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Beringija: razlika između inačica

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<!--'''Beringija'''-->[[Datoteka:Beringia land bridge-noaagov.gif|mini|desno|400 px|Razine mora (označene plavom) i kopna (označene smeđom) Beringije izražene u metrima od prije 21.000 godina do danas.]]
[[Datoteka:Beringia land bridge-noaagov.gif|mini|desno|400 px|Razine mora (označene plavom) i kopna (označene smeđom) Beringije izražene u metrima od prije 21.000 godina do danas.]]
'''Beringija''' ili '''Beringov kopneni most''' danas je definirano kao kopneno i morsko područje na čijem se zapadu nalazi rijeka [[Lena]] u [[Sibir]]u; na istoku rijeka [[Mackenzie]] u [[Kanada|Kanadi]]; na sjeveru [[Čukotsko more]] na 72° SGŠ; a na jugu [[Kamčatka]].<ref name=shared>{{cite web|title=What is Beringia?|author=Shared Beringian Heritage Program|publisher=National Park Service, US Department of the Interior|url=https://www.nps.gov/akso/beringia/beringia/}}</ref> Beringija uključuje [[Čukotsko more]], [[Beringovo more]], [[Beringov prolaz]], [[Čukotski poluotok]], [[Kamčatka|Kamčatku]] i [[Aljaska|Aljasku]].
'''Beringija''' ili '''Beringov kopneni most''' danas je definirano kao kopneno i morsko područje na čijem se zapadu nalazi rijeka [[Lena]] u [[Sibir]]u; na istoku rijeka [[Mackenzie]] u [[Kanada|Kanadi]]; na sjeveru [[Čukotsko more]] na 72° SGŠ; a na jugu [[Kamčatka]].<ref name=shared>{{Citiranje weba|title=What is Beringia?|author=Shared Beringian Heritage Program|publisher=National Park Service, US Department of the Interior|url=https://www.nps.gov/akso/beringia/beringia/}}</ref> Beringija uključuje [[Čukotsko more]], [[Beringovo more]], [[Beringov prolaz]], [[Čukotski poluotok]], [[Kamčatka|Kamčatku]] i [[Aljaska|Aljasku]].


Beringija je prije bila [[kopneni most]] koji je povezivao [[Sjeverna Amerika|Sjevernu Ameriku]] s [[Azija|Azijom]]. Širina Beringije iznosila je do 1000 km te je pokrivala područje veličine [[Alberta|Alberte]] i [[Britanska Kolumbija|Britanske Kolumbije]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge |title=A Journey to a New Land |author=Dr Barbara Winter |date=2005 |website=www.sfu.museum |publisher=virtualmuseum.ca |access-date=19 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428231158/http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge |archive-date=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Od središnjeg dijela Beringije jedino su preostali [[Diomedovi otoci]], [[Pribilofski otoci]], [[Otok sv. Lovrijenca]] i [[Otok King (Aljaska)|Otok King]].<ref name=shared/>
Beringija je prije bila [[kopneni most]] koji je povezivao [[Sjeverna Amerika|Sjevernu Ameriku]] s [[Azija|Azijom]]. Širina Beringije iznosila je do 1000 km te je pokrivala područje veličine [[Alberta|Alberte]] i [[Britanska Kolumbija|Britanske Kolumbije]].<ref>{{Citiranje weba |url=http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge |title=A Journey to a New Land |author=Dr Barbara Winter |date=2005 |website=www.sfu.museum |publisher=virtualmuseum.ca |access-date=19 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428231158/http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge |archive-date=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Od središnjeg dijela Beringije jedino su preostali [[Diomedovi otoci]], [[Pribilofski otoci]], [[Otok sv. Lovrijenca]] i [[Otok King (Aljaska)|Otok King]].<ref name=shared/>


Izraz ''Beringija'' skovao je švedski botanist [[Eric Hultén]] [[1937.]] godine.<ref name="HoffeckerElias2007">{{cite book|author1=John F. Hoffecker|author2=Scott A. Elias|title=Human Ecology of Beringia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgomQY3o9U0C&pg=PA3|date=15 June 2007|publisher=I have no energy Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13060-8|page=3|accessdate=2016-04-10}}</ref> Tijekom [[ledeno doba|ledenih doba]], Beringija, poput većine [[Sibir]]a i cijele sjeverne i sjeveroistočne [[Kina|Kine]], nije bila zaleđena zbog male količine snijega.<ref name="Voous1973">{{cite book|author=Karel Hendrik Voous|title=Proceedings of the 15th International Ornithological Congress, The Hague, The Netherlands 30 August-5 September 1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA33|year=1973|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-90-04-03551-5|page=33|accessdate=2016-04-10}}</ref> Beringija je bila prekrivena [[stepa|stepom]] koja se prostirala stotinama kilometra na oba kontinenta.  
Izraz ''Beringija'' skovao je švedski botanist [[Eric Hultén]] [[1937.]] godine.<ref name="HoffeckerElias2007">{{Citiranje knjige|author1=John F. Hoffecker|author2=Scott A. Elias|title=Human Ecology of Beringia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgomQY3o9U0C&pg=PA3|date=15 June 2007|publisher=I have no energy Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13060-8|page=3|accessdate=2016-04-10}}</ref> Tijekom [[ledeno doba|ledenih doba]], Beringija, poput većine [[Sibir]]a i cijele sjeverne i sjeveroistočne [[Kina|Kine]], nije bila zaleđena zbog male količine snijega.<ref name="Voous1973">{{Citiranje knjige|author=Karel Hendrik Voous|title=Proceedings of the 15th International Ornithological Congress, The Hague, The Netherlands 30 August-5 September 1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA33|year=1973|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-90-04-03551-5|page=33|accessdate=2016-04-10}}</ref> Beringija je bila prekrivena [[stepa|stepom]] koja se prostirala stotinama kilometra na oba kontinenta.  


Smatra se da je mala ljudska populacija koja je brojala najviše nekoliko tisuća članova tijekom [[Posljednji glacijalni maksimum|posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma]] došla u Beringiju iz Sibira. Ta se populacija [[Naseljavanje Amerika|nastanila u Amerikama]] negdje nakon 16.500 [[BP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170328-the-first-people-who-populated-the-americas|title=The first people who populated the Americas}}</ref> To se dogodilo za vrijeme otapanje američkih ledenjaka koji su blokirali put prema jugu,<ref name="autogenerated2007">{{cite journal | last = Wang | first = Sijia |author2=Lewis, C. M. Jr. |author3=Jakobsson, M. |author4=Ramachandran, S. |author5=Ray, N. | year = 2007 | title = Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Native Americans | journal = [[PLOS Genetics]] | volume = 3 | issue = 11 | pages = e185 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 | pmid = 18039031 | pmc = 2082466 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Goebel_2008">{{cite journal | last = Goebel | first = Ted |author2=Waters, Michael R. |author3=O'Rourke, Dennis H. | year = 2008 | title = The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas | journal = [[Science (znanstveni časopis)|Science]] | volume = 319 | issue = 5869 | pages = 1497–1502 | doi = 10.1126/science.1153569 | pmid = 18339930 |bibcode = 2008Sci...319.1497G | citeseerx = 10.1.1.398.9315 | s2cid = 36149744 }}</ref><ref name="Fagundes_2008">{{cite journal | last = Fagundes | first = Nelson J. R. | year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas | journal = [[American Journal of Human Genetics]] | volume = 82 | issue = 3 | pages = 583–592 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 | pmid = 18313026 | pmc = 2427228 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Tamm_2007">{{cite journal | last = Tamm | first = Erika | year = 2007 | title = Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders | journal = [[PLoS ONE]] | volume = 2 | issue = 9 | pages = e829 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 | pmid = 17786201 | pmc = 1952074 | editor1-last = Carter | editor1-first = Dee |bibcode = 2007PLoSO...2..829T |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Achilli | first = A. | year = 2008 | title = The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = e1764 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0001764 | pmid = 18335039 | pmc = 2258150 | editor1-last = MacAulay | editor1-first = Vincent |bibcode = 2008PLoSO...3.1764A |display-authors=etal}}</ref> no prije nego što je došlo do potapanje Beringije oko 11.000 BP.<ref name="autogenerated60">{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/382060a0|title=Life and times of the Bering land bridge|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=382|issue=6586|page=60|year=1996|last1=Elias|first1=Scott A.|last2=Short|first2=Susan K.|last3=Nelson|first3=C. Hans|last4=Birks|first4=Hilary H.|bibcode=1996Natur.382...60E|s2cid=4347413}}</ref><ref name=jakobsson2017>{{cite journal|doi=10.5194/cp-2017-11|title=Post-glacial flooding of the Beringia Land Bridge dated to 11,000 cal yrs BP based on new geophysical and sediment records|journal=Climate of the Past Discussions|pages=1–22|year=2017|last1=Jakobsson|first1=Martin|last2=Pearce|first2=Christof|last3=Cronin|first3=Thomas M.|last4=Backman|first4=Jan|last5=Anderson|first5=Leif G.|last6=Barrientos|first6=Natalia|last7=Björk|first7=Göran|last8=Coxall|first8=Helen|last9=De Boer|first9=Agatha|last10=Mayer|first10=Larry A.|last11=Mörth|first11=Carl-Magnus|last12=Nilsson|first12=Johan|last13=Rattray|first13=Jayne E.|last14=Stranne|first14=Christian|last15=Semilietov|first15=Igor|last16=O'Regan|first16=Matt|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Smatra se da je mala ljudska populacija koja je brojala najviše nekoliko tisuća članova tijekom [[Posljednji glacijalni maksimum|posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma]] došla u Beringiju iz Sibira. Ta se populacija [[Naseljavanje Amerika|nastanila u Amerikama]] negdje nakon 16.500 [[BP]].<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170328-the-first-people-who-populated-the-americas|title=The first people who populated the Americas}}</ref> To se dogodilo za vrijeme otapanje američkih ledenjaka koji su blokirali put prema jugu,<ref name="autogenerated2007">{{cite journal | last = Wang | first = Sijia |author2=Lewis, C. M. Jr. |author3=Jakobsson, M. |author4=Ramachandran, S. |author5=Ray, N. | year = 2007 | title = Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Native Americans | journal = [[PLOS Genetics]] | volume = 3 | issue = 11 | pages = e185 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 | pmid = 18039031 | pmc = 2082466 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Goebel_2008">{{cite journal | last = Goebel | first = Ted |author2=Waters, Michael R. |author3=O'Rourke, Dennis H. | year = 2008 | title = The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas | journal = [[Science (znanstveni časopis)|Science]] | volume = 319 | issue = 5869 | pages = 1497–1502 | doi = 10.1126/science.1153569 | pmid = 18339930 |bibcode = 2008Sci...319.1497G | citeseerx = 10.1.1.398.9315 | s2cid = 36149744 }}</ref><ref name="Fagundes_2008">{{cite journal | last = Fagundes | first = Nelson J. R. | year = 2008 | title = Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas | journal = [[American Journal of Human Genetics]] | volume = 82 | issue = 3 | pages = 583–592 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 | pmid = 18313026 | pmc = 2427228 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Tamm_2007">{{cite journal | last = Tamm | first = Erika | year = 2007 | title = Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders | journal = [[PLoS ONE]] | volume = 2 | issue = 9 | pages = e829 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 | pmid = 17786201 | pmc = 1952074 | editor1-last = Carter | editor1-first = Dee |bibcode = 2007PLoSO...2..829T |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Achilli | first = A. | year = 2008 | title = The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = e1764 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0001764 | pmid = 18335039 | pmc = 2258150 | editor1-last = MacAulay | editor1-first = Vincent |bibcode = 2008PLoSO...3.1764A |display-authors=etal}}</ref> no prije nego što je došlo do potapanje Beringije oko 11.000 BP.<ref name="autogenerated60">{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/382060a0|title=Life and times of the Bering land bridge|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=382|issue=6586|page=60|year=1996|last1=Elias|first1=Scott A.|last2=Short|first2=Susan K.|last3=Nelson|first3=C. Hans|last4=Birks|first4=Hilary H.|bibcode=1996Natur.382...60E|s2cid=4347413}}</ref><ref name=jakobsson2017>{{cite journal|doi=10.5194/cp-2017-11|title=Post-glacial flooding of the Beringia Land Bridge dated to 11,000 cal yrs BP based on new geophysical and sediment records|journal=Climate of the Past Discussions|pages=1–22|year=2017|last1=Jakobsson|first1=Martin|last2=Pearce|first2=Christof|last3=Cronin|first3=Thomas M.|last4=Backman|first4=Jan|last5=Anderson|first5=Leif G.|last6=Barrientos|first6=Natalia|last7=Björk|first7=Göran|last8=Coxall|first8=Helen|last9=De Boer|first9=Agatha|last10=Mayer|first10=Larry A.|last11=Mörth|first11=Carl-Magnus|last12=Nilsson|first12=Johan|last13=Rattray|first13=Jayne E.|last14=Stranne|first14=Christian|last15=Semilietov|first15=Igor|last16=O'Regan|first16=Matt|doi-access=free}}</ref>


== Izvori ==
== Izvori ==
Redak 12: Redak 12:


== Vanjske poveznice ==
== Vanjske poveznice ==
{{Commonscat|Bering Land Bridge}}
 
* [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new-beringia-map-1.4999523 CBC News: New map of Beringia 'opens your imagination' to what landscape looked like 18,000 years ago]
* [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/new-beringia-map-1.4999523 CBC News: New map of Beringia 'opens your imagination' to what landscape looked like 18,000 years ago]
* [http://www.nps.gov/akso/beringia/index.cfm Shared Beringian Heritage Program]
* [http://www.nps.gov/akso/beringia/index.cfm Shared Beringian Heritage Program]

Posljednja izmjena od 15. prosinac 2024. u 10:34

Razine mora (označene plavom) i kopna (označene smeđom) Beringije izražene u metrima od prije 21.000 godina do danas.

Beringija ili Beringov kopneni most danas je definirano kao kopneno i morsko područje na čijem se zapadu nalazi rijeka Lena u Sibiru; na istoku rijeka Mackenzie u Kanadi; na sjeveru Čukotsko more na 72° SGŠ; a na jugu Kamčatka.[1] Beringija uključuje Čukotsko more, Beringovo more, Beringov prolaz, Čukotski poluotok, Kamčatku i Aljasku.

Beringija je prije bila kopneni most koji je povezivao Sjevernu Ameriku s Azijom. Širina Beringije iznosila je do 1000 km te je pokrivala područje veličine Alberte i Britanske Kolumbije.[2] Od središnjeg dijela Beringije jedino su preostali Diomedovi otoci, Pribilofski otoci, Otok sv. Lovrijenca i Otok King.[1]

Izraz Beringija skovao je švedski botanist Eric Hultén 1937. godine.[3] Tijekom ledenih doba, Beringija, poput većine Sibira i cijele sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Kine, nije bila zaleđena zbog male količine snijega.[4] Beringija je bila prekrivena stepom koja se prostirala stotinama kilometra na oba kontinenta.

Smatra se da je mala ljudska populacija koja je brojala najviše nekoliko tisuća članova tijekom posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma došla u Beringiju iz Sibira. Ta se populacija nastanila u Amerikama negdje nakon 16.500 BP.[5] To se dogodilo za vrijeme otapanje američkih ledenjaka koji su blokirali put prema jugu,[6][7][8][9][10] no prije nego što je došlo do potapanje Beringije oko 11.000 BP.[11][12]

Izvori

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Shared Beringian Heritage Program. "What is Beringia?". National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. https://www.nps.gov/akso/beringia/beringia/ 
  2. ↑ Dr Barbara Winter (2005). "A Journey to a New Land". virtualmuseum.ca. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 28. travanj 2015.. http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge Pristupljeno 19. svibanj 2015. 
  3. ↑ Lua error in Modul:Citation/CS1 at line 4096: data for mw.loadData contains unsupported data type 'function'.
  4. ↑ Lua error in Modul:Citation/CS1 at line 4096: data for mw.loadData contains unsupported data type 'function'.
  5. ↑ "The first people who populated the Americas". http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170328-the-first-people-who-populated-the-americas 
  6. ↑ Wang, SijiaPogreška u izrazu: nepoznata riječ »etal« (2007). "Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Native Americans". PLOS Genetics 3 (11): e185. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185. PMC 2082466. PMID 18039031. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082466/ 
  7. ↑ Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas". Science 319 (5869): 1497–1502. Bibcode 2008Sci...319.1497G. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930 
  8. ↑ Fagundes, Nelson J. R. (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas". American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427228/ 
  9. ↑ Tamm, Erika (2007). Carter, Dee. ed. "Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders". PLoS ONE 2 (9): e829. Bibcode 2007PLoSO...2..829T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000829. PMC 1952074. PMID 17786201. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1952074/ 
  10. ↑ Achilli, A. (2008). MacAulay, Vincent. ed. "The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies". PLOS ONE 3 (3): e1764. Bibcode 2008PLoSO...3.1764A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001764. PMC 2258150. PMID 18335039. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258150/ 
  11. ↑ Elias, Scott A.; Short, Susan K.; Nelson, C. Hans; Birks, Hilary H. (1996). "Life and times of the Bering land bridge". Nature 382 (6586): 60. Bibcode 1996Natur.382...60E. doi:10.1038/382060a0 
  12. ↑ Jakobsson, Martin; Pearce, Christof; Cronin, Thomas M.; Backman, Jan; Anderson, Leif G.; Barrientos, Natalia; Björk, Göran; Coxall, Helen et al. (2017). "Post-glacial flooding of the Beringia Land Bridge dated to 11,000 cal yrs BP based on new geophysical and sediment records". Climate of the Past Discussions: 1–22. doi:10.5194/cp-2017-11 

Vanjske poveznice

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