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| 1 000 000 <ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.metglas.com/products/page5_1_2_6.htm |title="Metglas Magnetic Alloy 2714A", '&#39;Metglas'&#39; |publisher=Metglas.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
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| 200 000 <ref name="Iron">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/magprop.html#c2 |title="Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials", '&#39;Iron'&#39; |publisher=C.R Nave Georgia State University |date= |accessdate=2013-12-01}}</ref>
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| 80 000 <ref name="Nanoperm">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.magnetec.de/eng/pdf/werkstoffkennlinien_nano_e.pdf |title="Typical material properties of NANOPERM", '&#39;Magnetec'&#39; |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
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| 20 000 <ref name="hyper">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html |title="Relative Permeability", '&#39;Hyperphysics'&#39; |publisher=Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
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| 50 000 <ref name="nickal">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.nickel-alloys.net/nickelalloys.html |title=Nickel Alloys-Stainless Steels, Nickel Copper Alloys, Nickel Chromium Alloys, Low Expansion Alloys |publisher=Nickel-alloys.net |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
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| 18 000 <ref name="vacuumschmeltze">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.vacuumschmelze.com/fileadmin/Medienbiliothek_2010/Downloads/HT/2013-03-27_Soft_Magnetic_Cobalt-_Iron_Alloys_final_version.pdf |title="Soft Magnetic Cobalt-Iron Alloys", '&#39;Vacuumschmeltze'&#39; |publisher=www.vacuumschmeltze.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-03}}</ref>
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| 1 000 – 1 800<ref name="Carpenter">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.cartech.com/techarticles.aspx?id=1476|title=Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steels|author=Carpenter Technology Corporation|publisher=Carpenter Technology Corporation|year=2013}}</ref>
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| 1,003–7 <ref name="SSAS">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.bssa.org.uk/cms/File/SSAS2.81-Magnetic%20Properties.pdf|title=Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steel|author=British Stainless Steel Association|publisher=Stainless Steel Advisory Service|year=2000}}</ref>  
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| 2,22 · 10<sup>-5</sup> <ref name="clarke">{{Citiranje weba|author=Richard A. Clarke |url=http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/mu/ |title=Clarke, R. '&#39;Magnetic properties of materials'&#39;, surrey.ac.uk |publisher=Ee.surrey.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
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Trenutačna izmjena od 08:19, 1. prosinca 2021.

Pojednostavljeni usporedni pregled magnetske permeabilnosti: feromagnetika (μf), paramagnetika (μp), vakuuma (μ0) i dijamagnetika (μd).

Magnetna susceptibilnost ili magnetska susceptibilnost (oznaka χm) je fizikalna veličina kojom se opisuje svojstvo tvari da mogu biti magnetizirane u magnetskom polju. Iznosi:

[math]\displaystyle{ \chi_m = \mu_r - 1 \, }[/math]

gdje je: μr - relativna magnetska permeabilnost tvari; pozitivna je za feromagnetične i paramagnetične tvari, a negativna za dijamagnetične tvari. Mjerna jedinica magnetske susceptibilnosti je broj jedan. [1]

Magnetska permeabilnost

Vista-xmag.pngPodrobniji članak o temi: Magnetska permeabilnost

Magnetska permeabilnost je elektromagnetna osobina materijala koja pokazuje intenzitet magnetizacije tijela kada su ona izložena vanjskim magnetnom polju. Magnetska permeabilnost se označava grčkim slovom mi (μ). Pojam magnetska permeabilnost osmislio je Oliver Heaviside 1885. U jedinicama SI sustava, permeabilnost se izražava u Henrijima po metru (H/m), ili u Newtonima po Amperu na kvadrat (N/A2) ili Volt · sekunda na Amper · metar {Vs/Am}.

Magnetska permeabilnost vakuuma ili univerzalna magnetska konstanta (znak [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_0 }[/math]) je prirodna konstanta magnetske permeabilnosti za vakuum, koja iznosi: [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_0 }[/math]= 4π · 10–7 H/m [2] ili [math]\displaystyle{ \mu_0 }[/math] = 12.566370614 · 10–7 N/A². Jednaka je recipročnoj vrijednosti umnoška dielektrične permitivnosti vakuuma ε0 i kvadrata  brzine svjetlosti c u vakuumu: μ0 = 1/(ε0c2). [3]

Dielektrična permitivnost vakuuma, permitivnost vakuuma, dielektričnost vakuuma ili dielektrična konstanta vakuuma (oznaka ε0) je prirodna konstanta koja je jednaka recipročnoj vrijednosti umnoška magnetske permeabilnosti vakuuma μ0 i kvadrata brzine svjetlosti c u vakuumu: ε0 = 1/(μ0c2) = 8.854187817 · 10–12 F/m. [4]

Relativna magnetska permeabilnost

Vista-xmag.pngPodrobniji članak o temi: Relativna magnetska permeabilnost

Relativna magnetska permeabilnost (oznaka μr)) je fizikalna veličina koja opisuje magnetsku propusnost tvari u odnosu na magnetsku permeabilnost vakuuma; količnik je magnetske permeabilnosti μ i magnetske permeabilnosti vakuuma μ0, to jest:

[math]\displaystyle{ \mu_{r} = \frac{\mu}{\mu_{0}} }[/math]

Mjerna je jedinica relativne magnetske permeabilnosti broj jedan (1).

Relativna magnetska permeabilnost dijamagnetičnih tvari nešto je manja od 1, na primjer relativana je magnetska permeabilnost vode 0,999991, srebra 0,9999975, bakra 0,999994. Relativna magnetska permeabilnost paramagnetičnih tvari nešto je veća od 1, na primjer platine 1,000265, aluminija 1,0000082, zraka 1,00000037, a relativna magnetska permeabilnost feromagnetičnih tvari značajno je veća od 1, na primjer relativna je magnetska permeabilnost čistog željeza 5 000, a mi-metala (slitina od 77% nikla, 16% željeza, 5% bakra, 2% kroma ili molibdena) 50 000 do 80 000. [5]

Vrijednosti za neke materijale

Magnetna susceptibilnost i permeabilnost za odabrane materijale
Materijal Susceptibilnost χm
(volumetrijski SI) 		Permeabilnost μ [H/m] Relativna permeabilnost μ/μ0 Magnetsko polje Frekvencija (maks.)
Metglas 1,26 · 100 1 000 000 [6] kod 0,5 T 100 kHz
Željezo (99,95% čisto Fe normalizirano u H) 2,5 · 10-1 200 000 [7]
Nanoperm 1,0 · 10-1 80 000 [8] kod 0,5 T 10 kHz
Mu-metal 2,5 · 10-2 20 000 [9] kod 0,002 T
Mu-metal 6,3 · 10-2 50 000 [10]
Kobalt-željezo (trake visoke permeabilnosti) 2,3 · 10-2 18 000 [11]
Permalloy 8 000 1,0 · 10-2 8 000 kod 0,002 T
Željezo (99,8% čisto) 6,3 · 10-3 5 000
Električarski čelik 5,0 · 10-3 4 000 kod 0,002 T
Feritični nehrđajući čelik (normaliziran) 1,26 · 10-3 - 2,26 · 10-3 1 000 – 1 800[12]
Martenzitni nehrđajući čelik (normaliziran) 9,42 · 10-4 - 1,19 · 10-3 750 – 950
Ferit (manganski cink) > 8,0 · 10-4 640 (ili više) 100 kHz ~ 1 MHz
Ferit (niklov cink) 2,0 · 10-5 - 8,0 · 10-4 16 – 640 100 kHz ~ 1 MHz
Ugljični čelik 1,26 · 10-4 100 kod 0,002 T
Nikal 1,26 · 10-4 - 7,54 · 10-4 100 – 600 kod 0,002 T
Martenzitni nehrđajući čelik (kaljen) 5,0 · 10-5 - 1,2 · 10-4 40 – 95
Austenitni nehrđajući čelik 1,26 · 10-6 - 8,8 · 10-6 1,003–7 [13]
Neodimijev magnet 1,32 · 10-6 1,05 [14]
Platina 1,25697 · 10-6 1,000265
Aluminij 2,22 · 10-5 [15] 1,256665 · 10-6 1,000022
Drvo 1,25663760 · 10-6 1,00000043
Zrak 1,25663753 · 10-6 1,00000037 [16]
Beton (suhi) 1 [17]
Vakuum 0 4π × 10−7 (μ0) 1 (točno, po definiciji)
Vodik -2,2 · 10-9 [15] 1,2566371 · 10-6 1.0000000
Teflon 1,2567 · 10-6 [9] 1,0000
Safir -2,1 · 10-7 1,2566368 · 10-6 0,99999976
Bakar -6,4 · 10-6 ili -9,2 · 10-6 [15] 1,256629 · 10-6 0,999994
Voda -8,0 · 10-6 1,256627 · 10-6 0,999992
Bizmut -1,66 · 10-4 1,25643 · 10-6 0,999834
Supravodič −1 0 0

Izvori

  1. ↑ magnetska susceptibilnost, [1] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.
  2. ↑ The NIST reference on fundamental physical constants
  3. ↑ magnetska permeabilnost vakuuma, [2] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.
  4. ↑ dielektrična permitivnost vakuuma, [3] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.
  5. ↑ relativna magnetska permeabilnost, [4] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.
  6. ↑ ""Metglas Magnetic Alloy 2714A", ''Metglas''". Metglas.com. http://www.metglas.com/products/page5_1_2_6.htm Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
  7. ↑ ""Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials", ''Iron''". C.R Nave Georgia State University. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/magprop.html#c2 Pristupljeno 1. prosinca 2013. 
  8. ↑ ""Typical material properties of NANOPERM", ''Magnetec''" (PDF). http://www.magnetec.de/eng/pdf/werkstoffkennlinien_nano_e.pdf Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 ""Relative Permeability", ''Hyperphysics''". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
  10. ↑ "Nickel Alloys-Stainless Steels, Nickel Copper Alloys, Nickel Chromium Alloys, Low Expansion Alloys". Nickel-alloys.net. http://www.nickel-alloys.net/nickelalloys.html Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
  11. ↑ ""Soft Magnetic Cobalt-Iron Alloys", ''Vacuumschmeltze''". www.vacuumschmeltze.com. http://www.vacuumschmelze.com/fileadmin/Medienbiliothek_2010/Downloads/HT/2013-03-27_Soft_Magnetic_Cobalt-_Iron_Alloys_final_version.pdf Pristupljeno 3. kolovoza 2013. 
  12. ↑ Carpenter Technology Corporation (2013). "Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steels". Carpenter Technology Corporation. http://www.cartech.com/techarticles.aspx?id=1476 
  13. ↑ British Stainless Steel Association (2000). "Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steel". Stainless Steel Advisory Service. http://www.bssa.org.uk/cms/File/SSAS2.81-Magnetic%20Properties.pdf 
  14. ↑ Juha Pyrhönen, Tapani Jokinen, Valéria Hrabovcová (2009). Design of Rotating Electrical Machines. John Wiley and Sons. str. 232. ISBN 0-470-69516-1. http://books.google.com/?id=_y3LSh1XTJYC&pg=PT232 
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Richard A. Clarke. "Clarke, R. ''Magnetic properties of materials'', surrey.ac.uk". Ee.surrey.ac.uk. http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/mu/ Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
  16. ↑ B. D. Cullity and C. D. Graham (2008), Introduction to Magnetic Materials, 2nd edition, 568 pp., p.16
  17. ↑ NDT.net. "Determination of dielectric properties of insitu concrete at radar frequencies". Ndt.net. http://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce03/papers/v078/v078.htm Pristupljeno 8. studenoga 2011. 
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