Smijeh

ljudsko smijanje

Smijeh je nevoljna reakcija na određene vanjske ili unutarnje podražaje. Smijeh mogu pobuditi aktivnosti poput škakljanja,^[1] humorističnih priča ili misli.^[2] Najčešće se smatra vizualnom ekspresijom mnogih pozitivnih emocionalnih stanja poput radosti, veselja, sreće, olakšanja itd. U nekim pak prilikama može biti uzrokovan suprotnim emocionalnim stanjima poput sramote, isprike ili zbunjenosti ("nervozni smijeh") ili udvornog smijeha. Čimbenici poput dobi, spola, obrazovanja, jezika i kulture determinantni su čimbenici^[3] za to da li će neka osoba iskusiti smijeh u određenoj situaciji.

Smijeh je dio čovječjeg ponašanja regulirana mozgom koje pomaže ljudima razjasniti njihove namjere u socijalnoj interakciji i pruža emocionalan kontekst konverzacijama. Smijeh se rabi kao signal pripadnosti nekoj grupi — on signalizira prihvaćenost i pozitivne interakcije s drugima. Smijeh se ponekad doživljava zaraznim, a smijeh neke osobe može sam izazvati smijeh u drugih kao pozitivnu povratnu spregu.^[4] Popularnost snimaka smijeha u televizijskim komedijama situacije može se dijelom pripisati ovome.

Proučavanje humora i smijeha te njihovih psiholoških i fizioloških učinaka na čovječje tijelo zove se gelotologija.

Narav

Novorođenčad se tipično redovito počne smijati od 4. mjeseca života.

Kaže se da se djeca smiju znatno češće od odraslih: prosječno dijete nasmije se 300-400 puta dnevno u usporedbi s odraslim koji se nasmije samo 15-20 puta dnevno; ipak citirani članak, koji je napisao jedan od dvojice vrhunskih istraživača humora u svijetu, izriče da ne postoji stvarna osnova za ovakvu tvrdnju.^[5]

Više informacija

Izvori

↑ Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development Frederica Rudolpha Stearnsa, 1972, str. 59-65. ISBN 0398024200
↑ Shultz, T. R., & Horibe, F. (1974). Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes. Developmental Psychology, 10, 13-20.
↑ Olmwake, Louise. "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics." Journal of Applied Psychology; Vol. 21 izd. 6, str. 688
↑ Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 --ISBN 0-691-01211-3 (pbk.) str. 18.
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Preporučena literatura

Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., & Owren, M.J. The acoustic features of human laughter. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001
Bahtin, Mihail (1941). Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34830-7
Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (urednici), Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications, Transaction Publishers, 1996. ISBN 1-56000-837-7. Books.google.com
Cousins, Norman, Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient, 1979.
Davila-Ross, M., Allcock, B., Thomas, C. i Bard K. A. (2011.) Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others. Emotion DOI:10.1037/a0022594
Fried, I., Wilson, C.L., MacDonald, K.A., and Behnke EJ. Electric current stimulates laughter. Nature, 391:650, 1998 (vidi pacijent A. K.)
Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J. The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components. Nature Neuroscience 3, 237 - 238 (2001).
Greig, John Young Thomson, The Psychology of Comedy and Laughter, New York, Dodd, Mead and company, 1923.
Marteinson, Peter, On the Problem of the Comic: A Philosophical Study on the Origins of Laughter, Legas Press, Ottawa, 2006. utoronto.ca
Miller M, Mangano C, Park Y, Goel R, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA.Impact of cinematic viewing on endothelial function.Heart. 2006. veljača; 92(2):261-2.
Provine, R. R., Laughter. American Scientist, V84, 38:45, 1996. ucla.edu
Quentin Skinner (2004) (PDF). Hobbes and the Classical Theory of Laughter. http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-926461-9.pdf Pristupljeno 23. listopada 2006 uključeno u knjigu: Sorell, Tom; Luc Foisneau (2004). "6". Leviathan After 350 Years. Oxford University Press. str. 139–66. ISBN 0-19-926461-9. http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-926461-9.pdf
Raskin, Victor, Semantic Mechanisms of Humor (1985).
MacDonald, C., "A Chuckle a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Therapeutic Humor & Laughter" Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services(2004) V42, 3:18-25. psychnurse.org
Kawakami, K., et al., Origins of smile and laughter: A preliminary study Early Human Development (2006) 82, 61-66. kyoto-u.ac.jp
Johnson, S., Emotions and the Brain Discover (2003) V24, N4. discover.com
Panksepp, J., Burgdorf, J.,"Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy? Physiology & Behavior (2003) 79:533-547. psych.umn.edu
Milius, S., Don't look now, but is that dog laughing? Science News (2001) V160 4:55. sciencenews.org
Simonet, P., et al., Dog Laughter: Recorded playback reduces stress related behavior in shelter dogs 7th International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (2005). petalk.org
Discover Health (2004) Humor & Laughter: Health Benefits and Online Sources, helpguide.org
Klein, A. The Courage to Laugh: Humor, Hope and Healing in the Face of Death and Dying. Los Angeles, CA: Tarcher/Putman, 1998.
Ron Jenkins Subversive laughter (New York, Free Press, 1994), 13ff
Bogard, M. Laughter and its Effects on Groups. New York, New York: Bullish Press, 2008.
Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter by Igor Krichtafovitch, Outskitspress, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59800-222-5
Hans-Georg Moeller und Günter Wohlfart (Hrsg.): Laughter in Eastern and Western Philosophies. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg / München 2010. ISBN 978-3-495-48385-5

Vanjske poveznice

The Origins of Laughter, chass.utoronto.ca
Human laughter up to 16 million years old, cosmosmagazine.com
More information about Gelotology from the University of Washington, faculty.Washington.edu
WNYC's Radio Lab radio show: Is Laughter just a Human Thing?, wnyc.org
Transcriptions of laughter, writtensound.com
Recordings of people laughing, 99 audiozapisa čovječjeg smijeha
Comprehensive summary of research on the benefits of laughter

[1] Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development Frederica Rudolpha Stearnsa, 1972, str. 59-65. ISBN 0398024200

[2] Shultz, T. R., & Horibe, F. (1974). Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes. Developmental Psychology, 10, 13-20.

[3] Olmwake, Louise. "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics." Journal of Applied Psychology; Vol. 21 izd. 6, str. 688

[4] Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 --ISBN 0-691-01211-3 (pbk.) str. 18.

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