2003). Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press. str. 30. https://archive.org/details/culturesatwarmor0000smit

[2] Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1997). Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. University of Chicago Press. str. 37. https://archive.org/details/leftrightsignifi00bobb

[Lukes-3] Ball, Terence (2005). The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought (Reprint. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 614. ISBN 9780521563543. https://books.google.com/?id=N1h4_NqTOFoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Cambridge+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Political+Thought#v=onepage&q&f=false Pristupljeno 15. studeni 2016.

[4] Thompson, Willie (1997). The Left In History: Revolution and Reform in Twentieth-Century Politic. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745308913

[5] Realms of memory: conflicts and divisions (1996), ed. Pierre Nora, "Right and Left" by Marcel Gauchet, p. 248.

[6] Maass, Alan; Zinn, Howard (2010). The Case for Socialism (Revised ed.). Haymarket Books. str. 164. ISBN 978-1608460731. "The International Socialist Review is one of the best left-wing journals around..."

[7] Schmidt, Michael; Van der Walt, Lucien (2009). Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism. Counter-Power. 1. AK Press. str. 128. ISBN 978-1-904859-16-1. "[...] anarchism is a coherent intellectual and political current dating back to the 1860s and the First International, and part of the labour and left tradition"

[8] Revel, Jean Francois (2009). Last Exit to Utopia. Encounter Books. str. 24. ISBN 978-1594032646. https://archive.org/details/lastexittoutopia0000reve/page/24. "In the United States, the word liberal is often used to describe the left wing of the Democratic party."

[9] Neumayer, Eric (2004). "The environment, left-wing political orientation, and ecological economics". Ecological Economics 51 (3–4): 167–175. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.006. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/714/1/EE_51%283-4%29.pdf

[10] Barry, John (2002). International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415202855. https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000unse_a2h7. "All surveys confirm that environmental concern is associated with green voting...[I]n subsequent European elections, green voters have tended to be more left-leaning...the party is capable of motivating its core supporters as well as other environmentally minded voters of predominantly left-wing persuasion..."

[11] "Democratic socialism". Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 2. rujan 2006.. http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/Fleisher/courses/econ508winter06/docs/Democratic_socialism.pdf Pristupljeno 3. lipanj 2017.

[12] Fiona Harvey (5. rujan 2014.), "Green party to position itself as the real left of UK politics", The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/05/green-party-left-uk-politics-caroline-lucas

[sarnold-13] Arnold, N. Scott (2009). Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation. Florence: Oxford University Press. str. 3. ISBN 978-0-495-50112-1. https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg. "Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States, the Labor Party in the United Kingdom, and the mainstream Left (including some nominally socialist parties) in other advanced democratic societies."

[14] Clark, Barry (1998) Political Economy: A Comparative Approach. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Press ISBN 9780275958695

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