Cijene električne energije: razlika između inačica

Inačica od 16. studeni 2021. u 06:00

Ovaj članak ili dio članka, djelomično ili uopće nije preveden s engleskog jezika.
Slobodno pomozite u prijevodu vodeći računa o stilu i pravopisu. Izvornik se možda nalazi na popisu drugih jezika.

Cijene električne energije (koje se ponekad nazivaju tarifom za električnu energiju ili cijena električne energije) uvelike variraju od zemlje do zemlje i mogu se značajno razlikovati od lokaliteta do lokaliteta unutar određene zemlje. Mnogi čimbenici ulaze u određivanje tarife za električnu energiju, kao što su cijena proizvodnje električne energije, vladine subvencije, lokalni vremenski obrasci, infrastruktura za prijenos i distribuciju te regulacija industrije. "Cijene električne energije općenito odražavaju troškove izgradnje, financiranja, održavanja i upravljanja elektranama i električnom mrežom." Neke komunalne usluge su profitne, a njihove cijene također uključuju financijski povrat dioničarima i vlasnicima. Tarife za električnu energiju razlikuju se ovisno o vrsti kupca, obično prema stambenim, komercijalnim i industrijskim vezama. Predviđanje cijene električne energije je metoda kojom proizvođač, komunalno poduzeće ili veliki industrijski potrošač može s razumnom točnošću predvidjeti veleprodajne cijene električne energije. Trošak isporuke električne energije varira iz minute u minutu.

Struktura stopa

U standardno reguliranim monopolskim tržištima, cijene električne energije obično se razlikuju za stambene, komercijalne i industrijske korisnike. Stope se određuju kroz regulatorni proces koji nadzire komunalno povjerenstvo.

Cijene za pojedine klase kupaca električne energije mogu varirati ovisno o vremenu nazvanom TOU ili vremenu korištenja ili kapacitetu ili prirodi opskrbnog kruga (npr. 5 kW, 12 kW, 18 kW, 24 kW su tipični za neke velikih razvijenih zemalja); za industrijske kupce, jednofazne u odnosu na trofaznu, itd. Cijene su obično najviše za komercijalne i rezidencijalne potrošače zbog dodatnih troškova povezanih s povlačenjem distribucijskog napona. Cijena električne energije za industrijske potrošače je relativno ista kao i veleprodajna cijena električne energije, jer troše više energije pri višim naponima. Opskrba električnom energijom na visokim naponima na razini prijenosa učinkovitija je i stoga jeftinija.

Dvije najčešće razlike između korisničkih klasa su veličina opterećenja i profil upotrebe. U mnogim slučajevima, vrijeme upotrebe (TOU) i faktor opterećenja su značajniji čimbenici od veličine opterećenja. Doprinos vrhunskom opterećenju je iznimno važan čimbenik u određivanju klase kupaca. Opterećenja potrošača mogu se okarakterizirati kao vrhunac, izvan vršnog opterećenja, bazna opterećenja i sezonska opterećenja. Komunalne usluge različito ocjenjuju svako opterećenje, jer svaka od njih ima različite implikacije za elektroenergetski sustav.

Uključivanje distribuirane proizvodnje obnovljive energije i AMI u modernu električnu mrežu uvelo je mnoge alternativne strukture stopa. Jednostavna (ili fiksna) stopa, višestruka (ili stepenasta) stopa, TOU, stope potražnje, stupnjevane unutar TOU-a, sezonske i vikend / ljetne stope su među nekoliko stambenih struktura koje nude moderni uslužni programi. Jednostavna stopa naplaćuje određeni dolar po potrošenom kilovatu ($ / kWh). Stopa stopa je jedan od najčešćih stambenih stopa programa, i naplaćuje višu stopu kao kupac korištenje povećava. TOU i stope potražnje strukturirane su kako bi se pomoglo održavanju / kontroli vršne potražnje za komunalne usluge. Koncept u svojoj srži je odvratiti kupce od doprinosa u vrijeme najvećeg opterećenja tako što će im naplatiti više novca za korištenje struje u to vrijeme.

Feed-in tarifa (FIT) je politika opskrbe energijom koja podupire razvoj proizvodnje obnovljive energije. FIT daju financijsku korist proizvođačima obnovljive energije. U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, FIT politike jamče da će obnovljivi generatori koji imaju pravo na električnu energiju kupovati njihovu električnu energiju.^[1] FIT ugovor sadrži zajamčeno vremensko razdoblje (obično 15-20 godina) da će se plaćanje u dolarima po kilovat satu ($ / kWh) izvršiti za puni output sustava.

Neto mjerenje je još jedan mehanizam naplate koji podržava razvoj proizvodnje obnovljive energije, posebice solarne energije. Mehanizam osigurava vlasnicima solarnih sustava za električnu energiju koju njihov sustav dodaje mreži. Stanovnici s krovnim fotonaponskim sustavom obično generiraju više električne energije nego što njihova kuća troši tijekom dana, tako da je neto mjerenje posebno povoljno. Za to vrijeme kada je proizvodnja veća od potrošnje, kućni električni brojilac će raditi unatrag kako bi osigurao kredit na računu za struju.^[2]

The cost also differs by the power source. Trošak se također razlikuje prema izvoru napajanja. Neto sadašnja vrijednost jediničnog troška električne energije tijekom životnog vijeka proizvodnog sredstva poznata je kao visina troška električne energije (LCOE). LCOE je najbolja vrijednost za usporedbu različitih metoda generiranja na dosljednoj osnovi.

U SAD-u je procijenjeni LCOE za različite izvore:^[3]

Izvor generacije	LCOE (2015$/kWh)
Gas Combined Cycle	0.042-0.078
Ugljen	0.06-0.143
Nuclear	0.112-0.183
Solar PV, Rooftop Residential	0.187-0.319
Solar PV, Utility	0.046-0.053
Vjetar	0.03-0.06

Usporedba cijena

Tablica u nastavku prikazuje jednostavnu usporedbu tarifa za električnu energiju u zemljama $0.14 i područjima širom svijeta, izraženih u američkim dolarima. Usporedba ne uzima u obzir čimbenike, uključujući fluktuirajuće međunarodne tečajeve, državu kupovna moć, državne subvencije električne energije ili popuste na malo koji su često dostupni u deregulirano tržište električne energije.

Primjerice, u 2012. Havaji stanovnici su imali najvišu prosječnu stopu električne energije u SAD ($7.34 kW/kWh), dok su stanovnici Louisiane imali najniže prosječne troškove električne energije za stanovanje 8.37¢/kWh. Čak iu susjednim SAD jaz je značajan, jer New York stanovnici imaju najveće prosječne stope stanovanja za struju u nižim 48 američkim državama 17.62¢ kW/kWh.^[4]

Eurostat

Datoteka:Tseni na elektrichestvo 2.jpg

Pogreška pri izradbi sličice:

U sljedećoj tablici prikazane su cijene električne energije za kućanstva i potrošače koji nisu kućanstva unutar Europske unije (EU) i Islanda, Lihtenštajna, Norveške, Albanije, Republike Makedonije, Crne Gore, Srbije, Turske, Bosne i Hercegovine, Kosova, Moldavije i Ukrajine.^[5]

H1 2018 Electricity prices (Euro per kWh)
Country	Households	Non-Household
Austrija	0.197	0.100
Datoteka:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgija	0.286	0.108
Bugarska	0.098	0.074
Hrvatska	0.131	0.098
Datoteka:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cipar	0.179	0.136
Pogreška pri izradbi sličice: Češka	0.153	0.073
Datoteka:Flag of Denmark.svg Danska	0.307	0.100
Datoteka:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonija	0.138	0.089
Datoteka:Flag of Finland.svg Finska	0.163	0.069
Datoteka:Flag of France.svg Francuska	0.179	0.094
Njemačka	0.307	0.153
Grčka	0.156	0.117
Datoteka:Flag of Hungary.svg Mađarska	0.113	0.078
Pogreška pri izradbi sličice: Irska	0.250	0.132
Datoteka:Flag of Italy.svg Italija	0.215	0.150
Pogreška pri izradbi sličice: Latvija	0.158	0.116
Datoteka:Flag of Lithuania.svg Litva	0.110	0.082
Datoteka:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luksemburg	0.168	0.083
Pogreška pri izradbi sličice: Malta	0.136	0.138
Datoteka:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Nizozemska	0.176	0.086
Poljska	0.145	0.086
Datoteka:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal	0.228	0.117
Pogreška pri izradbi sličice: Rumunjska	0.141	0.086
Datoteka:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovačka	0.148	0.114
Datoteka:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenija	0.162	0.079
Datoteka:Flag of Spain.svg Španjolska	0.223	0.106
Švedska	0.213	0.069
Pogreška pri izradbi sličice: Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo	0.190	0.127

Predviđanje cijena električne energije

Predviđanje cijene električne energije proces je korištenja matematičkih modela za predviđanje cijena električne energije u budućnosti.

Metodologija prognoziranja

Najjednostavniji model za predviđanje dana unaprijed je tražiti od svake generacije izvora ponudu za blokove generacije i odabrati najjeftinije ponude. Ako nema dovoljno ponuda, cijena se povećava. Ako je podneseno previše ponuda, cijena može doseći nulu ili postati negativna. Cijena ponude uključuje trošak proizvodnje kao i troškove prijenosa, zajedno s dobiti. Energija se može prodati ili kupiti od susjednih pool pools.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Koncept neovisnih operatora sustava (ISO) potiče konkurenciju za generiranje među sudionicima na veleprodajnom tržištu razdvajanjem operacija prijenosa i proizvodnje. NOS koriste tržišta temeljena na licitaciji kako bi odredila ekonomsku otpremu.^[9]

Vjetar i solarna energija se ne otpremaju. Takva se moć obično prodaje prije bilo koje druge ponude, po unaprijed određenoj stopi za svakog dobavljača. Svaki se višak prodaje drugom operatoru mreže, ili pohranjuje, koristeći pumped-storage hydroelectricity, ili u najgorem slučaju, ograničen.^[10] Smanjenje bi potencijalno moglo značajno utjecati na ekonomske i ekološke prednosti solarne energije na većim razinama penetracije PV-a.^[11]

Utjecajni čimbenici

Električna energija se ne može pohraniti tako lako kao plin, ona se proizvodi u točno određenom trenutku. Stoga će svi čimbenici ponude i potražnje imati izravan utjecaj na cijenu električne energije na spot tržištu. Osim troškova proizvodnje, cijene električne energije određuju se prema ponudi i potražnji.^[12]

Na kratkoročne cijene najviše utječu vremenske prilike. Potražnja zbog zagrijavanja u zimskim mjesecima i hlađenja tijekom ljeta glavni su pokretači sezonskog rasta cijena.^[13] U 2017. godini u SAD-u je planirano da svojim kapacitetima doda 13 GW generacije prirodnog plina. Dodatni kapacitet loženja prirodnim plinom smanjuje cijenu električne energije i povećava potražnju.

Osiguranje prirodnih resursa jedne zemlje, kao i njihovi propisi, uvelike utječu na tarife sa strane ponude. Na ponudu opskrbe električnom energijom najviše utječu cijene goriva i cijene CO2. Cijene ugljika u EU udvostručile su se od 2017. godine, što ga čini značajnim pokretačkim čimbenikom cijene.^[14]

Vrijeme

Istraživanja pokazuju da općenito potražnja za električnom energijom uvelike potiče temperatura. Potražnja Grijanje u zimsko i hlađenje potražnji klima uređaji u ljeto je ono što prvenstveno pokreće sezonske vrhove u većini regija. Stupanj grijanja dans i stupanj hlađenja dans pomažu u mjerenju potrošnje energije upućivanjem na vanjsku temperaturu iznad i ispod 65 stupnjeva Fahrenheit, što je opće prihvaćena osnovna linija .^[15]

Što se tiče obnovljivih izvora poput sunca i vjetra, vrijeme utječe na opskrbu. Kalifornijska krivulja patke [cite] pokazuje razliku između potražnje za električnom energijom i količine solarne energije dostupne tijekom dana. Na sunčan dan, solarna energija preplavljuje tržište proizvodnje električne energije, a zatim pada tijekom večernje sunčane večeri, kada potražnja struje doseže vrhunac.^[11]

Dostupnost hidroenergije

Snowpack, flowflows, sezonalnost, losos, itd. Sve utječu na količinu vode koja može protjecati kroz branu u bilo kojem trenutku. Predviđanje ovih varijabli predviđa raspoloživu potencijalnu energiju za branu za određeno razdoblje.^[16] Neke regije kao što su Egipat, Kina i Pacific dobile su značajnu generaciju iz hidroelektrana brana. U 2015. godini SAIDI i SAIFI više su nego udvostručeni u odnosu na prethodnu godinu u Zambiji zbog niskih zaliha vode u hidroelektranama uzrokovanih nedovoljnim količinama oborina.^[17]

Prekidi u elektrani i prijenosu

Bilo da su planirane ili neplanirane, ispadi utječu na ukupnu količinu energije koja je dostupna mreži. Prekidi narušavanja opskrbe električnom energijom utječu na cijenu.^[17]

Ekonomsko zdravlje

Tijekom gospodarskih teškoća mnoge tvornice smanjile su proizvodnju zbog smanjenja potražnje potrošača i time smanjile potražnju za električnom energijom.^[18]

Globalna tržišta

Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo je već više od deset godina neto uvoznik energije, a kako kapacitet proizvodnje i rezerve smanjuju razinu uvoza doseže vrhunac svih vremena.^[19] Njihova ovisnost o cijenama goriva na međunarodnim tržištima ima ogroman učinak na cijenu električne energije, posebno ako se tečaj smanji. Biti energetski ovisan čini njihovu cijenu električne energije osjetljivom i na svjetske događaje.

Vladina uredba

Vlade mogu odlučiti da tarife za električnu energiju učine pristupačnim za svoje stanovništvo putem subvencija proizvođačima i potrošačima. Većina zemalja za koje je karakteristično da imaju niskoenergetski pristup imaju elektroenergetska poduzeća koja ne dobivaju nikakve kapitalne i operativne troškove zbog visokih razina subvencija.^[20]

U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, federalne intervencije i subvencije za energiju mogu se klasificirati kao porezni izdaci, izravni rashodi, istraživanje i razvoj (R&D) i DOE kreditna jamstva. Većina federalnih subvencija u 2016. godini bila je podrška razvoju obnovljivih izvora energije i mjerama energetske učinkovitosti.^[21]

Kvaliteta energije

Prekomjerna Total Harmonic Distortions (THD), a ne jedinstvo Faktor snage (PF) je skupa na svim razinama tržišta električne energije. Trošak utjecaja PF i THD teško je procijeniti, ali oba mogu potencijalno uzrokovati toplinu, vibracije, neispravnost, pa čak i topljenje. Faktor snage je omjer stvarne i prividne snage u elektroenergetskom sustavu. Crtanje više struje rezultira nižim faktorom snage. Veće struje zahtijevaju skuplju infrastrukturu kako bi se smanjio gubitak snage, pa se potrošači s malim faktorima snage naplaćuju višom stopom električne energije.^[22] Pravi faktor snage je faktor snage pomaka i THE. Kvaliteta električne energije obično se prati na razini prijenosa. Spektar kompenzacijskih uređaja ^[23] ublažiti loše ishode, ali poboljšanja se mogu postići samo uređajima za ispravljanje u stvarnom vremenu (stari način zamjene stila,^[24] moderni mali brzinski DSP^[25] i gotovo u stvarnom vremenu^[26]). Većina modernih uređaja smanjuje probleme, a zadržava povrat ulaganja i značajno smanjuje struje tla. Problemi s kvalitetom energije mogu uzrokovati pogrešne odgovore mnogih vrsta analogne i digitalne opreme, gdje bi odgovor mogao biti nepredvidljiv.

Fazno uravnoteženje

Najčešća distribucijska mreža i generiranje je izvedeno s 3 fazne strukture, s posebnim naglaskom na fazno uravnoteženje i rezultirajuće smanjenje struje uzemljenja. To vrijedi za industrijske ili komercijalne mreže gdje se većina energije koristi u 3-faznim strojevima, ali laki komercijalni i rezidencijalni korisnici nemaju mogućnosti faznog uravnoteženja u stvarnom vremenu. Često ovaj problem dovodi do neočekivanog ponašanja ili neispravnosti opreme te u ekstremnim slučajevima požara. Primjerice, osjetljiva profesionalna analogna ili digitalna oprema za snimanje mora biti povezana s dobro uravnoteženim i uzemljenim mrežama za napajanje. Da bi se utvrdili i ublažili troškovi neuravnotežene električne mreže, električna poduzeća u većini slučajeva naplaćuju po potražnji ili kao zasebnu kategoriju za teška neuravnotežena opterećenja. Dostupno je nekoliko jednostavnih tehnika za balansiranje koje zahtijevaju brzo računanje i modeliranje u stvarnom vremenu.^[27]

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

PREUSMJERI Predložak:Izvori

↑ "Feed-in Tariff Resources | Department of Energy" (engl.). Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 4. svibnja 2018.. https://www.energy.gov/eere/slsc/feed-tariff-resources Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.
↑ "Net Metering | SEIA" (engl.). https://www.seia.org/initiatives/net-metering Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.
↑ Lazard’s Levelized Cost Of Energy Analysis. 11.0. studeni 2017. str. 2
↑ "Electricity Rates and Usage in the United States". Electricity Local. http://www.electricitylocal.com/resources/statistics/ Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ "Electricity price statistics". Eurostat. studeni 2017. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Electricity_price_statistics Excel data
↑ ISO NE
↑ "NY ISO Zone Maps". http://www.nyiso.com/public/markets_operations/market_data/maps/ Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ "LMP Contour Map: Day-Ahead Market - Settlement Point Pricing". ERCOT. http://www.ercot.com/content/cdr/contours/damSpp1Hg.html Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ "FERC: Electric Power Markets - National Overview" (engl.). https://www.ferc.gov/market-oversight/mkt-electric/overview.asp Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.
↑ "Wind Power and Electricity Markets". 2011. http://www.uwig.org/windinmarketstableOct2011.pdf Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ ^11,0 ^11,1 "Confronting the Duck Curve: How to Address Over-Generation of Solar Energy" (engl.). https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/confronting-duck-curve-how-address-over-generation-solar-energy Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.
↑ "The power market". Nord Pool Spot. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 6. lipanj 2017.. http://www.nordpoolspot.com/How-does-it-work/ Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ "Six Key Factors Driving Gas and Electricity Prices | APPI Energy". https://www.appienergy.com/news-and-resources/news/six-key-factors-driving-gas-and-electricity-prices/ Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.
↑ "EU CO2 allowance prices continue to climb, hit Eur10.60/mt - Electric Power | Platts News Article & Story". https://www.platts.com/latest-news/electric-power/london/eu-co2-allowance-prices-continue-to-climb-hit-21492332 Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.
↑ Robert Carver. "What Does It Take to Heat a New Room?". American Statistical Association. http://www.amstat.org/PUBLICATIONS/JSE/datasets/utility.txt Pristupljeno 14. veljača 2010.
↑ "More Reliable Forecasts for Water Flows Can Reduce Price of Electricity". Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation. 19. siječanj 2010.. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100119074756.htm Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ ^17,0 ^17,1 J. Arlet. 2017. “Electricity sector constraints for firms across economies : a comparative analysis.” Doing business research notes; no.1. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/409771499690745091/Electricity-sector-constraints-for-firms-across-economies-a-comparative-analysis p.10
↑ "Demand Forecasting for Electricity". Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation. http://regulationbodyofknowledge.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Mehra_Demand_Forecasting_for.pdf Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ Grubb, Michael; Drummond, Paul (veljača 2018). Uk Industrial Electricity Prices: Competitiveness In A Low Carbon World. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/sustainable/sites/bartlett/files/uk_industrial_electricity_prices_-_competitiveness_in_a_low_carbon_world.pdf
↑ C. Trimble, M. Kojima, I. Perez Arroyo, F. Mohammadzadeh. 2016. “Financial Viability of Electricity Sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa: Quasi-Fiscal Deficits and Hidden Costs.” Policy Research Working Paper; No. 7788.
↑ "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" (engl.). https://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/subsidy/ Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.
↑ "MCMA - Motion Control Online" (engl.). https://www.motioncontrolonline.org/content-detail.cfm/Motion-Control-Technical-Features/Understanding-Power-Factor-and-Harmonics/content_id/1545 Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.
↑ "Practical Power Factor Correction : Power Factor - Electronics Textbook". All About Circuits. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_11/4.html Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ "High Speed Real Time Automatic Power Factor Correction System". http://www.excelelectronics.co.in/pdf/RTPFC.pdf Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ "TCI, LLC - HGA 5% Active Harmonic Filter". TransCoil. http://www.transcoil.com/Products/HGA-Active-Harmonic-Filter.htm Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ "3DFS Software Defined Power". 3DFS. http://3dfs.com/ Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.
↑ "Saving Energy Through Load Balancing and Scheduling". Electrical Construction & Maintenance. http://ecmweb.com/power-quality/saving-energy-through-load-balancing-and-scheduling Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[1] "Feed-in Tariff Resources | Department of Energy" (engl.). Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 4. svibnja 2018.. https://www.energy.gov/eere/slsc/feed-tariff-resources Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.

[2] "Net Metering | SEIA" (engl.). https://www.seia.org/initiatives/net-metering Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.

[3] Lazard’s Levelized Cost Of Energy Analysis. 11.0. studeni 2017. str. 2

[4] "Electricity Rates and Usage in the United States". Electricity Local. http://www.electricitylocal.com/resources/statistics/ Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[EuroH12017-5] "Electricity price statistics". Eurostat. studeni 2017. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Electricity_price_statistics Excel data

[6] ISO NE

[7] "NY ISO Zone Maps". http://www.nyiso.com/public/markets_operations/market_data/maps/ Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[8] "LMP Contour Map: Day-Ahead Market - Settlement Point Pricing". ERCOT. http://www.ercot.com/content/cdr/contours/damSpp1Hg.html Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[9] "FERC: Electric Power Markets - National Overview" (engl.). https://www.ferc.gov/market-oversight/mkt-electric/overview.asp Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.

[10] "Wind Power and Electricity Markets". 2011. http://www.uwig.org/windinmarketstableOct2011.pdf Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[:1-11] 11,0 ^11,1 "Confronting the Duck Curve: How to Address Over-Generation of Solar Energy" (engl.). https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/confronting-duck-curve-how-address-over-generation-solar-energy Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.

[12] "The power market". Nord Pool Spot. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 6. lipanj 2017.. http://www.nordpoolspot.com/How-does-it-work/ Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[13] "Six Key Factors Driving Gas and Electricity Prices | APPI Energy". https://www.appienergy.com/news-and-resources/news/six-key-factors-driving-gas-and-electricity-prices/ Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.

[14] "EU CO2 allowance prices continue to climb, hit Eur10.60/mt - Electric Power | Platts News Article & Story". https://www.platts.com/latest-news/electric-power/london/eu-co2-allowance-prices-continue-to-climb-hit-21492332 Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.

[15] Robert Carver. "What Does It Take to Heat a New Room?". American Statistical Association. http://www.amstat.org/PUBLICATIONS/JSE/datasets/utility.txt Pristupljeno 14. veljača 2010.

[16] "More Reliable Forecasts for Water Flows Can Reduce Price of Electricity". Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation. 19. siječanj 2010.. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100119074756.htm Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[:2-17] 17,0 ^17,1 J. Arlet. 2017. “Electricity sector constraints for firms across economies : a comparative analysis.” Doing business research notes; no.1. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/409771499690745091/Electricity-sector-constraints-for-firms-across-economies-a-comparative-analysis p.10

[18] "Demand Forecasting for Electricity". Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation. http://regulationbodyofknowledge.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Mehra_Demand_Forecasting_for.pdf Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[19] Grubb, Michael; Drummond, Paul (veljača 2018). Uk Industrial Electricity Prices: Competitiveness In A Low Carbon World. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/sustainable/sites/bartlett/files/uk_industrial_electricity_prices_-_competitiveness_in_a_low_carbon_world.pdf

[20] C. Trimble, M. Kojima, I. Perez Arroyo, F. Mohammadzadeh. 2016. “Financial Viability of Electricity Sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa: Quasi-Fiscal Deficits and Hidden Costs.” Policy Research Working Paper; No. 7788.

[21] "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" (engl.). https://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/subsidy/ Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.

[22] "MCMA - Motion Control Online" (engl.). https://www.motioncontrolonline.org/content-detail.cfm/Motion-Control-Technical-Features/Understanding-Power-Factor-and-Harmonics/content_id/1545 Pristupljeno 3. svibanj 2018.

[23] "Practical Power Factor Correction : Power Factor - Electronics Textbook". All About Circuits. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_11/4.html Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[24] "High Speed Real Time Automatic Power Factor Correction System". http://www.excelelectronics.co.in/pdf/RTPFC.pdf Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[25] "TCI, LLC - HGA 5% Active Harmonic Filter". TransCoil. http://www.transcoil.com/Products/HGA-Active-Harmonic-Filter.htm Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[26] "3DFS Software Defined Power". 3DFS. http://3dfs.com/ Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[27] "Saving Energy Through Load Balancing and Scheduling". Electrical Construction & Maintenance. http://ecmweb.com/power-quality/saving-energy-through-load-balancing-and-scheduling Pristupljeno 18. lipanj 2017.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

@@ Redak 45: / Redak 45: @@
 Tablica u nastavku prikazuje jednostavnu usporedbu tarifa za električnu energiju u zemljama $0.14 i područjima širom svijeta, izraženih u američkim dolarima. Usporedba ne uzima u obzir čimbenike, uključujući fluktuirajuće [[devizne tečajeve|međunarodne tečajeve]], državu [[paritet kupovne moći|kupovna moć]], [[subvencije|državne subvencije električne energije]] ili popuste na malo koji su često dostupni u [[maloprodaja električne energije#Stvaranje tržišta|deregulirano tržište električne energije]].<!-- <ref name="pepei"/> -->
-Primjerice, u 2012. [[Havaji]] stanovnici su imali najvišu prosječnu stopu električne energije u [[SAD]] ($7.34&nbsp;kW/kWh), dok su stanovnici [[Louisiane]] imali najniže prosječne troškove električne energije za stanovanje 8.37¢/kWh. Čak iu [[susjednim SAD]] jaz je značajan, jer [[New York (država)|New York]] stanovnici imaju najveće prosječne stope stanovanja za struju u nižim 48 američkim državama 17.62¢ kW/kWh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricitylocal.com/resources/statistics/|title=Electricity Rates and Usage in the United States|publisher=Electricity Local|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+Primjerice, u 2012. [[Havaji]] stanovnici su imali najvišu prosječnu stopu električne energije u [[SAD]] ($7.34&nbsp;kW/kWh), dok su stanovnici [[Louisiane]] imali najniže prosječne troškove električne energije za stanovanje 8.37¢/kWh. Čak iu [[susjednim SAD]] jaz je značajan, jer [[New York (država)|New York]] stanovnici imaju najveće prosječne stope stanovanja za struju u nižim 48 američkim državama 17.62¢ kW/kWh.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.electricitylocal.com/resources/statistics/|title=Electricity Rates and Usage in the United States|publisher=Electricity Local|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 <!--
 ===Globalna usporedba===
@@ Redak 73: / Redak 73: @@
 |0.26 [[Buenos Aires]]
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref name = pepei>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=860462|title=Los precios de la energía, desiguales en el país y lejos de los valores regionales|accessdate=March 30, 2012|date=November 20, 2006|language=es|publisher=LA NACION|trans-title=Energy prices unequal in the country and much lower in the capital}}</ref>
+|<ref name = pepei>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=860462|title=Los precios de la energía, desiguales en el país y lejos de los valores regionales|accessdate=March 30, 2012|date=November 20, 2006|language=es|publisher=LA NACION|trans-title=Energy prices unequal in the country and much lower in the capital}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Aruba|Aruba]]
@@ Redak 85: / Redak 85: @@
 |0.61 to 1.06
 |align=right|Feb 6 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.originenergy.com.au/content/dam/origin/residential/docs/energy-price-fact-sheets/sa/20160616/SA_Electricity_Residential_SA%20Power%20Networks_Origin%20Everyday5.PDF|title=SA RESIDENTIAL Energy Price Fact Sheet|date=December 12, 2016|publisher=Origin Energy|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.originenergy.com.au/content/dam/origin/residential/docs/energy-price-fact-sheets/sa/20160616/SA_Electricity_Residential_SA%20Power%20Networks_Origin%20Everyday5.PDF|title=SA RESIDENTIAL Energy Price Fact Sheet|date=December 12, 2016|publisher=Origin Energy|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Austria|Austrija]]
@@ Redak 103: / Redak 103: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Water and electricity|url=http://www.mew.gov.bh/default.asp?action=category&id=40|publisher=BERC, MoW&E|year=2015|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612002357/http://mew.gov.bh/default.asp?action=category&id=40|archive-date=June 12, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=Ministry of Water and electricity|url=http://www.mew.gov.bh/default.asp?action=category&id=40|publisher=BERC, MoW&E|year=2015|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612002357/http://mew.gov.bh/default.asp?action=category&id=40|archive-date=June 12, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Bangladesh|Bangladeš]]
@@ Redak 109: / Redak 109: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission|url=http://www.berc.org.bd/images/EnergyStats/public%20notice%20breb%20rst.pdf|publisher=BERC, Govt. of Bangladesh|date=March 2014|accessdate=August 12, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605095614/http://www.berc.org.bd/images/EnergyStats/public%20notice%20breb%20rst.pdf|archivedate=June 5, 2014|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=The Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission|url=http://www.berc.org.bd/images/EnergyStats/public%20notice%20breb%20rst.pdf|publisher=BERC, Govt. of Bangladesh|date=March 2014|accessdate=August 12, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605095614/http://www.berc.org.bd/images/EnergyStats/public%20notice%20breb%20rst.pdf|archivedate=June 5, 2014|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Barbados|Barbados]]
@@ Redak 121: / Redak 121: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 21 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravo.by/main.aspx?guid=12551&p0=C21600480&p1=1|title=Официальное опубликование|language=be}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.pravo.by/main.aspx?guid=12551&p0=C21600480&p1=1|title=Официальное опубликование|language=be}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Belgium|Belgija]]
@@ Redak 127: / Redak 127: @@
 |8.08
 |align=right|Nov 1 2018
-|<ref name="energy.eu">{{cite web|url=http://www.energy.eu/#domestic|title=Europe's Energy Portal » Fuel, Natural Gas and Electricity Prices From Past to Present|publisher=Europe's Energy Portal|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref name="energy.eu">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.energy.eu/#domestic|title=Europe's Energy Portal » Fuel, Natural Gas and Electricity Prices From Past to Present|publisher=Europe's Energy Portal|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Belize|Belize]]
@@ Redak 139: / Redak 139: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jun 18 2017
-|<ref name=BPC>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpc.bt/electricity-tariff/|title=Electricity Tariffs|publisher=Bhutan Power Corporation Limited|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref name=BPC>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.bpc.bt/electricity-tariff/|title=Electricity Tariffs|publisher=Bhutan Power Corporation Limited|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Bolivia|Bolivija]]
@@ Redak 151: / Redak 151: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jun 18 2017
-|<ref name =DoES>{{cite web|url=http://www.des.gov.bn/SitePages/Electricity%20Tariff.aspx|title=Electricity Tariffs – Tariff A - Residential|publisher=Department of Electrical Service|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref name =DoES>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.des.gov.bn/SitePages/Electricity%20Tariff.aspx|title=Electricity Tariffs – Tariff A - Residential|publisher=Department of Electrical Service|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Brazil|Brazil]]
@@ Redak 157: / Redak 157: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 7 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.light.com.br/para-residencias/Sua-Conta/composicao-da-tarifa.aspx|title=Para Residencias → Sua Conta → Composição da Tarifa|publisher=Portal Light|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.light.com.br/para-residencias/Sua-Conta/composicao-da-tarifa.aspx|title=Para Residencias → Sua Conta → Composição da Tarifa|publisher=Portal Light|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Bulgaria|Bugarska]]
@@ Redak 163: / Redak 163: @@
 |2.54 to 3.72
 |align=right|Oct 29 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dker.bg/pagebg.php?P=401|title=Цени|publisher=DKER|language=bg|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629134459/http://dker.bg/pagebg.php?P=401|archive-date=June 29, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investbulgaria.com/CostOfElectricityInBulgaria.php|title=Cost of Electricity in Bulgaria|publisher=Invest Bulgaria Group|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.dker.bg/pagebg.php?P=401|title=Цени|publisher=DKER|language=bg|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629134459/http://dker.bg/pagebg.php?P=401|archive-date=June 29, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.investbulgaria.com/CostOfElectricityInBulgaria.php|title=Cost of Electricity in Bulgaria|publisher=Invest Bulgaria Group|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Burma|Burma]]
@@ Redak 175: / Redak 175: @@
 |4.34 to 5.83
 |align=right|Feb 28 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on Power Sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2013 Edition|url=http://www.eac.gov.kh/pdf/report/report%202012%20(en).pdf|publisher=Electricity Authority of Cambodia|year=2013|accessdate=February 28, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=Report on Power Sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2013 Edition|url=http://www.eac.gov.kh/pdf/report/report%202012%20(en).pdf|publisher=Electricity Authority of Cambodia|year=2013|accessdate=February 28, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Cameroon|Kamerun]]
@@ Redak 187: / Redak 187: @@
 |
 |align=right|Oct 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fcsq.qc.ca/fileadmin/medias/PDF/Memoire/Avis_Consultations_prebudegtaires_2017-2018_Fevrier_2017.pdf|title=Consultations prébudgétaires 2017-2018 - Ministère des Finances du Québec|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://fcsq.qc.ca/fileadmin/medias/PDF/Memoire/Avis_Consultations_prebudegtaires_2017-2018_Fevrier_2017.pdf|title=Consultations prébudgétaires 2017-2018 - Ministère des Finances du Québec|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in China|Kina]]
@@ Redak 193: / Redak 193: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nea.gov.cn/2015-09/14/c_134621671.htm|title=全面反映电价水平变化 促进电价形成机制改革---国家能源局|website=www.nea.gov.cn|language=zh|accessdate=2017-06-18}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.nea.gov.cn/2015-09/14/c_134621671.htm|title=全面反映电价水平变化 促进电价形成机制改革---国家能源局|website=www.nea.gov.cn|language=zh|accessdate=2017-06-18}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Chile|Čile]]
@@ Redak 199: / Redak 199: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 1 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/ngchl/ChilectraCl/Hogar/Cuentaconsu/Todo%20Sobre%20Tarifas/Tarifas%20Vigentes|title=Nos cambiamos|publisher=Enel Distribucion|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Energy Supply Pricing for Clients Subject to Price Regulation|url=http://206.49.219.54/medios/ggcc/animacion_principal/Tarifas_Suministro_ClientesRegulados_2011_01_01.pdf|publisher=Chilectra|date=January 1, 2011|accessdate=February 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704110235/http://206.49.219.54/medios/ggcc/animacion_principal/Tarifas_Suministro_ClientesRegulados_2011_01_01.pdf|archivedate=July 4, 2011|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.chilectra.cl/wps/wcm/connect/ngchl/ChilectraCl/Hogar/Cuentaconsu/Todo%20Sobre%20Tarifas/Tarifas%20Vigentes|title=Nos cambiamos|publisher=Enel Distribucion|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=Energy Supply Pricing for Clients Subject to Price Regulation|url=http://206.49.219.54/medios/ggcc/animacion_principal/Tarifas_Suministro_ClientesRegulados_2011_01_01.pdf|publisher=Chilectra|date=January 1, 2011|accessdate=February 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704110235/http://206.49.219.54/medios/ggcc/animacion_principal/Tarifas_Suministro_ClientesRegulados_2011_01_01.pdf|archivedate=July 4, 2011|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
@@ Redak 206: / Redak 206: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 1 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|title=TARIFAS DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA ($/kWh) REGULADAS POR LA COMISIÓN DE REGULACIÓN DE ENERGÍAY GAS (CREG) JULIO DE 2013|url=http://www.codensa.com.co/documentos/1543_PLIEGO_TARIFARIO_JULIO-2013_copy.pdf|publisher=Codensa|date=June 1, 2013|accessdate=June 30, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328044305/http://www.codensa.com.co/documentos/1543_PLIEGO_TARIFARIO_JULIO-2013_copy.pdf|archivedate=March 28, 2014|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=TARIFAS DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA ($/kWh) REGULADAS POR LA COMISIÓN DE REGULACIÓN DE ENERGÍAY GAS (CREG) JULIO DE 2013|url=http://www.codensa.com.co/documentos/1543_PLIEGO_TARIFARIO_JULIO-2013_copy.pdf|publisher=Codensa|date=June 1, 2013|accessdate=June 30, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328044305/http://www.codensa.com.co/documentos/1543_PLIEGO_TARIFARIO_JULIO-2013_copy.pdf|archivedate=March 28, 2014|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in DR Congo|DR Kongo]]
@@ Redak 230: / Redak 230: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 1 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hep.hr/ods/default.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/ods/kupci/tarifni.aspx|title=Naslovna|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.hep.hr/ods/default.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/ods/kupci/tarifni.aspx|title=Naslovna|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Curaçao|Curaçao]]
@@ Redak 236: / Redak 236: @@
 |
 |align=right|Aug 1 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aqualectra.com/files/Tarieven_2017/Aug_Valid_Tariffs_as_per_Aug_01_2017.pdf|title=Archived copy|access-date=August 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806020212/http://www.aqualectra.com/files/Tarieven_2017/Aug_Valid_Tariffs_as_per_Aug_01_2017.pdf|archive-date=August 6, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.aqualectra.com/files/Tarieven_2017/Aug_Valid_Tariffs_as_per_Aug_01_2017.pdf|title=Archived copy|access-date=August 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806020212/http://www.aqualectra.com/files/Tarieven_2017/Aug_Valid_Tariffs_as_per_Aug_01_2017.pdf|archive-date=August 6, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Czech Republic|Češka Republika]]
@@ Redak 296: / Redak 296: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbw.ge/economy/electricity-tariffs-to-rise-in-georgia/|title=Electricity Tariffs to Rise in Georgia|website=CBW.ge|date=July 24, 2015|publisher=Caucasus Business Week|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://cbw.ge/economy/electricity-tariffs-to-rise-in-georgia/|title=Electricity Tariffs to Rise in Georgia|website=CBW.ge|date=July 24, 2015|publisher=Caucasus Business Week|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Ghana|Gana]]
@@ Redak 308: / Redak 308: @@
 |
 |align=right|Mar 31 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263492/electricity-prices-in-selected-countries/=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/263492/electricity-prices-in-selected-countries/=July 21, 2018}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Gibraltar|Gibraltar]]
@@ Redak 314: / Redak 314: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jan 4 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibelec.gi/sites/default/files/Electricity%20Tariffs%20and%20Charges.pdf|title=Electricity Tariffs in Gibraltar|date=Jan 4, 2018}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.gibelec.gi/sites/default/files/Electricity%20Tariffs%20and%20Charges.pdf|title=Electricity Tariffs in Gibraltar|date=Jan 4, 2018}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Greece|Grčka]]
@@ Redak 332: / Redak 332: @@
 |
 |align=right|Apr 1 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gspc.com/?q=information/rate|title=gspc.com}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.gspc.com/?q=information/rate|title=gspc.com}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Hungary|Mađarska]]
@@ Redak 344: / Redak 344: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 1 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hec.com.hk/hehWeb/DomesticServices/BillingPaymentAndElectricityTariff/TariffTable/Index_en.htm|title=HEC - Billing, Payment & Electricity Tariffs|publisher=HEC|date=March 6, 2006|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060306201652/http://www.hec.com.hk/hehWeb/DomesticServices/BillingPaymentAndElectricityTariff/TariffTable/Index_en.htm|archivedate=March 6, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clponline.com.hk/myHome/CustomerService/TariffOverview/Domestic/Pages/Default.aspx|title=住宅用電價目|date=December 8, 2013|publisher=CLP Online|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208192355/https://www.clponline.com.hk/myHome/CustomerService/TariffOverview/Domestic/Pages/Default.aspx|archivedate=December 8, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.hec.com.hk/hehWeb/DomesticServices/BillingPaymentAndElectricityTariff/TariffTable/Index_en.htm|title=HEC - Billing, Payment & Electricity Tariffs|publisher=HEC|date=March 6, 2006|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060306201652/http://www.hec.com.hk/hehWeb/DomesticServices/BillingPaymentAndElectricityTariff/TariffTable/Index_en.htm|archivedate=March 6, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.clponline.com.hk/myHome/CustomerService/TariffOverview/Domestic/Pages/Default.aspx|title=住宅用電價目|date=December 8, 2013|publisher=CLP Online|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208192355/https://www.clponline.com.hk/myHome/CustomerService/TariffOverview/Domestic/Pages/Default.aspx|archivedate=December 8, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in India|Indija]]
@@ Redak 350: / Redak 350: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cea.nic.in/reports/others/enc/fsa/tariff_2014.pdf|title=Tariff & duty of electricity supply in India|date=March 2014|publisher=CEA, Govt. of India|work=|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://cea.nic.in/reports/others/enc/fsa/tariff_2014.pdf|title=Tariff & duty of electricity supply in India|date=March 2014|publisher=CEA, Govt. of India|work=|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Indonesia|Indonezija]]
@@ Redak 356: / Redak 356: @@
 |
 |align=right|Nov 30 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://listrik.org/pln/tarif-dasar-listrik-pln/|title=Tarif Dasar Listrik Rumah Tangga R1|last=|first=|date=November 2017|website=|accessdate=November 30, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://listrik.org/pln/tarif-dasar-listrik-pln/|title=Tarif Dasar Listrik Rumah Tangga R1|last=|first=|date=November 2017|website=|accessdate=November 30, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Iceland|Islandija]]
@@ Redak 362: / Redak 362: @@
 |
 |align=right|Nov 8 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|title=Verðskrár|url=http://www.or.is/vorur-thjonusta/verdskra-og-skilmalar|website=www.or.is|accessdate=November 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822045650/http://www.or.is/vorur-thjonusta/verdskra-og-skilmalar|archive-date=August 22, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=Verðskrár|url=http://www.or.is/vorur-thjonusta/verdskra-og-skilmalar|website=www.or.is|accessdate=November 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822045650/http://www.or.is/vorur-thjonusta/verdskra-og-skilmalar|archive-date=August 22, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Iran|Iran]]
@@ Redak 404: / Redak 404: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 4 2017
-|<ref name=JPSCo>{{cite web|url=http://www.myjpsco.com/business/jps-rates/|title=Jamaica Public Service Company Ltd – ReImagining Energy Together|publisher=}}</ref>
+|<ref name=JPSCo>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.myjpsco.com/business/jps-rates/|title=Jamaica Public Service Company Ltd – ReImagining Energy Together|publisher=}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Japan|Japan]]
@@ Redak 410: / Redak 410: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 1 2018
-|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/09/06/reference/utilities-have-monopoly-on-power/|title=Utilities have monopoly on power|first=Kazuaki|last=Nagata|date=September 6, 2011|via=[[Japan Times]] Online|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name=JapanTimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp|title=Japan Times|work=[[The Japan Times]]|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/09/06/reference/utilities-have-monopoly-on-power/|title=Utilities have monopoly on power|first=Kazuaki|last=Nagata|date=September 6, 2011|via=[[Japan Times]] Online|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name=JapanTimes>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp|title=Japan Times|work=[[The Japan Times]]|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Jordan|Jordanija]]
@@ Redak 416: / Redak 416: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erc.gov.jo/Arabic/ElectricityTariff/Pages/default.aspx|title=ERC|publisher=Energy Regulatory Commission|language=ar|access-date=January 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203024247/http://www.erc.gov.jo/Arabic/ElectricityTariff/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=February 3, 2013|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.erc.gov.jo/Arabic/ElectricityTariff/Pages/default.aspx|title=ERC|publisher=Energy Regulatory Commission|language=ar|access-date=January 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203024247/http://www.erc.gov.jo/Arabic/ElectricityTariff/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=February 3, 2013|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Kazakhstan|Kazahstan]]
@@ Redak 434: / Redak 434: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 13 2017
-|<ref name="commcomm.gov.fj">{{cite web|url=http://www.commcomm.gov.fj|title=Fiji Commerce Commission|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref name="commcomm.gov.fj">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.commcomm.gov.fj|title=Fiji Commerce Commission|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Kuwait|Kuvajt]]
@@ Redak 440: / Redak 440: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 1 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mew.gov.kw/en/?com=content&act=view&id=93|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113162353/http://mew.gov.kw/en/?com=content&act=view&id=93|dead-url=yes|archive-date=November 13, 2011|title=:: Consumption Rates ::|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.mew.gov.kw/en/?com=content&act=view&id=93|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113162353/http://mew.gov.kw/en/?com=content&act=view&id=93|dead-url=yes|archive-date=November 13, 2011|title=:: Consumption Rates ::|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Laos|Laos]]
@@ Redak 446: / Redak 446: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 28 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edl.com.la/en/page.php?post_id=6|title=The Official Home Page - ELECTRICITE DU LAOS|publisher=EDL|date=January 27, 2014|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127003338/http://www.edl.com.la/en/page.php?post_id=6|archivedate=January 27, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity Tariff As Updated 3/2012 TO 12/2017|url=http://www.edl.com.la/en/page.php?post_id=6|publisher=Electricite Du Laos|date=March 2012|accessdate=February 28, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127003338/http://www.edl.com.la/en/page.php?post_id=6|archivedate=27. siječnja 2014.}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.edl.com.la/en/page.php?post_id=6|title=The Official Home Page - ELECTRICITE DU LAOS|publisher=EDL|date=January 27, 2014|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127003338/http://www.edl.com.la/en/page.php?post_id=6|archivedate=January 27, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=Electricity Tariff As Updated 3/2012 TO 12/2017|url=http://www.edl.com.la/en/page.php?post_id=6|publisher=Electricite Du Laos|date=March 2012|accessdate=February 28, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127003338/http://www.edl.com.la/en/page.php?post_id=6|archivedate=27. siječnja 2014.}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Latvia|Letonija]]
@@ Redak 452: / Redak 452: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 14 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elektrum.lv/lv/majai/produkti/11/1986054874?startDate=2017-07-01&personClass=Private&percentage[day]=60&input_protection=10&zone_count=1|title=Produkti|language=lv|publisher=Elektrum|date=January 7, 2017|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.elektrum.lv/lv/majai/produkti/11/1986054874?startDate=2017-07-01&personClass=Private&percentage[day]=60&input_protection=10&zone_count=1|title=Produkti|language=lv|publisher=Elektrum|date=January 7, 2017|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Lithuania|Litva]]
@@ Redak 458: / Redak 458: @@
 |
 |align=right|July 1 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eso.lt/en/home/electricity/i-am-a-customer/tariff-plans-prices-settlement-and-debts/what-are-the-electricity-rates-2016/electricity-rates-2016.html|title=What are Electricity rates in 2017? - Tariff plans, prices, settlement and debts|first=Fresh|last=Media|publisher=ESO}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.eso.lt/en/home/electricity/i-am-a-customer/tariff-plans-prices-settlement-and-debts/what-are-the-electricity-rates-2016/electricity-rates-2016.html|title=What are Electricity rates in 2017? - Tariff plans, prices, settlement and debts|first=Fresh|last=Media|publisher=ESO}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Luxembourg|Luksemburg]]
@@ Redak 470: / Redak 470: @@
 |
 |align=right|Aug 1 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erc.org.mk/pages.aspx?id=153|title=Регулаторна комисија за енергетика на РМ|publisher=ERC|language=mk|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.erc.org.mk/pages.aspx?id=153|title=Регулаторна комисија за енергетика на РМ|publisher=ERC|language=mk|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Malaysia|Malezija]]
@@ Redak 476: / Redak 476: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 1 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnb.com.my/residential/pricing-tariffs|title=TNB Better. Brighter.|publisher=TNB|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.tnb.com.my/residential/pricing-tariffs|title=TNB Better. Brighter.|publisher=TNB|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Morocco|Maroko]]
@@ Redak 488: / Redak 488: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 1 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mecrmi.net/tariffs.htm|title=TARIFFS|publisher=Marshalls Energy Company|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://mecrmi.net/tariffs.htm|title=TARIFFS|publisher=Marshalls Energy Company|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Mexico|Meksiko]]
@@ Redak 494: / Redak 494: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://app.cfe.gob.mx/Aplicaciones/CCFE/Tarifas/Tarifas/tarifas_casa.asp|title=Tarifas para el suministro y venta de energía eléctrica (2016 - 2017)|publisher=CFE|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CFE 2012|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://app.cfe.gob.mx/Aplicaciones/CCFE/Tarifas/Tarifas/tarifas_casa.asp|title=Tarifas para el suministro y venta de energía eléctrica (2016 - 2017)|publisher=CFE|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=CFE 2012|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Moldova|Moldavija]]
@@ Redak 500: / Redak 500: @@
 |
 |align=right|Apr 1 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|title=El presidente de la República de Perú, Pedro Pablo Kuczinsky, visita las instalaciones de Gas Natural Fenosa en Arequipa|date=January 27, 2017|url=http://www.unionfenosa.com|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=El presidente de la República de Perú, Pedro Pablo Kuczinsky, visita las instalaciones de Gas Natural Fenosa en Arequipa|date=January 27, 2017|url=http://www.unionfenosa.com|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Mozambique|Mozambik]]
@@ Redak 518: / Redak 518: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 16 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nea.org.np/images/supportive_docs/AnnualReport12.pdf|title=NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY Annual Report|year=2012|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622170907/http://www.nea.org.np/images/supportive_docs/AnnualReport12.pdf|archive-date=June 22, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328012348/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Electricity+tariff+hike+from+today&NewsID=339903]</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.nea.org.np/images/supportive_docs/AnnualReport12.pdf|title=NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY Annual Report|year=2012|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622170907/http://www.nea.org.np/images/supportive_docs/AnnualReport12.pdf|archive-date=June 22, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328012348/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Electricity+tariff+hike+from+today&NewsID=339903]</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in the Netherlands|Nizozemska]]
@@ Redak 542: / Redak 542: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 1 2018
-|<ref name="www.ine.gob.ni">{{cite web|title=CERTIFICACION|url=http://www.ine.gob.ni/oaip/ajustestarifarios/2014/INE-CD-04-06-2014.pdf|publisher=INSTITUTO NICARAGÜENSE DE ENERGÍA|date=August 27, 2014|volume=162}}</ref>
+|<ref name="www.ine.gob.ni">{{Citiranje weba|title=CERTIFICACION|url=http://www.ine.gob.ni/oaip/ajustestarifarios/2014/INE-CD-04-06-2014.pdf|publisher=INSTITUTO NICARAGÜENSE DE ENERGÍA|date=August 27, 2014|volume=162}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Niue|Niue]]
@@ Redak 554: / Redak 554: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 2 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naijatechguide.com/2013/07/new-electricity-tariff-for-2013.html|title=New Electricity Tariff for 2013 till June 1 2014 - Nigeria Technology Guide|date=July 1, 2013|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.naijatechguide.com/2013/07/new-electricity-tariff-for-2013.html|title=New Electricity Tariff for 2013 till June 1 2014 - Nigeria Technology Guide|date=July 1, 2013|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Norway|Norveška]]
@@ Redak 566: / Redak 566: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030714225321/http://www.lesco.gov.pk/CustomerServices/3000063.asp LESCO] <br>{{cite web|title=SCHEDULE OF ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR FAISALABAD ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY (FESCO) WITH EFFECT FROM 10-06-2015|url=http://www.fesco.com.pk/newtariff.asp|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030714225321/http://www.lesco.gov.pk/CustomerServices/3000063.asp LESCO] <br>{{Citiranje weba|title=SCHEDULE OF ELECTRICITY TARIFFS FOR FAISALABAD ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY (FESCO) WITH EFFECT FROM 10-06-2015|url=http://www.fesco.com.pk/newtariff.asp|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Palau|Palau]]
@@ Redak 590: / Redak 590: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web |title=PLIEGO DE TARIFAS Nº 21 |year=2017|url=http://www.ande.gov.py/docs/tarifas/PLIEGO21.pdf |accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba |title=PLIEGO DE TARIFAS Nº 21 |year=2017|url=http://www.ande.gov.py/docs/tarifas/PLIEGO21.pdf |accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Peru|Peru]]
@@ Redak 602: / Redak 602: @@
 |
 |align=right|October 7 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mb.com.ph:80/for-sixth-straight-month-power-rates-down-in-october-meralco/|title=For sixth straight month power rates down in October Meralco|date=December 2, 2015|accessdate=May 14, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.mb.com.ph:80/for-sixth-straight-month-power-rates-down-in-october-meralco/|title=For sixth straight month power rates down in October Meralco|date=December 2, 2015|accessdate=May 14, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Poland|Poljska]]
@@ Redak 626: / Redak 626: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 26 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enel.ro/ro/clienti/energiacasata/clientii_nostri/download/Tarife_consumatori_casnici.pdf|title=Tarife Reglementate|language=ro|date=June 1, 2013}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.enel.ro/ro/clienti/energiacasata/clientii_nostri/download/Tarife_consumatori_casnici.pdf|title=Tarife Reglementate|language=ro|date=June 1, 2013}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Russia|Rusija]]
@@ Redak 638: / Redak 638: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rdb.rw/rdb/energy.html|title=ENERGY|date=April 4, 2011|publisher=RDB|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404121725/http://www.rdb.rw/rdb/energy.html|archivedate=April 4, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.rdb.rw/rdb/energy.html|title=ENERGY|date=April 4, 2011|publisher=RDB|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404121725/http://www.rdb.rw/rdb/energy.html|archivedate=April 4, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Saudi Arabia|Saudijska Arabija]]
@@ Redak 644: / Redak 644: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 15 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.se.com.sa/en-us/customers/Pages/TariffRates.aspx|title=Consumption Tariff|publisher=Saudi Electricity Company|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.se.com.sa/en-us/customers/Pages/TariffRates.aspx|title=Consumption Tariff|publisher=Saudi Electricity Company|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Serbia|Srbija]]
@@ Redak 650: / Redak 650: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 2018
-|<ref name="EDB">{{cite web|url=http://www.edb.rs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=139|title=ЕПС ДИСТРИБУЦИЈА Београд д.о.о.|publisher=}}</ref>
+|<ref name="EDB">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.edb.rs/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71&Itemid=139|title=ЕПС ДИСТРИБУЦИЈА Београд д.о.о.|publisher=}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Singapore|Singapur]]
@@ Redak 656: / Redak 656: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 16 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spgroup.com.sg/what-we-do/billing|title=Singapore Power|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.spgroup.com.sg/what-we-do/billing|title=Singapore Power|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Slovakia|Slovačka]]
@@ Redak 674: / Redak 674: @@
 |
 |align=right|December 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iberdrola.es/webibd/corporativa/iberdrola?IDPAG=ESWEBCLIHOGASEINFLEGELE|title=Iberdrola: la energética del futuro|publisher=Iberdrola Corporativa|language=es|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.iberdrola.es/webibd/corporativa/iberdrola?IDPAG=ESWEBCLIHOGASEINFLEGELE|title=Iberdrola: la energética del futuro|publisher=Iberdrola Corporativa|language=es|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Sri Lanka|Šri Lanka]]
@@ Redak 680: / Redak 680: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceb.lk/for-your-residence-2/|title=For Your Residence|publisher=CEB|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617022451/http://www.ceb.lk/for-your-residence-2/|archivedate=17. lipnja 2017.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pucsl.gov.lk/english/industries/electricity/electricity-tariffscharges/|title=For Public Utilities Commission (PUCSL)|publisher=PUCSL|accessdate=Aug 23, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202904/http://www.pucsl.gov.lk/english/industries/electricity/electricity-tariffscharges/|archivedate=5. studenoga 2018.}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.ceb.lk/for-your-residence-2/|title=For Your Residence|publisher=CEB|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617022451/http://www.ceb.lk/for-your-residence-2/|archivedate=17. lipnja 2017.}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.pucsl.gov.lk/english/industries/electricity/electricity-tariffscharges/|title=For Public Utilities Commission (PUCSL)|publisher=PUCSL|accessdate=Aug 23, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202904/http://www.pucsl.gov.lk/english/industries/electricity/electricity-tariffscharges/|archivedate=5. studenoga 2018.}}</ref>
 |-
@@ Redak 693: / Redak 693: @@
 |
 |align=right|Sept 29 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eskom.co.za/CustomerCare/TariffsAndCharges/WhatsNew/Pages/2014TariffInfo.aspx|title=2014/15 Tariff Information|date=November 26, 2014|publisher=Eskom|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126092207/http://www.eskom.co.za/CustomerCare/TariffsAndCharges/WhatsNew/Pages/2014TariffInfo.aspx|archivedate=November 26, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Electricity prices: South Africa vs the world|url=http://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/99494/electricity-prices-south-africa-vs-the-world/|publisher=Business Tech|date=September 28, 2015|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.eskom.co.za/CustomerCare/TariffsAndCharges/WhatsNew/Pages/2014TariffInfo.aspx|title=2014/15 Tariff Information|date=November 26, 2014|publisher=Eskom|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126092207/http://www.eskom.co.za/CustomerCare/TariffsAndCharges/WhatsNew/Pages/2014TariffInfo.aspx|archivedate=November 26, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Electricity prices: South Africa vs the world|url=http://businesstech.co.za/news/energy/99494/electricity-prices-south-africa-vs-the-world/|publisher=Business Tech|date=September 28, 2015|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in South Korea|Južna Korea]]
@@ Redak 699: / Redak 699: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 01 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cyber.kepco.co.kr/ckepco/front/jsp/CY/E/E/CYEEHP00101.jsp|title=한글전기요금표(주택용 저압/고압)|publisher=KEPCO|language=ko|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://cyber.kepco.co.kr/ckepco/front/jsp/CY/E/E/CYEEHP00101.jsp|title=한글전기요금표(주택용 저압/고압)|publisher=KEPCO|language=ko|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Surinam|Surinam]]
@@ Redak 705: / Redak 705: @@
 |
 |align=right|Nov 20 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nvebs.com/zakelijk-tarieven/alle-tarieven/stroom|title=N.V. Energiebedrijven Suriname|date=July 2, 2012|publisher=Stroom|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702025952/http://www.nvebs.com/zakelijk-tarieven/alle-tarieven/stroom|archivedate=July 2, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.nvebs.com/zakelijk-tarieven/alle-tarieven/stroom|title=N.V. Energiebedrijven Suriname|date=July 2, 2012|publisher=Stroom|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702025952/http://www.nvebs.com/zakelijk-tarieven/alle-tarieven/stroom|archivedate=July 2, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Sweden|Švedska]]
@@ Redak 717: / Redak 717: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 6 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewb.ch/de/angebot/strom/privatkunden/preise/home.html|title=Energie Wasser Bern - Home|date=July 9, 2011|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709151722/http://www.ewb.ch/de/angebot/strom/privatkunden/preise/home.html|archivedate=July 9, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.ewb.ch/de/angebot/strom/privatkunden/preise/home.html|title=Energie Wasser Bern - Home|date=July 9, 2011|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709151722/http://www.ewb.ch/de/angebot/strom/privatkunden/preise/home.html|archivedate=July 9, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Tahiti|Tahiti]]
@@ Redak 729: / Redak 729: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipower.com.tw/content/q_service/q_service02.aspx|title=台灣電力公司電價表|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=台灣電力公司|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.taipower.com.tw/content/q_service/q_service02.aspx|title=台灣電力公司電價表|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=台灣電力公司|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Tanzania|Tanzanija]]
@@ Redak 741: / Redak 741: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 5 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.or.th/en/profile/109/111|title=Metropolitan Electricity Authority|accessdate=Jan 5, 2018}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.mea.or.th/en/profile/109/111|title=Metropolitan Electricity Authority|accessdate=Jan 5, 2018}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Tonga|Tonga]]
@@ Redak 753: / Redak 753: @@
 |
 |align=right|July 8, 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ttec.co.tt/services/tariffs/default.htm|title=Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission|date=June 14, 2007|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614030132/http://www.ttec.co.tt/services/tariffs/default.htm|archivedate=June 14, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.ttec.co.tt/services/tariffs/default.htm|title=Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission|date=June 14, 2007|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614030132/http://www.ttec.co.tt/services/tariffs/default.htm|archivedate=June 14, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Tunisia|Tunis]]
@@ Redak 760: / Redak 760: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.steg.com.tn/fr/clients_res/tarif_electricite.html|title=Les Tarifs d'électricité|date=September 2018|publisher=STEG|accessdate=December 27, 2018}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.steg.com.tn/fr/clients_res/tarif_electricite.html|title=Les Tarifs d'électricité|date=September 2018|publisher=STEG|accessdate=December 27, 2018}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Turkey|Turska]]
@@ Redak 766: / Redak 766: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tedas.gov.tr/BilgiBankasi/Sayfalar/ElektrikTarifeleri.aspx|title=Türkiye Elektrik Dağıtım Anonim Şirketi|date=January 11, 2013|publisher=TEDAŞ|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111095014/http://www.tedas.gov.tr/BilgiBankasi/Sayfalar/ElektrikTarifeleri.aspx|archivedate=January 11, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.tedas.gov.tr/BilgiBankasi/Sayfalar/ElektrikTarifeleri.aspx|title=Türkiye Elektrik Dağıtım Anonim Şirketi|date=January 11, 2013|publisher=TEDAŞ|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111095014/http://www.tedas.gov.tr/BilgiBankasi/Sayfalar/ElektrikTarifeleri.aspx|archivedate=January 11, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Turks and Caicos Islands|Otoci Turks i Caicos]]
@@ Redak 772: / Redak 772: @@
 |
 |align=right|April 27 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fortistci.com/estimate-your-bill|title=Estimate Your Bill|publisher=FortisTCI Power Company|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.fortistci.com/estimate-your-bill|title=Estimate Your Bill|publisher=FortisTCI Power Company|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Tuvalu|Tuvalu]]
@@ Redak 784: / Redak 784: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 13 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.era.or.ug/index.php/tariffs/tariff-schedules/311-schedule-of-electricity-end-user-retail-tariffs-for-the-fourth-quarter-2018/download|title=Schedule of Electricity End-User (Retail) Tariffs for the Fourth Quarter, 2018|last=|first=|date=13 January 2019|website=Electricity Regulatory Authority|publisher=Electricity Regulatory Authority|archive-url=https://www.era.or.ug/index.php/tariffs/tariff-schedules/311-schedule-of-electricity-end-user-retail-tariffs-for-the-fourth-quarter-2018/download|archive-date=|accessdate=January 13, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.era.or.ug/index.php/tariffs/tariff-schedules/311-schedule-of-electricity-end-user-retail-tariffs-for-the-fourth-quarter-2018/download|title=Schedule of Electricity End-User (Retail) Tariffs for the Fourth Quarter, 2018|last=|first=|date=13 January 2019|website=Electricity Regulatory Authority|publisher=Electricity Regulatory Authority|archive-url=https://www.era.or.ug/index.php/tariffs/tariff-schedules/311-schedule-of-electricity-end-user-retail-tariffs-for-the-fourth-quarter-2018/download|archive-date=|accessdate=January 13, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Ukraine|Ukrajina]]
@@ Redak 790: / Redak 790: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 1 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kyivenergo.ua/odnozonni_lichilniki|title=Тарифи на електроенергію Київ - КИЇВЕНЕРГО - Офіційний сайт для клієнтів|publisher=|accessdate=23. siječnja 2019.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053414/https://kyivenergo.ua/odnozonni_lichilniki|archivedate=6. studenoga 2018.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kyivenergo.ua/ee-company/tarifi|title=Тарифи на електричну енергію (крім населення) - КИЇВЕНЕРГО - Офіційний сайт для клієнтів|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723234235/http://kyivenergo.ua/ee-company/tarifi|archivedate=23. srpnja 2017.}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://kyivenergo.ua/odnozonni_lichilniki|title=Тарифи на електроенергію Київ - КИЇВЕНЕРГО - Офіційний сайт для клієнтів|publisher=|accessdate=23. siječnja 2019.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053414/https://kyivenergo.ua/odnozonni_lichilniki|archivedate=6. studenoga 2018.}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://kyivenergo.ua/ee-company/tarifi|title=Тарифи на електричну енергію (крім населення) - КИЇВЕНЕРГО - Офіційний сайт для клієнтів|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723234235/http://kyivenergo.ua/ee-company/tarifi|archivedate=23. srpnja 2017.}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in United Arab Emirates|Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] - [[Dubai]]
@@ Redak 796: / Redak 796: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 2018
-|<ref name = DEWA>{{cite web|url=http://www.dewa.gov.ae/tariff/newtariff.aspx|title=Dubai Electricity &amp; Water Authority - tariff|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref name = DEWA>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.dewa.gov.ae/tariff/newtariff.aspx|title=Dubai Electricity &amp; Water Authority - tariff|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in United Arab Emirates|Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati]] - [[Abu Dhabi]]
@@ Redak 802: / Redak 802: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|title=WATER & ELECTRICITY TARIFFS 2017|url=http://aadc.ae/pdfs/Tariff/Tariff2017-English.pdf|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=WATER & ELECTRICITY TARIFFS 2017|url=http://aadc.ae/pdfs/Tariff/Tariff2017-English.pdf|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in the United Kingdom|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]]
@@ Redak 808: / Redak 808: @@
 |
 |align=right|Jul 1 2018
-|<ref name="energy.eu"/><ref name=EEP2>{{cite web|url=http://www.electricityprices.org.uk/c/suppliers/|title=Electricity suppliers and providers - Electricity Prices|publisher=}}</ref>
+|<ref name="energy.eu"/><ref name=EEP2>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.electricityprices.org.uk/c/suppliers/|title=Electricity suppliers and providers - Electricity Prices|publisher=}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector of the United States|Ujedinjene države]]
@@ Redak 814: / Redak 814: @@
 |
 |align=right|Sep 1 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html|title=Electric Power Monthly - Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State|date=October 7, 2010|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007133609/http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html|archivedate=October 7, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=eia>[http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/current_year/may2012.pdf Electric Power Monthly] Average Retail Price of Electricity pg. 106</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html|title=Electric Power Monthly - Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State|date=October 7, 2010|accessdate=May 14, 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007133609/http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html|archivedate=October 7, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=eia>[http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/current_year/may2012.pdf Electric Power Monthly] Average Retail Price of Electricity pg. 106</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in United States Virgin Islands|Američki Djevičanski Otoci]]
@@ Redak 820: / Redak 820: @@
 |
 |align=right|Oct 1 2017
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viwapa.vi|title=U.S. Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority (WAPA)|publisher=}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.viwapa.vi|title=U.S. Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority (WAPA)|publisher=}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Uruguay|Urugvaj]]
@@ Redak 826: / Redak 826: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 11 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|title=PLIEGO TARIFARIO|url=http://www.ute.com.uy/pags/Servicios_Cliente/documentos/Pliego%20Tarifario%20enero%202014.pdf|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=PLIEGO TARIFARIO|url=http://www.ute.com.uy/pags/Servicios_Cliente/documentos/Pliego%20Tarifario%20enero%202014.pdf|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]
@@ Redak 832: / Redak 832: @@
 |
 |align=right|Dec 2018
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stroyka.uz/|title=Строительство - Stroyka.uz|publisher=}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://stroyka.uz/|title=Строительство - Stroyka.uz|publisher=}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Electricity sector in Vanuatu|Vanuatu]]
@@ Redak 871: / Redak 871: @@
 [[File:Tseni na elektrichestvo 3.jpg|thumb|]]
-U sljedećoj tablici prikazane su cijene električne energije za kućanstva i potrošače koji nisu kućanstva unutar Europske unije (EU) i Islanda, Lihtenštajna, Norveške, Albanije, Republike Makedonije, Crne Gore, Srbije, Turske, Bosne i Hercegovine, Kosova, Moldavije i Ukrajine.<ref name=EuroH12017>{{cite web |title=Electricity price statistics |publisher=Eurostat |date=November 2017 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Electricity_price_statistics}} [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/6/6e/Electricity_prices_2017s1_update_28_11_2017-final.xlsx Excel data]</ref>
+U sljedećoj tablici prikazane su cijene električne energije za kućanstva i potrošače koji nisu kućanstva unutar Europske unije (EU) i Islanda, Lihtenštajna, Norveške, Albanije, Republike Makedonije, Crne Gore, Srbije, Turske, Bosne i Hercegovine, Kosova, Moldavije i Ukrajine.<ref name=EuroH12017>{{Citiranje weba |title=Electricity price statistics |publisher=Eurostat |date=November 2017 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Electricity_price_statistics}} [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/6/6e/Electricity_prices_2017s1_update_28_11_2017-final.xlsx Excel data]</ref>
 {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
-|+H1 2018 Electricity prices (Euro per kWh)<!-- <ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/quarterly_report_on_european_electricity_markets_q1_2018.pdf}}</ref> -->
+|+H1 2018 Electricity prices (Euro per kWh)<!-- <ref>{{Citiranje weba |url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/quarterly_report_on_european_electricity_markets_q1_2018.pdf}}</ref> -->
 |-
 !Country!!Households!!Non-Household
@@ Redak 939: / Redak 939: @@
 ===Metodologija prognoziranja===
-Najjednostavniji model za predviđanje dana unaprijed je tražiti od svake generacije izvora ponudu za blokove generacije i odabrati najjeftinije ponude. Ako nema dovoljno ponuda, cijena se povećava. Ako je podneseno previše ponuda, cijena može doseći nulu ili postati negativna. Cijena ponude uključuje trošak proizvodnje kao i troškove prijenosa, zajedno s dobiti. Energija se može prodati ili kupiti od susjednih [[pool pool]]s.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140304044724/http://isoexpress.iso-ne.com/guest-hub ISO NE]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyiso.com/public/markets_operations/market_data/maps/|title=NY ISO Zone Maps|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ercot.com/content/cdr/contours/damSpp1Hg.html|publisher=ERCOT|title=LMP Contour Map: Day-Ahead Market - Settlement Point Pricing|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+Najjednostavniji model za predviđanje dana unaprijed je tražiti od svake generacije izvora ponudu za blokove generacije i odabrati najjeftinije ponude. Ako nema dovoljno ponuda, cijena se povećava. Ako je podneseno previše ponuda, cijena može doseći nulu ili postati negativna. Cijena ponude uključuje trošak proizvodnje kao i troškove prijenosa, zajedno s dobiti. Energija se može prodati ili kupiti od susjednih [[pool pool]]s.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140304044724/http://isoexpress.iso-ne.com/guest-hub ISO NE]</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.nyiso.com/public/markets_operations/market_data/maps/|title=NY ISO Zone Maps|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.ercot.com/content/cdr/contours/damSpp1Hg.html|publisher=ERCOT|title=LMP Contour Map: Day-Ahead Market - Settlement Point Pricing|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 Koncept neovisnih operatora sustava (ISO) potiče konkurenciju za generiranje među sudionicima na veleprodajnom tržištu razdvajanjem operacija prijenosa i proizvodnje. NOS koriste tržišta temeljena na licitaciji kako bi odredila ekonomsku otpremu.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.ferc.gov/market-oversight/mkt-electric/overview.asp|title=FERC: Electric Power Markets - National  Overview|website=www.ferc.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>
-Vjetar i solarna energija se ne otpremaju. Takva se moć obično prodaje prije bilo koje druge ponude, po unaprijed određenoj stopi za svakog dobavljača. Svaki se višak prodaje drugom operatoru mreže, ili pohranjuje, koristeći [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity]], ili u najgorem slučaju, ograničen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uwig.org/windinmarketstableOct2011.pdf|title=Wind Power and Electricity Markets|year=2011|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref> Smanjenje bi potencijalno moglo značajno utjecati na ekonomske i ekološke prednosti solarne energije na većim razinama penetracije PV-a.<ref name=":1">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/confronting-duck-curve-how-address-over-generation-solar-energy|title=Confronting the Duck Curve: How to Address Over-Generation of Solar Energy|website=Energy.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>
+Vjetar i solarna energija se ne otpremaju. Takva se moć obično prodaje prije bilo koje druge ponude, po unaprijed određenoj stopi za svakog dobavljača. Svaki se višak prodaje drugom operatoru mreže, ili pohranjuje, koristeći [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity]], ili u najgorem slučaju, ograničen.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.uwig.org/windinmarketstableOct2011.pdf|title=Wind Power and Electricity Markets|year=2011|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref> Smanjenje bi potencijalno moglo značajno utjecati na ekonomske i ekološke prednosti solarne energije na većim razinama penetracije PV-a.<ref name=":1">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/confronting-duck-curve-how-address-over-generation-solar-energy|title=Confronting the Duck Curve: How to Address Over-Generation of Solar Energy|website=Energy.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>
 ===Utjecajni čimbenici===
-Električna energija se ne može pohraniti tako lako kao plin, ona se proizvodi u točno određenom trenutku. Stoga će svi čimbenici ponude i potražnje imati izravan utjecaj na cijenu električne energije na spot tržištu. Osim troškova proizvodnje, cijene električne energije određuju se prema ponudi i potražnji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nordpoolspot.com/How-does-it-work/|title=The power market|publisher=Nord Pool Spot|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606010200/http://nordpoolspot.com/How-does-it-work/|archive-date=June 6, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+Električna energija se ne može pohraniti tako lako kao plin, ona se proizvodi u točno određenom trenutku. Stoga će svi čimbenici ponude i potražnje imati izravan utjecaj na cijenu električne energije na spot tržištu. Osim troškova proizvodnje, cijene električne energije određuju se prema ponudi i potražnji.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.nordpoolspot.com/How-does-it-work/|title=The power market|publisher=Nord Pool Spot|accessdate=June 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606010200/http://nordpoolspot.com/How-does-it-work/|archive-date=June 6, 2017|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 Na kratkoročne cijene najviše utječu vremenske prilike. Potražnja zbog zagrijavanja u zimskim mjesecima i hlađenja tijekom ljeta glavni su pokretači sezonskog rasta cijena.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.appienergy.com/news-and-resources/news/six-key-factors-driving-gas-and-electricity-prices/|title=Six Key Factors Driving Gas and Electricity Prices {{!}} APPI Energy|website=www.appienergy.com|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> U 2017. godini u SAD-u je planirano da svojim kapacitetima doda 13 GW generacije prirodnog plina. Dodatni kapacitet loženja prirodnim plinom smanjuje cijenu električne energije i povećava potražnju.
@@ Redak 953: / Redak 953: @@
 ====Vrijeme====
-Istraživanja pokazuju da općenito potražnja za električnom energijom uvelike potiče [[temperatura]]. Potražnja [[Grijanje]] u [[zimsko]] i hlađenje potražnji [[klima uređaj]]i u [[ljeto]] je ono što prvenstveno pokreće sezonske vrhove u većini regija. [[Stupanj grijanja dan]]s i [[stupanj hlađenja dan]]s pomažu u mjerenju potrošnje energije upućivanjem na vanjsku temperaturu iznad i ispod 65 [[stupanj (temperatura)|stupnjeva]] [[Fahrenheit]], što je opće prihvaćena osnovna linija .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amstat.org/PUBLICATIONS/JSE/datasets/utility.txt|title=What Does It Take to Heat a New Room?|author=Robert Carver|publisher=American Statistical Association|accessdate=February 14, 2010}}</ref>
+Istraživanja pokazuju da općenito potražnja za električnom energijom uvelike potiče [[temperatura]]. Potražnja [[Grijanje]] u [[zimsko]] i hlađenje potražnji [[klima uređaj]]i u [[ljeto]] je ono što prvenstveno pokreće sezonske vrhove u većini regija. [[Stupanj grijanja dan]]s i [[stupanj hlađenja dan]]s pomažu u mjerenju potrošnje energije upućivanjem na vanjsku temperaturu iznad i ispod 65 [[stupanj (temperatura)|stupnjeva]] [[Fahrenheit]], što je opće prihvaćena osnovna linija .<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.amstat.org/PUBLICATIONS/JSE/datasets/utility.txt|title=What Does It Take to Heat a New Room?|author=Robert Carver|publisher=American Statistical Association|accessdate=February 14, 2010}}</ref>
 Što se tiče obnovljivih izvora poput sunca i vjetra, vrijeme utječe na opskrbu. Kalifornijska krivulja patke [cite] pokazuje razliku između potražnje za električnom energijom i količine solarne energije dostupne tijekom dana. Na sunčan dan, solarna energija preplavljuje tržište proizvodnje električne energije, a zatim pada tijekom večernje sunčane večeri, kada potražnja struje doseže vrhunac.<ref name=":1" />
 ====Dostupnost hidroenergije====
-[[Snowpack]], [[flowflow]]s, sezonalnost, [[losos]], itd. Sve utječu na količinu vode koja može protjecati kroz [[branu]] u bilo kojem trenutku. Predviđanje ovih varijabli predviđa raspoloživu potencijalnu energiju za branu za određeno razdoblje.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100119074756.htm|title=More Reliable Forecasts for Water Flows Can Reduce Price of Electricity|date=January 19, 2010|work=Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref> Neke regije kao što su Egipat, [[Tri brane u klancima|Kina]] i [[Pacific]] dobile su značajnu generaciju iz [[hidroelektrana]] brana. U 2015. godini SAIDI i SAIFI više su nego udvostručeni u odnosu na prethodnu godinu u Zambiji zbog niskih zaliha vode u hidroelektranama uzrokovanih nedovoljnim količinama oborina.<ref name=":2">J. Arlet. 2017. “Electricity sector constraints for firms across economies : a comparative analysis.” ''Doing business research notes;'' no.1. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. <nowiki>http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/409771499690745091/Electricity-sector-constraints-for-firms-across-economies-a-comparative-analysis</nowiki> p.10</ref>
+[[Snowpack]], [[flowflow]]s, sezonalnost, [[losos]], itd. Sve utječu na količinu vode koja može protjecati kroz [[branu]] u bilo kojem trenutku. Predviđanje ovih varijabli predviđa raspoloživu potencijalnu energiju za branu za određeno razdoblje.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100119074756.htm|title=More Reliable Forecasts for Water Flows Can Reduce Price of Electricity|date=January 19, 2010|work=Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref> Neke regije kao što su Egipat, [[Tri brane u klancima|Kina]] i [[Pacific]] dobile su značajnu generaciju iz [[hidroelektrana]] brana. U 2015. godini SAIDI i SAIFI više su nego udvostručeni u odnosu na prethodnu godinu u Zambiji zbog niskih zaliha vode u hidroelektranama uzrokovanih nedovoljnim količinama oborina.<ref name=":2">J. Arlet. 2017. “Electricity sector constraints for firms across economies : a comparative analysis.” ''Doing business research notes;'' no.1. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. <nowiki>http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/409771499690745091/Electricity-sector-constraints-for-firms-across-economies-a-comparative-analysis</nowiki> p.10</ref>
 ==== Prekidi u elektrani i prijenosu ====
@@ Redak 964: / Redak 964: @@
 ====Ekonomsko zdravlje====
-Tijekom gospodarskih teškoća mnoge tvornice smanjile su proizvodnju zbog smanjenja potražnje potrošača i time smanjile potražnju za električnom energijom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://regulationbodyofknowledge.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Mehra_Demand_Forecasting_for.pdf|title=Demand Forecasting for Electricity|work=Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+Tijekom gospodarskih teškoća mnoge tvornice smanjile su proizvodnju zbog smanjenja potražnje potrošača i time smanjile potražnju za električnom energijom.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://regulationbodyofknowledge.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Mehra_Demand_Forecasting_for.pdf|title=Demand Forecasting for Electricity|work=Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 '''Globalna tržišta'''
@@ Redak 977: / Redak 977: @@
 ===Kvaliteta energije===
-Prekomjerna [[ukupna harmonijska distorzija|Total Harmonic Distortions]] (THD), a ne jedinstvo Faktor snage (PF) je skupa na svim razinama tržišta električne energije. Trošak utjecaja PF i THD teško je procijeniti, ali oba mogu potencijalno uzrokovati toplinu, vibracije, neispravnost, pa čak i topljenje. Faktor snage je omjer stvarne i prividne snage u elektroenergetskom sustavu. Crtanje više struje rezultira nižim faktorom snage. Veće struje zahtijevaju skuplju infrastrukturu kako bi se smanjio gubitak snage, pa se potrošači s malim faktorima snage naplaćuju višom stopom električne energije.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.motioncontrolonline.org/content-detail.cfm/Motion-Control-Technical-Features/Understanding-Power-Factor-and-Harmonics/content_id/1545|title=MCMA - Motion Control Online|website=MCMA - Motion Control Online|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>  Pravi faktor snage je faktor snage pomaka i THE. Kvaliteta električne energije obično se prati na razini prijenosa. Spektar kompenzacijskih uređaja <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_11/4.html|title=Practical Power Factor Correction : Power Factor - Electronics Textbook|publisher=All About Circuits|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref> ublažiti loše ishode, ali poboljšanja se mogu postići samo uređajima za ispravljanje u stvarnom vremenu (stari način zamjene stila,<ref>{{cite web|title=High Speed Real Time Automatic Power Factor Correction System|url=http://www.excelelectronics.co.in/pdf/RTPFC.pdf|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref> moderni mali brzinski DSP<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transcoil.com/Products/HGA-Active-Harmonic-Filter.htm|title=TCI, LLC - HGA 5% Active Harmonic Filter|publisher=TransCoil|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref> i gotovo u stvarnom vremenu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://3dfs.com/|title=3DFS Software Defined Power|publisher=3DFS|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>). Većina modernih uređaja smanjuje probleme, a zadržava [[povrat ulaganja]] i značajno smanjuje struje tla. Problemi s kvalitetom energije mogu uzrokovati pogrešne odgovore mnogih vrsta analogne i digitalne opreme, gdje bi odgovor mogao biti nepredvidljiv.
+Prekomjerna [[ukupna harmonijska distorzija|Total Harmonic Distortions]] (THD), a ne jedinstvo Faktor snage (PF) je skupa na svim razinama tržišta električne energije. Trošak utjecaja PF i THD teško je procijeniti, ali oba mogu potencijalno uzrokovati toplinu, vibracije, neispravnost, pa čak i topljenje. Faktor snage je omjer stvarne i prividne snage u elektroenergetskom sustavu. Crtanje više struje rezultira nižim faktorom snage. Veće struje zahtijevaju skuplju infrastrukturu kako bi se smanjio gubitak snage, pa se potrošači s malim faktorima snage naplaćuju višom stopom električne energije.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.motioncontrolonline.org/content-detail.cfm/Motion-Control-Technical-Features/Understanding-Power-Factor-and-Harmonics/content_id/1545|title=MCMA - Motion Control Online|website=MCMA - Motion Control Online|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>  Pravi faktor snage je faktor snage pomaka i THE. Kvaliteta električne energije obično se prati na razini prijenosa. Spektar kompenzacijskih uređaja <ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_11/4.html|title=Practical Power Factor Correction : Power Factor - Electronics Textbook|publisher=All About Circuits|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref> ublažiti loše ishode, ali poboljšanja se mogu postići samo uređajima za ispravljanje u stvarnom vremenu (stari način zamjene stila,<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=High Speed Real Time Automatic Power Factor Correction System|url=http://www.excelelectronics.co.in/pdf/RTPFC.pdf|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref> moderni mali brzinski DSP<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.transcoil.com/Products/HGA-Active-Harmonic-Filter.htm|title=TCI, LLC - HGA 5% Active Harmonic Filter|publisher=TransCoil|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref> i gotovo u stvarnom vremenu<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://3dfs.com/|title=3DFS Software Defined Power|publisher=3DFS|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>). Većina modernih uređaja smanjuje probleme, a zadržava [[povrat ulaganja]] i značajno smanjuje struje tla. Problemi s kvalitetom energije mogu uzrokovati pogrešne odgovore mnogih vrsta analogne i digitalne opreme, gdje bi odgovor mogao biti nepredvidljiv.
 ===Fazno uravnoteženje===
-Najčešća distribucijska mreža i generiranje je izvedeno s 3 fazne strukture, s posebnim naglaskom na fazno uravnoteženje i rezultirajuće smanjenje struje uzemljenja. To vrijedi za industrijske ili komercijalne mreže gdje se većina energije koristi u 3-faznim strojevima, ali laki komercijalni i rezidencijalni korisnici nemaju mogućnosti faznog uravnoteženja u stvarnom vremenu. Često ovaj problem dovodi do neočekivanog ponašanja ili neispravnosti opreme te u ekstremnim slučajevima požara. Primjerice, osjetljiva profesionalna analogna ili digitalna oprema za snimanje mora biti povezana s dobro uravnoteženim i uzemljenim mrežama za napajanje. Da bi se utvrdili i ublažili troškovi neuravnotežene električne mreže, električna poduzeća u većini slučajeva naplaćuju po potražnji ili kao zasebnu kategoriju za teška neuravnotežena opterećenja. Dostupno je nekoliko jednostavnih tehnika za balansiranje koje zahtijevaju brzo računanje i modeliranje u stvarnom vremenu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecmweb.com/power-quality/saving-energy-through-load-balancing-and-scheduling|title=Saving Energy Through Load Balancing and Scheduling|publisher=Electrical Construction & Maintenance|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
+Najčešća distribucijska mreža i generiranje je izvedeno s 3 fazne strukture, s posebnim naglaskom na fazno uravnoteženje i rezultirajuće smanjenje struje uzemljenja. To vrijedi za industrijske ili komercijalne mreže gdje se većina energije koristi u 3-faznim strojevima, ali laki komercijalni i rezidencijalni korisnici nemaju mogućnosti faznog uravnoteženja u stvarnom vremenu. Često ovaj problem dovodi do neočekivanog ponašanja ili neispravnosti opreme te u ekstremnim slučajevima požara. Primjerice, osjetljiva profesionalna analogna ili digitalna oprema za snimanje mora biti povezana s dobro uravnoteženim i uzemljenim mrežama za napajanje. Da bi se utvrdili i ublažili troškovi neuravnotežene električne mreže, električna poduzeća u većini slučajeva naplaćuju po potražnji ili kao zasebnu kategoriju za teška neuravnotežena opterećenja. Dostupno je nekoliko jednostavnih tehnika za balansiranje koje zahtijevaju brzo računanje i modeliranje u stvarnom vremenu.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://ecmweb.com/power-quality/saving-energy-through-load-balancing-and-scheduling|title=Saving Energy Through Load Balancing and Scheduling|publisher=Electrical Construction & Maintenance|accessdate=June 18, 2017}}</ref>
 <!-- ==Vidi još==