Hehaka Sapa
Hehaka Sapa (1863–1950) /=Crni los/, legendarni wichasha wakan i heyoka, svet čovjek Siouxa, rođen 1863. na granici Montane i Wyominga u tetonskom plemenu Oglala. Cijeli svoj život bio je duhovni vođa svog naroda. Crni jelen je bio bratić Tashunka Witkoa (Thašųka Witko; Ludi konj) i učesnik bitke na Little Bighornu 1876., te 1890. ranjen u masakru kod Wounded Kneeja (Ranjenom koljenu).
Dva puta se ženio, prvi puta za Katie War Bonnet (1892) koja mu je rodila troje djece, i drugi puta ženi se za udovicu koja mu je rodila dvije kćeri. Pred kraj života izdiktirao je američkim autorima svoju biografiju i rituale Tetona John G. Neihardu ( 'Black Elk Speaks' , izdana 1932) i Joseph Epes Brownu 'The Sacred Pipe: Black Elk's Account of the Seven Rites of the Oglala Sioux, izdana 1953 i 1989' .
Literatura
- John G. Neihardt: Black Elk Speaks. Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux as told through John G. Neihardt (Flaming Rainbow) by Nicholas Black Elk. Foreword by Vine Deloria Jr. with illustrations by Standing Bear. Lincoln, NE, and London 2004.
- Joseph Epes Brown: The Sacred Pipe. Black Elk's Account of the Seven Rites of the Oglala Sioux. Recorded and edited by Joseph Epes Brown. Norman, OK, and London 1989.
- Julian Rice: Black Elk's Story. Distinguishing Its Lakota Purpose. Albuquerque, NM 1991.
- Joseph Epes Brown: The Spiritual Legacy of the American Indian. Commemorative Edition with Letters While Living with Black Elk. Ed. by Marina Brown Weatherly et al. Bloomington, IN 2007.