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The desert was first traversed by motor vehicle in 1919.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Christina Phelps|title=The Syrian desert : caravans, travel and exploration|date=2003|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781136192715|page=273|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4d-3AAAAQBAJ}}</ref>
The desert was first traversed by motor vehicle in 1919.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Christina Phelps|title=The Syrian desert : caravans, travel and exploration|date=2003|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781136192715|page=273|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4d-3AAAAQBAJ}}</ref>
During the [[Iraq War]], the desert served as a major supply line for the [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)|Iraqi resistance]], with the Iraq portion of the desert becoming a primary stronghold of the [[Sunni]] resistance operating in the [[Al Anbar Governorate]], particularly after the Coalition capture of [[Fallujah]] during the [[Second Battle of Fallujah]]. A series of Coalition military operations were relatively ineffective at removing the resistance presence in the Desert. As the resistance began to gain control of the surrounding areas, coalition spokesmen began to downplay the importance of the Syrian desert as a center of operations; nevertheless the Syrian Desert remains one of the primary routes for smuggling equipment due to its location near the Syrian border. By September 2006 the resistance had gained control of virtually all of the Anbar Governorate and had moved most of their forces, equipment and leaders further east to resistance-controlled cities near the Euphrates river.<ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15362568 |title=U.S. diplomat apologizes for remarks |publisher=NBC News |date=2006-10-22 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ellen |last=Knickmeyer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/29/AR2006052901172_pf.html |title=U.S. Will Reinforce Troops in West Iraq |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=2006-05-29 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13039231/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120525180025/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13039231/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-25 |title=WP: U.S. to reinforce troops in west Iraq |publisher=MSNBC |date=2006-05-30 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/10/AR2006091001204.html?nav=rss_email/components |title=Situation Called Dire in West Iraq |publisher=Washington Post |date=2006-09-10 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref>
During the [[Iraq War]], the desert served as a major supply line for the [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)|Iraqi resistance]], with the Iraq portion of the desert becoming a primary stronghold of the [[Sunni]] resistance operating in the [[Al Anbar Governorate]], particularly after the Coalition capture of [[Fallujah]] during the [[Second Battle of Fallujah]]. A series of Coalition military operations were relatively ineffective at removing the resistance presence in the Desert. As the resistance began to gain control of the surrounding areas, coalition spokesmen began to downplay the importance of the Syrian desert as a center of operations; nevertheless the Syrian Desert remains one of the primary routes for smuggling equipment due to its location near the Syrian border. By September 2006 the resistance had gained control of virtually all of the Anbar Governorate and had moved most of their forces, equipment and leaders further east to resistance-controlled cities near the Euphrates river.<ref>{{Citiranje novina|author= |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15362568 |title=U.S. diplomat apologizes for remarks |publisher=NBC News |date=2006-10-22 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|first=Ellen |last=Knickmeyer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/29/AR2006052901172_pf.html |title=U.S. Will Reinforce Troops in West Iraq |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=2006-05-29 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13039231/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120525180025/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13039231/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-25 |title=WP: U.S. to reinforce troops in west Iraq |publisher=MSNBC |date=2006-05-30 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/10/AR2006091001204.html?nav=rss_email/components |title=Situation Called Dire in West Iraq |publisher=Washington Post |date=2006-09-10 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref>
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== Gospodarstvo i poljoprivreda  ==
== Gospodarstvo i poljoprivreda  ==

Inačica od 05:54, 6. prosinca 2021.

Sirijska pustinja na topografskom zemljovidu

Sirijska pustinja (arapski: بادية الشام, Bādiyat al-Shām), poznata i kao Sirijska stepa, Jordanska stepa ili Badia,[1] je regija pustinja, polupustinja i stepa koje pokriva 500.000 km2 Bliskog istoka, uključujući dijelove Sirije, sjeveroistočnog Jordana, sjeverne Saudijske Arabije i zapadnog Iraka. Pokriva 85 % površine Jordana[2] i 55 % Sirije.[3] Na jugu se stapa s Arabijskom pustinjom.[4] Ovo područje reljefno je otvoreno, kameno, mjestimice ispresijecano s vadijima.[5][6][7][8]

Lokacija i ime

Pustinja je omeđena Dolinom rijeke Orontes i vulkanskim područjima Harrat al-Shama prema zapadu, te Eufratom na istoku. Na sjeveru, pustinja se pretvara u plodnija travnata područja, dok se na jugu pretapa u Arabijsku pustinju.[5]

Prema nekim izvorima, Sirijska pustinja i "Pustinja Hamad" su sinonimi[9], dok drugi izvori ime Hamad vežu za južnu središnju visoravan[10], dok neki cijelu regiju nazivaju Hamad, a Sirijsku pustinju izjednačavaju s njenim sjevernim dijelom.[11] Neki dijelovi Sirijske pustinje imaju zasebna imena, pa se tako područja oko gradova Palmire i Homsa poknekad nazivaju Palmirska pustinja ili Homska pustinja.[12] Istočni dio Sirijske pustinje, u području sirijsko-iračke granice, tj. na zapadu Iraka, se u Iraku ponekad naziva Zapadna pustinja.[13][14]

Sirijska pustinja

Sirijska pustinja je poznata i pod nazivom Shamiyah.[15] te Badiyat al-Sham (ili Badiyat ash-Sham)[14][13]

Zemljopis

U središtu pustinje nalazi se plato Hamad, regija na nadmorskoj visini između 700 i 900 m n/m, ravna, kamena polupustinja od vapnenačkog tla s rožnjačkim šljunkom. Ono malo kiše što padne na plato otiče u lokalne slane ravnice (Sabkha). Najveći vrhovi na platou su Khawr um Wual u Saudijskioj Arabiji (oko 1000 m/nm) i Jebel Aneiza (960 m/nm) na tromeđi Jordana, Iraka i S. Arabije[16][17]

Zajedno s pustinjama Arapskog poluotoka, ova je pustinja opisana kao jedna od najsuših pustinja na svijetu.[18]

Živi svijet

Neke od biljaka Sirijske pustinje su Salsola vermiculata, Stipa barbata, Artemisia herba-alba i Atriplex leucoclada.[1] Pustinjski ekosustav je ugrožen sušom, pretjeranom ispašom, lovom i drugim ljudskim aktivnostima. Neke autohtone životinje više ne žive u ovom području, a mnoge cvjetnice su izumrle, te zamijenjene travama s nižom prehrambenom vrijednošću za stoku.[19]

Sirijska pustinja je postojbina sirijskog hrčka.[20]

Rode, čaplje, ždralovi, manje barske ptice, patkarice, kao i grabežljivci posjećuju sezonska jezera. Mali su glodavci uobičajeni, kao i njihovi grabežljivci kao što su zmije, Škorpioni i lažni pauci. U prošlosti su tu boravili i gazele, vukovi, čagljevi, lisice, mačke i karakali, nojevi, čite, Alcelaphus buselaphus i kulan. Veći sisavci se više ne mogu naći, a vjeruje se da je to posljedica lova od strane ljudi.[5][15]

Povijest

Antičko doba

Palmira je bila važno trgovačko središte smješteno u samom središtu pustinje.

Pustinja je od pradavnih vremena bila naseljena beduinskim plemenima, a mnoga od tih plemena i danas žive u njoj, uglavnom u gradovima i naseljima pokraj oaza. Neki se Beduini i danas pridržavaju načina života.

Moderna povijest

Gospodarstvo i poljoprivreda

Uz niske oborine i slabu kvalitetu tla, područje se uglavnom koristi za ispašu stoke. beduinski pastiri, od kojih mnogi još uvijek žive kao nomadi, uzgajaju oko 12 milijuna ovaca i koza, kao i manji broj deva.[21]

Međunarodni fond za poljoprivredni razvoj, koji ima za cilj ublažavanje ruralnog siromaštva, godine 1995. je u suradnji sa sirijskom vladom pokrenuo je projekt rehabilitacije više od milijun hektara degradirane zemlje u sirijskoj Badiji. U nekim je područjima, kad je paša bila ograničena, došlo do spontanog povratka mnogih autohtonih biljaka. U ostalim područjima koja su bila znatno degradirana, ograničenja ispaše dopunjena su ponovnim sjetvom i sadnjom krmnih vrsta. Do trenutka završetka projekta 2010. godine zasađeno je gotovo četvrt milijuna hektara, a zasađeno je gotovo stotinu tisuća hektara domaćim krmnim grmljem. Rezultat je bio velik uspjeh, jer su neki stočari prijavili desetostruko povećanje produktivnosti stoke.[21]

Vidi još

Izvori

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Suttie, J.M.; Reynolds, Stephen G.; Batello, Caterina (2005). Grasslands of the World. FAO. str. 453.. ISBN 978-92-5-105337-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=BBA_HxFizNgC&pg=PA453 
  2. ↑ "Jordan Badia | The Hashemite Fund for Development of jordan Badia". http://www.badiafund.gov.jo/en/node/310 Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  3. ↑ "The rangelands of the Syrian Arab Republic". FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5097e/y5097e04.htm Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  4. ↑ Harris, Nathaniel; Parker, Steve (2003). Atlas of the World's Deserts. Taylor & Francis. str. 49.. ISBN 978-1-57958-310-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=CNCWeuxKR2gC&pg=PA49 
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Betts, Alison (1996). The Harra and the Hamad : excavations and surveys in Eastern Jordan, vol. 1.. England: Collis Publication. str. 1. ISBN 9781850756149. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvKfQAST33YC Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  6. ↑ "Syrian Desert". Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 13. siječnja 2008.. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572123/Syrian_Desert.html Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  7. ↑ New International Encyclopedia. Dodd, Mead. 1914. str. 795. https://books.google.com/books?id=GRUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA795 
  8. ↑ Syrian Desert, Encarta
  9. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge, Volume 2. 1941. str. 173. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JixQAQAAMAAJ&q=Nafud+hamad+deserts Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  10. ↑ "Syrian Desert". 1999. https://www.britannica.com/place/Syrian-Desert Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  11. ↑ The International Whitaker, Volume 2. International Whitaker. 1913. str. 62. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZrJPAAAAMAAJ&dq=hamad Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  12. ↑ Annual Review, Volume 2. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1973. str. 476.. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K2YDAAAAMAAJ&q=%22homs+desert%22 Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Mudīrīyat al-Āthār al-Qadīmah al-ʻĀmmah (1964) (engl.). Sumer. 20. Directorate General of Antiquities.. str. 10. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LkdRAQAAMAAJ. "The western desert of Iraq forms the eastern half of the Badiyat ash-Sham (The Syrian Desert)" 
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Studies, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International (1956) (engl.). Area Handbook on Iraq. Pr. by Human Relations Area Files. str. 34. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XlcdAQAAMAAJ. "The Western Desert. The western reaches of Iraq form part of the "Badiyat al-Sham" or "al-Shamiya", the Syrian Desert." 
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 McIntosh, Jane (2005) (engl.). "Shamiyah+desert" Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. str. 11. ISBN 9781576079652. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&pg=PA11&dq="Shamiyah+desert" Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  16. ↑ Wagner, Wolfgang (2011). Groundwater in the Arab Middle East. New York: Springer. str. 141. ISBN 9783642193514. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0dFttVkr2uwC Pristupljeno 2. veljače 2017. 
  17. ↑ "Jebel ‘Aneiza, Saudi Arabia". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4361447&fid=5593&c=saudi_arabia Pristupljeno 2. veljače 2017. 
  18. ↑ "Transboundary Aquifers, Challenges and New Directions". Paris: UNESCO. prosinca 2010. str. 4. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002116/211661e.pdf Pristupljeno 2. veljače 2017. 
  19. ↑ GEF Country Portfolio Evaluation: Syria (1994–2008). GEF Evaluation Office. str. 17. ISBN 978-1-933992-24-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=BdIsm-GYtTAC&pg=PA17 
  20. ↑ McPherson, Charles W. (1987). Laboratory hamsters. Orlando: Academic Press. str. 216. ISBN 9780127141657. https://books.google.com/books?id=PKxPVW25SUYC Pristupljeno 2. veljače 2017. 
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 "The grass is greener: rehabilitating the Syrian Badia". Rural Poverty Portal. IFAD. http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/voice/tags/syria/syria_green Pristupljeno 11. prosinca 2019. 
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