Kritika komunizma: razlika između inačica

Posljednja izmjena od 22. ožujak 2022. u 15:52

Kritika komunizma može se široko podijeliti u dvije kategorije: jednu koja se bavi praktičnim aspektima komunističkih država u 20. stoljeću,^[1] i drugom koja se bavi komunističkom politikom i teorijom.^[2] Autori koji kritiziraju komunizam obično se protive i komunističkim idejama i povijesnim politikama, mada se obično fokusiraju na jedan ili drugi aspekt u svojim tekstovima.

Neki anti-komunisti tvrde da je komunistička teorija direktno odgovorna za probleme komunizma 20. stoljeća, dok drugi odvajaju teoriju od prakse tvrdeći da i jedna i druga imaju svojih nedostataka. Dio komunista brani i teoriju i praksu, dok jedan dio njih tvrdi da se povjesna praksa više iili manje udaljila od komunističkih ideja.

Neka osoba se može slagati s komunističkim idejama ali ne i s politikama koje primjenjuju komunističke države (ovakav način razmišljanja je sasvim uobičajen među trockistima), ili puno rjeđe netko se može slagati s politikama komunističkih država ali ne i s komunističkim idejama.

O pomenutim kategorije koje kritiziraju komunizam diskutira se u odvojenim člancima:

Kritika vladavine komunističke partije se bavi kritikom praktičnih politika implementiranih u vladajuće strukture komunističkih država u 20. stoljeću koje slijede ideologiju marksizma i lenjinizma

Kritika marksizma se bavi kritikom markstističke teorije.

Kritika vladavine komunističke partije

Djelovanje komunističkih država bilo je predmetom kritike širom političkog spektra.^[3] Prema kritičarima vladavina komunističkih partija vodi u totalitarizam, političku represiju, ograničenja ljudskih prava, loše gospodarske rezultate, te u kulturnu i umjetničku cenzuru.^[3]^[4] Zapadnjački kritičari komunističke vlasti također su utemeljeni u kritici samog socijalizma: Friedrich Hayek i Milton Friedman tvrdili su kako su državno vlasništvo i komandna ekonomija koje karakteriziraju komunističku vlast sovjetskog stila odgovorni za gospodarsku stagnaciju i ekonomiju nestašice koja pojedince ne potiče na povećanje produktivnosti, niti na poduzetničko djelovanje.^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[9] Vladajuće komunističke partije također su se suočavale s učestalom disidencijom.^[10]

Kritičari su također uočili jazove između službene politike jednakosti i gospodarske pravde, i stvarnosti u kojoj je dolazilo do pojave nove društvene klase (nomenklatura) koja je napredovala na račun ostatka stanovništva. Među poznatijim kritičarima ovog društvenog sloja bili su, između ostalih, Vaclav Havel, Aleksandar Solženjicin i Milovan Đilas.^[11]^[12]^[13] Velik dio kritike dolazi od strane antistaljinističkih ljevičara i drugih socijalista.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

O društveno-ekonomskoj naravi vladavine komunističkih partija vodilo se mnogo rasprava pri čemu je takva vlast okarakterizirana oblikom birokratskog kolektivizma, državnog kapitalizma, državnog socijalizma ili jedinstvenog načina proizvodnje.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Literatura

Bosteels, Bruno. The actuality of communism (Verso Books, 2014.)
Blackmer, Donald LM, and Sidney Tarrow, eds. Communism in Italy and France (Princeton University Press, 2015.)
Priestland, David. The Red Flag: A History of Communism (Grove Press, 2009.)
Resnick, Stephen A., and Richard D. Wolff. Class theory and history: Capitalism and communism in the USSR (Routledge, 2013.)
Taras, Raymond C. The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Post-communism in Eastern Europe (Routledge, 2015.)

Izvori

↑ Bruno Bosteels, The actuality of communism (Verso Books, 2014)
↑ Raymond C. Taras, The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Post-communism in Eastern Europe (Routledge, 2015).
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 "Criticisms of Communist Party Rule". Philosophybasics. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 11. ožujak 2018.. https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_communism.html Pristupljeno 10. ožujak 2018.
↑ Krieger, Joel Krieger (2001). Communist Party States. Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195117394.001.0001. ISBN 9780195117394. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 11. ožujak 2018.. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195117394.001.0001/acref-9780195117394-e-0146?rskey=EHcpav&result=1 Pristupljeno 10. ožujak 2018.
↑ Von Mises, Ludwig (1990). Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. Mises Institute. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 13. rujan 2019.. https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth_Vol_2_3.pdf Pristupljeno 11. studeni 2019.
↑ Hayek, Friedrich (1935). "The Nature and History of the Problem"; "The Present State of the Debate". Collectivist Economic Planning. pp. 1–40, 201–243.
↑ Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E., ed. (1987). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 2 February 2013. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1570.
↑ Biddle, Jeff; Samuels, Warren; Davis, John (2006). A Companion to the History of Economic Thought, Wiley-Blackwell. p. 319. "What became known as the socialist calculation debate started when von Mises (1935 [1920]) launched a critique of socialism".
↑ Levy, David M.; Peart, Sandra J. (2008). "Socialist calculation debate". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0333786765.
↑ Pollack, Detlef; Wielgohs, Jan. "Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe". European University Viadrina. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 11. ožujak 2018.. https://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/vs/politik3/Lehre_WS_10_11/Wielgohs-Pollack-Dissent.pdf Pristupljeno 10. ožujak 2018.
↑ Đilas, Milovan (1983). The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System (paperback ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-665489-X
↑ Đilas, Milovan (1969). The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class. New York City: Harcourt, Brace & World. ISBN 0-15-693125-7
↑ Đilas, Milovan (1998). Fall of the New Class: A History of Communism's Self-Destruction (hardcover ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-43325-2
↑ Chomsky, Noam (Spring/Summer 1986). "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism." Our Generation. Retrieved 10 June 2020 – via Chomsky.info.
↑ Howard, M. C.; King J. E. King (2001). "'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union". History of Economics Review. 34 (1): 110–126. DOI:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360 .
↑ Wolff, Richard D. (27 June 2015). "Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees". Truthout. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
↑ Robinson, Nathan J. (28. listopad 2017.). "How to Be a Socialist without Being an Apologist for the Atrocities of Communist Regimes". https://www.currentaffairs.org/2017/10/how-to-be-a-socialist-without-being-an-apologist-for-the-atrocities-of-communist-regimes Pristupljeno 8. rujan 2020.
↑ Andrai, Charles F. (1994). Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 140.
↑ Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. pp. 265–266. DOI:10.4324/9780203500279 . ISBN 9781857283556.
↑ John Morgan, W. (2001). "Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In Wright, James D., ed. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 657–662.
↑ Smith, S. A. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780191667527. "The 1936 Constitution described the Soviet Union for the first time as a 'socialist society', rhetorically fulfilling the aim of building socialism in one country, as Stalin had promised."

[1] Bruno Bosteels, The actuality of communism (Verso Books, 2014)

[2] Raymond C. Taras, The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Post-communism in Eastern Europe (Routledge, 2015).

[phil-3] 3,0 ^3,1 "Criticisms of Communist Party Rule". Philosophybasics. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 11. ožujak 2018.. https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_communism.html Pristupljeno 10. ožujak 2018.

[4] Krieger, Joel Krieger (2001). Communist Party States. Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195117394.001.0001. ISBN 9780195117394. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 11. ožujak 2018.. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195117394.001.0001/acref-9780195117394-e-0146?rskey=EHcpav&result=1 Pristupljeno 10. ožujak 2018.

[5] Von Mises, Ludwig (1990). Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. Mises Institute. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 13. rujan 2019.. https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth_Vol_2_3.pdf Pristupljeno 11. studeni 2019.

[6] Hayek, Friedrich (1935). "The Nature and History of the Problem"; "The Present State of the Debate". Collectivist Economic Planning. pp. 1–40, 201–243.

[7] Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E., ed. (1987). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 2 February 2013. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1570.

[8] Biddle, Jeff; Samuels, Warren; Davis, John (2006). A Companion to the History of Economic Thought, Wiley-Blackwell. p. 319. "What became known as the socialist calculation debate started when von Mises (1935 [1920]) launched a critique of socialism".

[9] Levy, David M.; Peart, Sandra J. (2008). "Socialist calculation debate". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0333786765.

[10] Pollack, Detlef; Wielgohs, Jan. "Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe". European University Viadrina. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 11. ožujak 2018.. https://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/vs/politik3/Lehre_WS_10_11/Wielgohs-Pollack-Dissent.pdf Pristupljeno 10. ožujak 2018.

[Đilas_1957-11] Đilas, Milovan (1983). The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System (paperback ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-665489-X

[Đilas_1969-12] Đilas, Milovan (1969). The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class. New York City: Harcourt, Brace & World. ISBN 0-15-693125-7

[Đilas_1998-13] Đilas, Milovan (1998). Fall of the New Class: A History of Communism's Self-Destruction (hardcover ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-43325-2

[Chomsky_1986-14] Chomsky, Noam (Spring/Summer 1986). "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism." Our Generation. Retrieved 10 June 2020 – via Chomsky.info.

[State_Capitalism_in_the_Soviet_Union,_2001-15] Howard, M. C.; King J. E. King (2001). "'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union". History of Economics Review. 34 (1): 110–126. DOI:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360 .

[Wolff_2015-16] Wolff, Richard D. (27 June 2015). "Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees". Truthout. Retrieved 29 January 2020.

[Robinson_2017-17] Robinson, Nathan J. (28. listopad 2017.). "How to Be a Socialist without Being an Apologist for the Atrocities of Communist Regimes". https://www.currentaffairs.org/2017/10/how-to-be-a-socialist-without-being-an-apologist-for-the-atrocities-of-communist-regimes Pristupljeno 8. rujan 2020.

[18] Andrai, Charles F. (1994). Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 140.

[19] Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. pp. 265–266. DOI:10.4324/9780203500279 . ISBN 9781857283556.

[20] John Morgan, W. (2001). "Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In Wright, James D., ed. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 657–662.

[21] Smith, S. A. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780191667527. "The 1936 Constitution described the Soviet Union for the first time as a 'socialist society', rhetorically fulfilling the aim of building socialism in one country, as Stalin had promised."

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@@ Redak 1: / Redak 1: @@
-<!--'''Kritika komunizma'''-->'''Kritika komunizma''' može se široko podijeliti u dvije kategorije: jednu koja se bavi praktičnim aspektima komunističkih država u 20. stoljeću,<ref>Bruno Bosteels, ''The actuality of communism'' (Verso Books, 2014)</ref> i drugom koja se bavi komunističkom politikom i teorijom.<ref>Raymond C. Taras, ''The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Post-communism in Eastern Europe (Routledge, 2015).</ref> Autori koji kritiziraju komunizam obično se protive i komunističkim idejama i povijesnim politikama, mada se obično fokusiraju na jedan ili drugi aspekt u svojim tekstovima.
+Kritika komunizma''' može se široko podijeliti u dvije kategorije: jednu koja se bavi praktičnim aspektima komunističkih država u 20. stoljeću,<ref>Bruno Bosteels, ''The actuality of communism'' (Verso Books, 2014)</ref> i drugom koja se bavi komunističkom politikom i teorijom.<ref>Raymond C. Taras, ''The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Post-communism in Eastern Europe (Routledge, 2015).</ref> Autori koji kritiziraju komunizam obično se protive i komunističkim idejama i povijesnim politikama, mada se obično fokusiraju na jedan ili drugi aspekt u svojim tekstovima.
 Neki [[Protukomunizam|anti-komunisti]] tvrde da je komunistička teorija direktno odgovorna za probleme komunizma 20. stoljeća, dok drugi odvajaju teoriju od prakse tvrdeći da i jedna i druga imaju svojih nedostataka. Dio [[komunizam|komunista]] brani i teoriju i praksu, dok jedan dio njih tvrdi da se povjesna praksa više iili manje udaljila od komunističkih ideja.
@@ Redak 12: / Redak 12: @@
 ==Kritika vladavine komunističke partije==
-Djelovanje komunističkih država bilo je predmetom kritike širom političkog spektra.<ref name=phil>{{cite web|url=https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_communism.html|title=Criticisms of Communist Party Rule|publisher=Philosophybasics|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311141005/https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_communism.html|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Djelovanje komunističkih država bilo je predmetom kritike širom političkog spektra.<ref name=phil>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_communism.html|title=Criticisms of Communist Party Rule|publisher=Philosophybasics|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311141005/https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_communism.html|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Prema kritičarima vladavina komunističkih partija vodi u [[totalitarizam]], [[Politička represija|političku represiju]], ograničenja ljudskih prava, loše gospodarske rezultate, te u kulturnu i umjetničku cenzuru.<ref name=phil/><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195117394.001.0001/acref-9780195117394-e-0146?rskey=EHcpav&result=1|title=Communist Party States|last=Krieger|first=Joel Krieger|publisher=Oxford Reference|access-date=10 March 2018|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195117394.001.0001|year=2001|isbn=9780195117394|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311140843/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195117394.001.0001/acref-9780195117394-e-0146?rskey=EHcpav&result=1|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Zapadnjački kritičari komunističke vlasti također su utemeljeni u kritici samog socijalizma: [[Friedrich Hayek]] i [[Milton Friedman]] tvrdili su kako su državno vlasništvo i komandna ekonomija koje karakteriziraju komunističku vlast sovjetskog stila odgovorni za gospodarsku stagnaciju i ekonomiju nestašice koja pojedince ne potiče na povećanje produktivnosti, niti na poduzetničko djelovanje.<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|title=Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth|access-date=11 November 2019|last=Von Mises|first=Ludwig|author-link=Ludwig von Mises|year=1990|publisher=[[Mises Institute]]|url=https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth_Vol_2_3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913030435/https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth_Vol_2_3.pdf|archive-date=13 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>Hayek, Friedrich (1935). "The Nature and History of the Problem"; "The Present State of the Debate". ''Collectivist Economic Planning''. pp. 1–40, 201–243.</ref> <ref>Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E., ed. (1987). ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online''. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 2 February 2013. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1570.</ref> <ref>Biddle, Jeff; Samuels, Warren; Davis, John (2006). ''A Companion to the History of Economic Thought, Wiley-Blackwell''. p. 319. "What became known as the socialist calculation debate started when von Mises (1935 [1920]) launched a critique of socialism".</ref> <ref>Levy, David M.; Peart, Sandra J. (2008). "Socialist calculation debate". ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0333786765}}.</ref> Vladajuće komunističke partije također su se suočavale s učestalom disidencijom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/vs/politik3/Lehre_WS_10_11/Wielgohs-Pollack-Dissent.pdf|title=Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe|last1=Pollack|first1=Detlef|last2=Wielgohs|first2=Jan|publisher=European University Viadrina|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081222/https://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/vs/politik3/Lehre_WS_10_11/Wielgohs-Pollack-Dissent.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Zapadnjački kritičari komunističke vlasti također su utemeljeni u kritici samog socijalizma: [[Friedrich Hayek]] i [[Milton Friedman]] tvrdili su kako su državno vlasništvo i komandna ekonomija koje karakteriziraju komunističku vlast sovjetskog stila odgovorni za gospodarsku stagnaciju i ekonomiju nestašice koja pojedince ne potiče na povećanje produktivnosti, niti na poduzetničko djelovanje.<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|title=Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth|access-date=11 November 2019|last=Von Mises|first=Ludwig|author-link=Ludwig von Mises|year=1990|publisher=[[Mises Institute]]|url=https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth_Vol_2_3.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913030435/https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth_Vol_2_3.pdf|archive-date=13 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>Hayek, Friedrich (1935). "The Nature and History of the Problem"; "The Present State of the Debate". ''Collectivist Economic Planning''. pp. 1–40, 201–243.</ref> <ref>Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E., ed. (1987). ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online''. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 2 February 2013. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1570.</ref> <ref>Biddle, Jeff; Samuels, Warren; Davis, John (2006). ''A Companion to the History of Economic Thought, Wiley-Blackwell''. p. 319. "What became known as the socialist calculation debate started when von Mises (1935 [1920]) launched a critique of socialism".</ref> <ref>Levy, David M.; Peart, Sandra J. (2008). "Socialist calculation debate". ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0333786765}}.</ref> Vladajuće komunističke partije također su se suočavale s učestalom disidencijom.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/vs/politik3/Lehre_WS_10_11/Wielgohs-Pollack-Dissent.pdf|title=Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe|last1=Pollack|first1=Detlef|last2=Wielgohs|first2=Jan|publisher=European University Viadrina|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081222/https://www.kuwi.europa-uni.de/de/lehrstuhl/vs/politik3/Lehre_WS_10_11/Wielgohs-Pollack-Dissent.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Kritičari su također uočili jazove između službene politike jednakosti i gospodarske pravde, i stvarnosti u kojoj je dolazilo do pojave nove društvene klase (nomenklatura) koja je napredovala na račun ostatka stanovništva. Među poznatijim kritičarima ovog društvenog sloja bili su, između ostalih, [[Vaclav Havel]], [[Aleksandar Solženjicin]] i [[Milovan Đilas]].<ref name="Đilas 1957">{{Citiranje knjige|first=Milovan|last=Đilas|year=1983|orig-year=1957|title=The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System|edition=paperback|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|location=San Diego|isbn=0-15-665489-X}}</ref><ref name="Đilas 1969">{{Citiranje knjige|first=Milovan|last=Đilas|year=1969|title=The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class|translator-first=Dorian|translator-last=Cooke|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World|location=New York City|isbn=0-15-693125-7}}</ref><ref name="Đilas 1998">{{Citiranje knjige|first=Milovan|last=Đilas|year=1998|title=Fall of the New Class: A History of Communism's Self-Destruction|edition=hardcover|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=0-679-43325-2}}</ref> Velik dio kritike dolazi od strane antistaljinističkih ljevičara i drugih [[Socijalizam|socijalista]].<ref name="Chomsky 1986">[[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam]] (Spring/Summer 1986). "[https://chomsky.info/1986____/ The Soviet Union Versus Socialism]." ''[[Our Generation (journal)|Our Generation]]''. Retrieved 10 June 2020 – via Chomsky.info.</ref><ref name="State Capitalism in the Soviet Union, 2001">Howard, M. C.; King J. E. King (2001). [http://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf/34-A-08.pdf "'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union"]. ''History of Economics Review''. '''34''' (1): 110–126. {{doi|10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360}}.</ref><ref name="Wolff 2015">[[Richard D. Wolff|Wolff, Richard D.]] (27 June 2015). [http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees "Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees"]. ''[[Truthout]]''. Retrieved 29 January 2020.</ref><ref name="Robinson 2017">{{cite web|last=Robinson|first=Nathan J.|date=28 October 2017|url=https://www.currentaffairs.org/2017/10/how-to-be-a-socialist-without-being-an-apologist-for-the-atrocities-of-communist-regimes|title=How to Be a Socialist without Being an Apologist for the Atrocities of Communist Regimes|website=Current Affairs|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref>
+Kritičari su također uočili jazove između službene politike jednakosti i gospodarske pravde, i stvarnosti u kojoj je dolazilo do pojave nove društvene klase (nomenklatura) koja je napredovala na račun ostatka stanovništva. Među poznatijim kritičarima ovog društvenog sloja bili su, između ostalih, [[Vaclav Havel]], [[Aleksandar Solženjicin]] i [[Milovan Đilas]].<ref name="Đilas 1957">{{Citiranje knjige|first=Milovan|last=Đilas|year=1983|orig-year=1957|title=The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System|edition=paperback|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|location=San Diego|isbn=0-15-665489-X}}</ref><ref name="Đilas 1969">{{Citiranje knjige|first=Milovan|last=Đilas|year=1969|title=The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class|translator-first=Dorian|translator-last=Cooke|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World|location=New York City|isbn=0-15-693125-7}}</ref><ref name="Đilas 1998">{{Citiranje knjige|first=Milovan|last=Đilas|year=1998|title=Fall of the New Class: A History of Communism's Self-Destruction|edition=hardcover|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=0-679-43325-2}}</ref> Velik dio kritike dolazi od strane antistaljinističkih ljevičara i drugih [[Socijalizam|socijalista]].<ref name="Chomsky 1986">[[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam]] (Spring/Summer 1986). "[https://chomsky.info/1986____/ The Soviet Union Versus Socialism]." ''[[Our Generation (journal)|Our Generation]]''. Retrieved 10 June 2020 – via Chomsky.info.</ref><ref name="State Capitalism in the Soviet Union, 2001">Howard, M. C.; King J. E. King (2001). [http://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf/34-A-08.pdf "'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union"]. ''History of Economics Review''. '''34''' (1): 110–126. {{doi|10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360}}.</ref><ref name="Wolff 2015">[[Richard D. Wolff|Wolff, Richard D.]] (27 June 2015). [http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees "Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees"]. ''[[Truthout]]''. Retrieved 29 January 2020.</ref><ref name="Robinson 2017">{{Citiranje weba|last=Robinson|first=Nathan J.|date=28 October 2017|url=https://www.currentaffairs.org/2017/10/how-to-be-a-socialist-without-being-an-apologist-for-the-atrocities-of-communist-regimes|title=How to Be a Socialist without Being an Apologist for the Atrocities of Communist Regimes|website=Current Affairs|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref>
 O društveno-ekonomskoj naravi vladavine komunističkih partija vodilo se mnogo rasprava pri čemu je takva vlast okarakterizirana oblikom birokratskog kolektivizma, državnog kapitalizma, državnog socijalizma ili jedinstvenog načina proizvodnje.<ref>Andrai, Charles F. (1994). ''Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change''. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 140.</ref><ref>Sandle, Mark (1999). ''A Short History of Soviet Socialism''. London: UCL Press. pp. 265–266. {{doi|10.4324/9780203500279}}. {{ISBN|9781857283556}}.</ref><ref>John Morgan, W. (2001). "Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In Wright, James D., ed. ''International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 657–662.</ref><ref>Smith, S. A. (2014). ''The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 126. {{ISBN|9780191667527}}. "The 1936 Constitution described the Soviet Union for the first time as a 'socialist society', rhetorically fulfilling the aim of building socialism in one country, as Stalin had promised."</ref>