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Redak 44: Redak 44:
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| 1.26 · 10<sup>0</sup>  
| 1.26 · 10<sup>0</sup>  
| 1 000 000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metglas.com/products/page5_1_2_6.htm |title="Metglas Magnetic Alloy 2714A", '&#39;Metglas'&#39; |publisher=Metglas.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
| 1 000 000 <ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.metglas.com/products/page5_1_2_6.htm |title="Metglas Magnetic Alloy 2714A", '&#39;Metglas'&#39; |publisher=Metglas.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
| kod 0.5 [[Tesla|T]]
| kod 0.5 [[Tesla|T]]
| 100&nbsp;kHz
| 100&nbsp;kHz
Redak 51: Redak 51:
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| 2.5 · 10<sup>-1</sup>
| 2.5 · 10<sup>-1</sup>
| 200 000 <ref name="Iron">{{cite web|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/magprop.html#c2 |title="Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials", '&#39;Iron'&#39; |publisher=C.R Nave Georgia State University |date= |accessdate=2013-12-01}}</ref>
| 200 000 <ref name="Iron">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/magprop.html#c2 |title="Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials", '&#39;Iron'&#39; |publisher=C.R Nave Georgia State University |date= |accessdate=2013-12-01}}</ref>
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Redak 58: Redak 58:
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| 1.0 · 10<sup>-1</sup>
| 1.0 · 10<sup>-1</sup>
| 80 000 <ref name="Nanoperm">{{cite web|url=http://www.magnetec.de/eng/pdf/werkstoffkennlinien_nano_e.pdf |title="Typical material properties of NANOPERM", '&#39;Magnetec'&#39; |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
| 80 000 <ref name="Nanoperm">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.magnetec.de/eng/pdf/werkstoffkennlinien_nano_e.pdf |title="Typical material properties of NANOPERM", '&#39;Magnetec'&#39; |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
| kod 0.5 T
| kod 0.5 T
| 10&nbsp;kHz
| 10&nbsp;kHz
Redak 65: Redak 65:
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| 2.5 · 10<sup>-2</sup>
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| 20 000 <ref name="hyper">{{cite web|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html |title="Relative Permeability", '&#39;Hyperphysics'&#39; |publisher=Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
| 20 000 <ref name="hyper">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html |title="Relative Permeability", '&#39;Hyperphysics'&#39; |publisher=Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
| kod 0.002 T
| kod 0.002 T
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Redak 72: Redak 72:
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| 6.3 · 10<sup>-2</sup>
| 6.3 · 10<sup>-2</sup>
| 50 000 <ref name="nickal">{{cite web|url=http://www.nickel-alloys.net/nickelalloys.html |title=Nickel Alloys-Stainless Steels, Nickel Copper Alloys, Nickel Chromium Alloys, Low Expansion Alloys |publisher=Nickel-alloys.net |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
| 50 000 <ref name="nickal">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.nickel-alloys.net/nickelalloys.html |title=Nickel Alloys-Stainless Steels, Nickel Copper Alloys, Nickel Chromium Alloys, Low Expansion Alloys |publisher=Nickel-alloys.net |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
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Redak 79: Redak 79:
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| 2.3 · 10<sup>-2</sup>
| 2.3 · 10<sup>-2</sup>
| 18 000 <ref name="vacuumschmeltze">{{cite web|url=http://www.vacuumschmelze.com/fileadmin/Medienbiliothek_2010/Downloads/HT/2013-03-27_Soft_Magnetic_Cobalt-_Iron_Alloys_final_version.pdf |title="Soft Magnetic Cobalt-Iron Alloys", '&#39;Vacuumschmeltze'&#39; |publisher=www.vacuumschmeltze.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-03}}</ref>
| 18 000 <ref name="vacuumschmeltze">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.vacuumschmelze.com/fileadmin/Medienbiliothek_2010/Downloads/HT/2013-03-27_Soft_Magnetic_Cobalt-_Iron_Alloys_final_version.pdf |title="Soft Magnetic Cobalt-Iron Alloys", '&#39;Vacuumschmeltze'&#39; |publisher=www.vacuumschmeltze.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-03}}</ref>
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Redak 107: Redak 107:
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| 1.26 · 10<sup>-3</sup> - 2.26 · 10<sup>-3</sup>
| 1.26 · 10<sup>-3</sup> - 2.26 · 10<sup>-3</sup>
| 1 000 – 1 800<ref name="Carpenter">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartech.com/techarticles.aspx?id=1476|title=Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steels|author=Carpenter Technology Corporation|publisher=Carpenter Technology Corporation|year=2013}}</ref>
| 1 000 – 1 800<ref name="Carpenter">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.cartech.com/techarticles.aspx?id=1476|title=Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steels|author=Carpenter Technology Corporation|publisher=Carpenter Technology Corporation|year=2013}}</ref>
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Redak 156: Redak 156:
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| 1.26 · 10<sup>-6</sup> - 8.8 · 10<sup>-6</sup>
| 1.26 · 10<sup>-6</sup> - 8.8 · 10<sup>-6</sup>
| 1.003–7 <ref name="SSAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bssa.org.uk/cms/File/SSAS2.81-Magnetic%20Properties.pdf|title=Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steel|author=British Stainless Steel Association|publisher=Stainless Steel Advisory Service|year=2000}}</ref>  
| 1.003–7 <ref name="SSAS">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.bssa.org.uk/cms/File/SSAS2.81-Magnetic%20Properties.pdf|title=Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steel|author=British Stainless Steel Association|publisher=Stainless Steel Advisory Service|year=2000}}</ref>  
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Redak 164: Redak 164:
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| 1.32 · 10<sup>-6</sup>
| 1.32 · 10<sup>-6</sup>
| 1.05 <ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_y3LSh1XTJYC&pg=PT232|page=232|title=Design of Rotating Electrical Machines|author=Juha Pyrhönen, Tapani Jokinen, Valéria Hrabovcová|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2009|isbn=0-470-69516-1}}</ref>
| 1.05 <ref>{{Citiranje knjige|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_y3LSh1XTJYC&pg=PT232|page=232|title=Design of Rotating Electrical Machines|author=Juha Pyrhönen, Tapani Jokinen, Valéria Hrabovcová|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2009|isbn=0-470-69516-1}}</ref>
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Redak 176: Redak 176:
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|[[Aluminij]]
|[[Aluminij]]
| 2.22 · 10<sup>-5</sup> <ref name="clarke">{{cite web|author=Richard A. Clarke |url=http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/mu/ |title=Clarke, R. '&#39;Magnetic properties of materials'&#39;, surrey.ac.uk |publisher=Ee.surrey.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
| 2.22 · 10<sup>-5</sup> <ref name="clarke">{{Citiranje weba|author=Richard A. Clarke |url=http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/mu/ |title=Clarke, R. '&#39;Magnetic properties of materials'&#39;, surrey.ac.uk |publisher=Ee.surrey.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
| 1.256665 · 10<sup>-6</sup>
| 1.256665 · 10<sup>-6</sup>
| 1.000022
| 1.000022
Redak 199: Redak 199:
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| 1 <ref>{{cite web|author=NDT.net |url=http://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce03/papers/v078/v078.htm |title=Determination of dielectric properties of insitu concrete at radar frequencies |publisher=Ndt.net |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
| 1 <ref>{{Citiranje weba|author=NDT.net |url=http://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce03/papers/v078/v078.htm |title=Determination of dielectric properties of insitu concrete at radar frequencies |publisher=Ndt.net |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
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Trenutačna izmjena od 08:19, 1. prosinca 2021.

Specifična vodljivost je magnetska vodljivost žice presjeka 1 mm2 dužine 1m.
Pojednostavljeni usporedni pregled magnetske permeabilnosti: feromagnetikaf), paramagnetikap), vakuuma0) i dijamagnetikad).

Magnetski otpor ili reluktancija (oznaka Rm) je fizikalna veličina koja opisuje otpor prostora promjenama magnetskoga polja. Magnetski otpor je količnik magnetskoga napona Um i magnetskoga toka Фm

[math]\displaystyle{ R_m = \frac{U_m}{\Phi_m} }[/math]

Magnetski otpor šipke, žice, jezgre od feromagnetičnog materijala ploštine poprečnog presjeka S i duljine l određenje izrazom:

[math]\displaystyle{ R_m = \frac{l}{\mu \cdot S} }[/math]

gdje je: μ - magnetska permeabilnost materijala. Mjerna je jedinica magnetskog otpora recipročni henri (H−1). [1]

Magnetska vodljivost

Vista-xmag.pngPodrobniji članak o temi: Magnetska vodljivost

Magnetska vodljivost (oznaka Λ) šipke ili žice, ploštine poprječnoga presjeka S i duljine l, dana je izrazom:

[math]\displaystyle{ \Lambda=\mu \cdot \frac{S}{l} }[/math]

gdje je: μ - magnetska permeabilnost; recipročna je vrijednost reluktancije (magnetskoga otpora) magnetskoga kruga; mjerna je jedinica henri (H). [2]

Magnetska permeabilnost

Vista-xmag.pngPodrobniji članak o temi: Magnetska permeabilnost

Magnetska permeabilnost je elektromagnetna osobina materijala koja pokazuje intenzitet magnetizacije tijela kada su ona izložena vanjskim magnetnom polju. Magnetska permeabilnost se označava grčkim slovom mi (μ). Pojam magnetska permeabilnost osmislio je Oliver Heaviside 1885. U jedinicama SI sustava, permeabilnost se izražava u Henrijima po metru (H/m), ili u Newtonima po Amperu na kvadrat (N/A2) ili Volt · sekunda na Amper · metar {Vs/Am}.

Magnetska permeabilnost vakuuma ili univerzalna magnetska konstanta (oznaka [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_0 }[/math]) je prirodna konstanta magnetske permeabilnosti za vakuum, koja iznosi: [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_0 }[/math]= 4π · 10–7 H/m [3] ili [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_0 }[/math] = 12.566370614 · 10–7 N/A². Jednaka je recipročnoj vrijednosti umnoška dielektrične permitivnosti vakuuma ε0 i kvadrata  brzine svjetlosti c u vakuumu: μ0 = 1/(ε0c2). [4]

Vrijednosti za neke materijale

Magnetna susceptibilnost i permeabilnost za odabrane materijale
Materijal Susceptibilnost χm
(volumetrijski SI)
Permeabilnost μ [H/m] Relativna permeabilnost μ/μ0 Magnetsko polje Frekvencija (max.)
Metglas 1.26 · 100 1 000 000 [5] kod 0.5 T 100 kHz
Željezo (99.95% čisto Fe normalizirano u H) 2.5 · 10-1 200 000 [6]
Nanoperm 1.0 · 10-1 80 000 [7] kod 0.5 T 10 kHz
Mu-metal 2.5 · 10-2 20 000 [8] kod 0.002 T
Mu-metal 6.3 · 10-2 50 000 [9]
Kobalt-željezo (trake visoke permeabilnosti) 2.3 · 10-2 18 000 [10]
Permalloy 8 000 1.0 · 10-2 8 000 kod 0.002 T
Željezo (99.8% čisto) 6.3 · 10-3 5 000
Električarski čelik 5.0 · 10-3 4 000 kod 0.002 T
Feritični nehrđajući čelik (normaliziran) 1.26 · 10-3 - 2.26 · 10-3 1 000 – 1 800[11]
Martenzitni nehrđajući čelik (normaliziran) 9.42 · 10-4 - 1.19 · 10-3 750 – 950
Ferit (manganski cink) > 8.0 · 10-4 640 (ili više) 100 kHz ~ 1 MHz
Ferit (niklov cink) 2.0 · 10-5 - 8.0 · 10-4 16 – 640 100 kHz ~ 1 MHz
Ugljični čelik 1.26 · 10-4 100 kod 0.002 T
Nikal 1.26 · 10-4 - 7.54 · 10-4 100 – 600 kod 0.002 T
Martenzitni nehrđajući čelik (kaljen) 5.0 · 10-5 - 1.2 · 10-4 40 – 95
Austenitni nehrđajući čelik 1.26 · 10-6 - 8.8 · 10-6 1.003–7 [12]
Neodimijev magnet 1.32 · 10-6 1.05 [13]
Platina 1.25697 · 10-6 1.000265
Aluminij 2.22 · 10-5 [14] 1.256665 · 10-6 1.000022
Drvo 1.25663760 · 10-6 1.00000043
Zrak 1.25663753 · 10-6 1.00000037 [15]
Beton (suhi) 1 [16]
Vakuum 0 4π × 10−70) 1 (točno, po definiciji)
Vodik -2.2 · 10-9 [14] 1.2566371 · 10-6 1.0000000
Teflon 1.2567 · 10-6 [8] 1.0000
Safir -2.1 · 10-7 1.2566368 · 10-6 0.99999976
Bakar -6.4 · 10-6 ili -9.2 · 10-6 [14] 1.256629 · 10-6 0.999994
Voda -8.0 · 10-6 1.256627 · 10-6 0.999992
Bizmut -1.66 · 10-4 1.25643 · 10-6 0.999834
Supravodič −1 0 0

Izvori

  1. magnetski otpor (reluktancija), [1] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2017.
  2. vodljivost, [2] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.
  3. The NIST reference on fundamental physical constants
  4. magnetska permeabilnost vakuuma, [3] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.
  5. ""Metglas Magnetic Alloy 2714A", ''Metglas''". Metglas.com. http://www.metglas.com/products/page5_1_2_6.htm Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
  6. ""Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials", ''Iron''". C.R Nave Georgia State University. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/magprop.html#c2 Pristupljeno 1. prosinca 2013. 
  7. ""Typical material properties of NANOPERM", ''Magnetec''" (PDF). http://www.magnetec.de/eng/pdf/werkstoffkennlinien_nano_e.pdf Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
  8. 8,0 8,1 ""Relative Permeability", ''Hyperphysics''". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
  9. "Nickel Alloys-Stainless Steels, Nickel Copper Alloys, Nickel Chromium Alloys, Low Expansion Alloys". Nickel-alloys.net. http://www.nickel-alloys.net/nickelalloys.html Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
  10. ""Soft Magnetic Cobalt-Iron Alloys", ''Vacuumschmeltze''". www.vacuumschmeltze.com. http://www.vacuumschmelze.com/fileadmin/Medienbiliothek_2010/Downloads/HT/2013-03-27_Soft_Magnetic_Cobalt-_Iron_Alloys_final_version.pdf Pristupljeno 3. kolovoza 2013. 
  11. Carpenter Technology Corporation (2013). "Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steels". Carpenter Technology Corporation. http://www.cartech.com/techarticles.aspx?id=1476 
  12. British Stainless Steel Association (2000). "Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steel". Stainless Steel Advisory Service. http://www.bssa.org.uk/cms/File/SSAS2.81-Magnetic%20Properties.pdf 
  13. Juha Pyrhönen, Tapani Jokinen, Valéria Hrabovcová (2009). Design of Rotating Electrical Machines. John Wiley and Sons. str. 232. ISBN 0-470-69516-1. http://books.google.com/?id=_y3LSh1XTJYC&pg=PT232 
  14. 14,0 14,1 14,2 Richard A. Clarke. "Clarke, R. ''Magnetic properties of materials'', surrey.ac.uk". Ee.surrey.ac.uk. http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/mu/ Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
  15. B. D. Cullity and C. D. Graham (2008), Introduction to Magnetic Materials, 2nd edition, 568 pp., p.16
  16. NDT.net. "Determination of dielectric properties of insitu concrete at radar frequencies". Ndt.net. http://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce03/papers/v078/v078.htm Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011.