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| volume = 7 | pages = 419–31 | date = 2013 | accessdate = 2014-10-08 | doi=10.5194/tc-7-419-2013| doi-access = free }}</ref> | | volume = 7 | pages = 419–31 | date = 2013 | accessdate = 2014-10-08 | doi=10.5194/tc-7-419-2013| doi-access = free }}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Stedman"> | <ref name="Stedman"> | ||
{{ | {{Citiranje weba | url = http://www.climbmountkilimanjaro.com/the-history-of-kilimanjaro/history-of-kilimanjaro-after-meyer/index.html | ||
| title = History of Kilimanjaro: After Meyer | work = Excerpt from "Kilimanjaro" | author = Stedman, Henry | | title = History of Kilimanjaro: After Meyer | work = Excerpt from "Kilimanjaro" | author = Stedman, Henry | ||
| publisher = Climb Mount Kilimanjaro | accessdate = 2007-05-03 | | publisher = Climb Mount Kilimanjaro | accessdate = 2007-05-03 | ||
| Redak 22: | Redak 22: | ||
| archivedate= 2008-09-08}}</ref> | | archivedate= 2008-09-08}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="T&D"> | <ref name="T&D"> | ||
{{ | {{Citiranje weba | url = http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/Icecore/publications/Thompson_and_Davis_Ice_Cores_Africa_2013.pdf | ||
| title = Ice Core Records | author1 = Thompson, L. G. | author2 = Davis, M. E. | publisher = The Ohio State University | | title = Ice Core Records | author1 = Thompson, L. G. | author2 = Davis, M. E. | publisher = The Ohio State University | ||
| date = 2013 | accessdate = 2016-03-07}}</ref> | | date = 2013 | accessdate = 2016-03-07}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Thompson2002"> | <ref name="Thompson2002"> | ||
{{ | {{Citiranje weba | last = Thompson | first = Lonnie G. | authorlink = | ||
| url = http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/doug/pubs/thompson_etal_sci02.pdf | | url = http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/doug/pubs/thompson_etal_sci02.pdf | ||
| title = Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa | format = pdf | work = | | title = Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa | format = pdf | work = | ||
Trenutačna izmjena od 06:49, 20. studenoga 2021.
Ledenjak Furtwangler nalazi se u blizini vrha planine Kilimanjaro u Tanzaniji. Ledenjak je dobio ime po Walteru Furtwängleru koji je, zajedno sa Siegfriedom Königom, bio u četvrtoj grupa planinara koja se popela na vrh Kilimandžara 1912. godine.[1]
Ledenik je mali ostatak ledene kape koja je nekad bila na vrhu Kilimandžara. Gotovo 85% ledenog pokrivača nestalo je između listopada 1912. i lipnja 2011.[2] Prema trenutnoj brzini otapanja, procjenjuje se da će većina leda nestati do 2040. godine i "vrlo je malo vjerojatno da će ijedno ledeno tijelo ostati nakon 2060. godine",[2] iako sezonski snijeg i dalje pada nekoliko mjeseci godišnje. [3] [4]
Ledenjak Furtwängler kontinuirano postoji tek otprilike od 1650. godine, što odgovara vrlo visokim razinama u kenijskom jezeru Naivasha i početku Maunderovog minimuma.[5] Između mjerenja 1976. i 2000. godine, površina ovog ledenjaka prepolovljena je sa 113 000 m2 na 60 000 m2.[6] Do 2018. veličina se smanjila na 11,000 m2.[7]
Izvori
- ↑ Stedman, Henry. "History of Kilimanjaro: After Meyer". Excerpt from "Kilimanjaro". Climb Mount Kilimanjaro. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 8. rujna 2008.. http://www.climbmountkilimanjaro.com/the-history-of-kilimanjaro/history-of-kilimanjaro-after-meyer/index.html Pristupljeno 3. svibnja 2007.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 N. J. Cullen, P. Sirguey, T. Ölg, G. Kaser, M. Winkler, and S. J. Fitzsimons (2013). "A century of ice retreat on Kilimanjaro: the mapping reloaded". The Cryosphere 7: 419–31. doi:10.5194/tc-7-419-2013. http://www.the-cryosphere.net/7/419/2013/tc-7-419-2013.pdf Pristupljeno 8. listopada 2014.
- ↑ [1] "Snows of Kilimanjaro Disappearing, Glacial Ice Loss Increasing" Ohio State University, 2006.
- ↑ Tyson Peter: [2] "Vanishing into Thin Air" 2006.
- ↑ Thompson, L. G.; Davis, M. E. (2013). "Ice Core Records". The Ohio State University. http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/Icecore/publications/Thompson_and_Davis_Ice_Cores_Africa_2013.pdf Pristupljeno 7. ožujka 2016.
- ↑ Thompson, Lonnie G. (listopada 2002). "Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa" (pdf). Science. http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/doug/pubs/thompson_etal_sci02.pdf Pristupljeno 31. kolovoza 2006.
- ↑ Das Mount-Kilimanjaro-Wiki (DE) - Furtwängler Gletscher - Ermittlung der aktuellen Gletschergröße 2018. Retrieved 2019-04-16