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[[Datoteka:Syrian Desert.png|mini|250x250px|Sirijska pustinja na topografskom zemljovidu]]
[[Datoteka:Syrian Desert.png|mini|250x250px|Sirijska pustinja na topografskom zemljovidu]]
'''Sirijska pustinja''' ([[Arapski jezik|arapski]]: بادية الشام, ''Bādiyat al-Shām''), poznata i kao '''Sirijska stepa''', '''Jordanska stepa''' ili '''Badia''',<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBA_HxFizNgC&pg=PA453|title=Grasslands of the World|author1=Suttie, J.M.|author2=Reynolds, Stephen G.|author3=Batello, Caterina|publisher=FAO|year=2005|isbn=978-92-5-105337-9|page=453.}}</ref> je regija [[pustinja]], [[Stepska klima|polupustinja]] i [[stepa]] koje pokriva 500.000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> [[Bliski istok|Bliskog istoka]], uključujući dijelove [[Sirija|Sirije]], sjeveroistočnog [[Jordan]]a, sjeverne [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijske Arabije]] i zapadnog [[Irak]]a. Pokriva 85&nbsp;% površine Jordana<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.badiafund.gov.jo/en/node/310|title=Jordan Badia {{!}} The Hashemite Fund for Development of jordan Badia|website=www.badiafund.gov.jo|access-date=December 12 2019}}</ref> i 55&nbsp;% Sirije.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5097e/y5097e04.htm|title=The rangelands of the Syrian Arab Republic|publisher=FAO|accessdate=December 12 2019}}</ref> Na jugu se stapa s [[Arabijska pustinja|Arabijskom pustinjom]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Nathaniel|last2=Parker|first2=Steve|title=Atlas of the World's Deserts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNCWeuxKR2gC&pg=PA49|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-310-1|page=49.}}</ref> Ovo područje reljefno je otvoreno, kameno<!--or gravelly [[desert pavement]]-->, mjestimice ispresijecano s [[vadi]]jima.<ref name=betts>{{cite book|last1=Betts|first1=Alison|author-link=Alison Betts|title=The Harra and the Hamad : excavations and surveys in Eastern Jordan, vol. 1.|date=1996|publisher=Collis Publication|location=England|isbn=9781850756149|page=1|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvKfQAST33YC|accessdate=December 12 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572123/Syrian_Desert.html |title=Syrian Desert |accessdate=December 12 2019 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113195931/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572123/Syrian_Desert.html |archivedate=January 13, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=New International Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA795|year=1914|publisher=Dodd, Mead|page=795}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579014/Syrian-Desert Syrian Desert, Encarta]</ref>
'''Sirijska pustinja''' ([[Arapski jezik|arapski]]: بادية الشام, ''Bādiyat al-Shām''), poznata i kao '''Sirijska stepa''', '''Jordanska stepa''' ili '''Badia''',<ref name=":0">{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBA_HxFizNgC&pg=PA453|title=Grasslands of the World|author1=Suttie, J.M.|author2=Reynolds, Stephen G.|author3=Batello, Caterina|publisher=FAO|year=2005|isbn=978-92-5-105337-9|page=453.}}</ref> je regija [[pustinja]], [[Stepska klima|polupustinja]] i [[stepa]] koje pokriva 500.000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> [[Bliski istok|Bliskog istoka]], uključujući dijelove [[Sirija|Sirije]], sjeveroistočnog [[Jordan]]a, sjeverne [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijske Arabije]] i zapadnog [[Irak]]a. Pokriva 85&nbsp;% površine Jordana<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.badiafund.gov.jo/en/node/310|title=Jordan Badia {{!}} The Hashemite Fund for Development of jordan Badia|website=www.badiafund.gov.jo|access-date=December 12 2019}}</ref> i 55&nbsp;% Sirije.<ref>{{Citiranje web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5097e/y5097e04.htm|title=The rangelands of the Syrian Arab Republic|publisher=FAO|accessdate=December 12 2019}}</ref> Na jugu se stapa s [[Arabijska pustinja|Arabijskom pustinjom]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last1=Harris|first1=Nathaniel|last2=Parker|first2=Steve|title=Atlas of the World's Deserts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNCWeuxKR2gC&pg=PA49|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-310-1|page=49.}}</ref> Ovo područje reljefno je otvoreno, kameno<!--or gravelly [[desert pavement]]-->, mjestimice ispresijecano s [[vadi]]jima.<ref name=betts>{{Citiranje knjige|last1=Betts|first1=Alison|author-link=Alison Betts|title=The Harra and the Hamad : excavations and surveys in Eastern Jordan, vol. 1.|date=1996|publisher=Collis Publication|location=England|isbn=9781850756149|page=1|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvKfQAST33YC|accessdate=December 12 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572123/Syrian_Desert.html |title=Syrian Desert |accessdate=December 12 2019 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113195931/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572123/Syrian_Desert.html |archivedate=January 13, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige|title=New International Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA795|year=1914|publisher=Dodd, Mead|page=795}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579014/Syrian-Desert Syrian Desert, Encarta]</ref>


== Lokacija i ime ==
== Lokacija i ime ==
Pustinja je omeđena [[Orontes|Dolinom rijeke Orontes]] i [[vulkansko područje|vulkanskim područjima]] [[Harrat al-Sham]]a prema zapadu, te [[Eufrat]]om na istoku. Na sjeveru, pustinja se pretvara u plodnija travnata područja, dok se na jugu pretapa u [[Arabijska pustinja|Arabijsku pustinju]].<ref name="betts"/>
Pustinja je omeđena [[Orontes|Dolinom rijeke Orontes]] i [[vulkansko područje|vulkanskim područjima]] [[Harrat al-Sham]]a prema zapadu, te [[Eufrat]]om na istoku. Na sjeveru, pustinja se pretvara u plodnija travnata područja, dok se na jugu pretapa u [[Arabijska pustinja|Arabijsku pustinju]].<ref name="betts"/>


Prema nekim izvorima, Sirijska pustinja i "Pustinja Hamad" su sinonimi<ref name="britannica41">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JixQAQAAMAAJ&q=Nafud+hamad+deserts|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge, Volume 2|date=1941|page=173|accessdate=December 12 2019}}</ref>, dok drugi izvori ime Hamad vežu za južnu središnju visoravan<ref>{{cite web|title=Syrian Desert|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Syrian-Desert|website=Britannica.com|accessdate=December 12 2019|date=1999}}</ref>, dok neki cijelu regiju nazivaju Hamad, a ''Sirijsku pustinju'' izjednačavaju s njenim sjevernim dijelom.<ref>{{cite book|title=The International Whitaker, Volume 2|date=1913|publisher=International Whitaker|page=62|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZrJPAAAAMAAJ&dq=hamad|accessdate=December 12 2019}}</ref> Neki dijelovi Sirijske pustinje imaju zasebna imena, pa se tako područja oko gradova [[Palmira|Palmire]] i [[Homs]]a poknekad nazivaju ''Palmirska pustinja'' ili ''Homska pustinja''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Review, Volume 2|date=1973|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|page=476.|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K2YDAAAAMAAJ&q=%22homs+desert%22|accessdate=December 12 2019}}</ref> Istočni dio Sirijske pustinje, u području sirijsko-iračke granice, tj. na zapadu Iraka, se u Iraku ponekad naziva ''Zapadna pustinja''.<ref name="Sumer-Vol20">{{cite journal|last1=Mudīrīyat al-Āthār al-Qadīmah al-ʻĀmmah|title=Sumer|date=1964|volume=20|page=10|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LkdRAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Directorate General of Antiquities.|language=en|quote=The western desert of Iraq forms the eastern half of the Badiyat ash-Sham (The Syrian Desert)}}</ref><ref name="AreaHandbook1956">{{cite book|last1=Studies|first1=Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International|title=Area Handbook on Iraq|date=1956|publisher=Pr. by Human Relations Area Files|page=34|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XlcdAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=The Western Desert. The western reaches of Iraq form part of the "Badiyat al-Sham" or "al-Shamiya", the Syrian Desert.}}</ref>
Prema nekim izvorima, Sirijska pustinja i "Pustinja Hamad" su sinonimi<ref name="britannica41">{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JixQAQAAMAAJ&q=Nafud+hamad+deserts|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge, Volume 2|date=1941|page=173|accessdate=December 12 2019}}</ref>, dok drugi izvori ime Hamad vežu za južnu središnju visoravan<ref>{{Citiranje web|title=Syrian Desert|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Syrian-Desert|website=Britannica.com|accessdate=December 12 2019|date=1999}}</ref>, dok neki cijelu regiju nazivaju Hamad, a ''Sirijsku pustinju'' izjednačavaju s njenim sjevernim dijelom.<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|title=The International Whitaker, Volume 2|date=1913|publisher=International Whitaker|page=62|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZrJPAAAAMAAJ&dq=hamad|accessdate=December 12 2019}}</ref> Neki dijelovi Sirijske pustinje imaju zasebna imena, pa se tako područja oko gradova [[Palmira|Palmire]] i [[Homs]]a poknekad nazivaju ''Palmirska pustinja'' ili ''Homska pustinja''.<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|title=Annual Review, Volume 2|date=1973|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|page=476.|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K2YDAAAAMAAJ&q=%22homs+desert%22|accessdate=December 12 2019}}</ref> Istočni dio Sirijske pustinje, u području sirijsko-iračke granice, tj. na zapadu Iraka, se u Iraku ponekad naziva ''Zapadna pustinja''.<ref name="Sumer-Vol20">{{cite journal|last1=Mudīrīyat al-Āthār al-Qadīmah al-ʻĀmmah|title=Sumer|date=1964|volume=20|page=10|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LkdRAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Directorate General of Antiquities.|language=en|quote=The western desert of Iraq forms the eastern half of the Badiyat ash-Sham (The Syrian Desert)}}</ref><ref name="AreaHandbook1956">{{Citiranje knjige|last1=Studies|first1=Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International|title=Area Handbook on Iraq|date=1956|publisher=Pr. by Human Relations Area Files|page=34|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XlcdAQAAMAAJ|language=en|quote=The Western Desert. The western reaches of Iraq form part of the "Badiyat al-Sham" or "al-Shamiya", the Syrian Desert.}}</ref>
[[Datoteka:Syrian Desert (5079180729).jpg|mini|250x250px|Sirijska pustinja]]
[[Datoteka:Syrian Desert (5079180729).jpg|mini|250x250px|Sirijska pustinja]]
Sirijska pustinja je poznata i pod nazivom ''Shamiyah''.<ref name=McIntosh>{{cite book|last1=McIntosh|first1=Jane|title=Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives|date=2005|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=9781576079652|page=11|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&pg=PA11&dq="Shamiyah+desert"|accessdate=December 12 2019|ref=McIntosh|language=en}}</ref>
Sirijska pustinja je poznata i pod nazivom ''Shamiyah''.<ref name=McIntosh>{{Citiranje knjige|last1=McIntosh|first1=Jane|title=Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives|date=2005|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=9781576079652|page=11|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&pg=PA11&dq="Shamiyah+desert"|accessdate=December 12 2019|ref=McIntosh|language=en}}</ref>
te '''Badiyat al-Sham''' (ili ''Badiyat ash-Sham'')<ref name="AreaHandbook1956"/><ref name="Sumer-Vol20"/>
te '''Badiyat al-Sham''' (ili ''Badiyat ash-Sham'')<ref name="AreaHandbook1956"/><ref name="Sumer-Vol20"/>


== Zemljopis ==
== Zemljopis ==
U središtu pustinje nalazi se [[Visoravan|plato]] Hamad, regija na nadmorskoj visini između 700 i 900 [[Nadmorska visina|m n/m]], ravna, [[Stijena|kamena]] [[polupustinja]] od [[vapnenac|vapnenačkog]] tla s [[rožnjak|rožnjačkim]] [[Šljunak|šljunkom]]. Ono malo [[Kiša|kiše]] što padne na plato  otiče u lokalne [[slana ravnica|slane ravnice]] (''Sabkha''). Najveći vrhovi na platou su [[Khawr um Wual]] u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskioj Arabiji]] (oko 1000 m/nm) i [[Jebel Aneiza]] (960 m/nm) na [[tromeđa|tromeđi]] [[Jordan]]a, [[Irak]]a i S. Arabije<ref name=wagner>{{cite book|last1=Wagner|first1=Wolfgang|title=Groundwater in the Arab Middle East|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=9783642193514|page=141|accessdate=2 February 2017|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0dFttVkr2uwC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jebel ‘Aneiza, Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4361447&fid=5593&c=saudi_arabia|website=geographic.org|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref>
U središtu pustinje nalazi se [[Visoravan|plato]] Hamad, regija na nadmorskoj visini između 700 i 900 [[Nadmorska visina|m n/m]], ravna, [[Stijena|kamena]] [[polupustinja]] od [[vapnenac|vapnenačkog]] tla s [[rožnjak|rožnjačkim]] [[Šljunak|šljunkom]]. Ono malo [[Kiša|kiše]] što padne na plato  otiče u lokalne [[slana ravnica|slane ravnice]] (''Sabkha''). Najveći vrhovi na platou su [[Khawr um Wual]] u [[Saudijska Arabija|Saudijskioj Arabiji]] (oko 1000 m/nm) i [[Jebel Aneiza]] (960 m/nm) na [[tromeđa|tromeđi]] [[Jordan]]a, [[Irak]]a i S. Arabije<ref name=wagner>{{Citiranje knjige|last1=Wagner|first1=Wolfgang|title=Groundwater in the Arab Middle East|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=9783642193514|page=141|accessdate=2 February 2017|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0dFttVkr2uwC}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje web|title=Jebel ‘Aneiza, Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4361447&fid=5593&c=saudi_arabia|website=geographic.org|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref>


Zajedno s pustinjama [[Arapski poluotok|Arapskog poluotoka]], ova je pustinja opisana kao jedna od najsuših pustinja na svijetu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transboundary Aquifers, Challenges and New Directions|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002116/211661e.pdf|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2 February 2017|location=Paris|page=4|date=December 2010}}</ref>
Zajedno s pustinjama [[Arapski poluotok|Arapskog poluotoka]], ova je pustinja opisana kao jedna od najsuših pustinja na svijetu.<ref>{{Citiranje web|title=Transboundary Aquifers, Challenges and New Directions|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002116/211661e.pdf|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2 February 2017|location=Paris|page=4|date=December 2010}}</ref>


== Živi svijet ==
== Živi svijet ==
Neke od biljaka Sirijske pustinje su ''[[Salsola vermiculata]]'', ''[[Stipa barbata]]'', ''[[Artemisia herba-alba]]'' i ''[[Atriplex leucoclada]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Pustinjski [[ekosustav]] je ugrožen sušom, pretjeranom ispašom, lovom i drugim ljudskim aktivnostima. Neke autohtone životinje više ne žive u ovom području, a mnoge [[cvjetnica|cvjetnice]] su [[izumiranje|izumrle]], te zamijenjene [[trava]]ma s nižom prehrambenom vrijednošću za stoku.<ref name="GEF">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdIsm-GYtTAC&pg=PA17|title=GEF Country Portfolio Evaluation: Syria (1994–2008)|publisher=GEF Evaluation Office|isbn=978-1-933992-24-2|page=17}}</ref>
Neke od biljaka Sirijske pustinje su ''[[Salsola vermiculata]]'', ''[[Stipa barbata]]'', ''[[Artemisia herba-alba]]'' i ''[[Atriplex leucoclada]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Pustinjski [[ekosustav]] je ugrožen sušom, pretjeranom ispašom, lovom i drugim ljudskim aktivnostima. Neke autohtone životinje više ne žive u ovom području, a mnoge [[cvjetnica|cvjetnice]] su [[izumiranje|izumrle]], te zamijenjene [[trava]]ma s nižom prehrambenom vrijednošću za stoku.<ref name="GEF">{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdIsm-GYtTAC&pg=PA17|title=GEF Country Portfolio Evaluation: Syria (1994–2008)|publisher=GEF Evaluation Office|isbn=978-1-933992-24-2|page=17}}</ref>


Sirijska pustinja je postojbina [[sirijski hrčak|sirijskog hrčka]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McPherson|first1=Charles W.|title=Laboratory hamsters|date=1987|publisher=Academic Press|location=Orlando|isbn=9780127141657|page=216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKxPVW25SUYC|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref>
Sirijska pustinja je postojbina [[sirijski hrčak|sirijskog hrčka]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last1=McPherson|first1=Charles W.|title=Laboratory hamsters|date=1987|publisher=Academic Press|location=Orlando|isbn=9780127141657|page=216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKxPVW25SUYC|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref>


[[Roda|Rode]], [[čaplja|čaplje]], [[ždral]]ovi, manje barske ptice, [[patkarice]], kao i [[grabežljivci]] posjećuju sezonska jezera. Mali su [[glodavci]] uobičajeni, kao i njihovi grabežljivci kao što su [[zmije]], [[Škorpion]]i i [[lažni pauci]]. U prošlosti su tu boravili i [[gazela|gazele]], [[vuk]]ovi, [[čagalj|čagljevi]], [[lisica|lisice]], [[mačke]] i [[karakal]]i, [[noj]]evi, [[čita|čite]], ''[[Alcelaphus buselaphus]]'' i [[kulan]]. Veći [[sisavci]] se više ne mogu naći, a vjeruje se da je to posljedica [[lov]]a od strane ljudi.<ref name="betts" /><ref name="McIntosh" />
[[Roda|Rode]], [[čaplja|čaplje]], [[ždral]]ovi, manje barske ptice, [[patkarice]], kao i [[grabežljivci]] posjećuju sezonska jezera. Mali su [[glodavci]] uobičajeni, kao i njihovi grabežljivci kao što su [[zmije]], [[Škorpion]]i i [[lažni pauci]]. U prošlosti su tu boravili i [[gazela|gazele]], [[vuk]]ovi, [[čagalj|čagljevi]], [[lisica|lisice]], [[mačke]] i [[karakal]]i, [[noj]]evi, [[čita|čite]], ''[[Alcelaphus buselaphus]]'' i [[kulan]]. Veći [[sisavci]] se više ne mogu naći, a vjeruje se da je to posljedica [[lov]]a od strane ljudi.<ref name="betts" /><ref name="McIntosh" />
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== Povijest==
== Povijest==
=== Antičko doba ===
=== Antičko doba ===
[[File:Syria 133 - Palmyra - Theatre.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palmira]] je bila važno [[trgovina|trgovačko]] središte smješteno u samom središtu pustinje.]]
[[Datoteka:Syria 133 - Palmyra - Theatre.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palmira]] je bila važno [[trgovina|trgovačko]] središte smješteno u samom središtu pustinje.]]
Pustinja je od pradavnih vremena bila naseljena [[beduini|beduinskim]] [[Pleme|plemenima]], a mnoga od tih plemena i danas žive u njoj, uglavnom u gradovima i naseljima pokraj [[oaza]]. Neki se Beduini i danas pridržavaju                                načina života.
Pustinja je od pradavnih vremena bila naseljena [[beduini|beduinskim]] [[Pleme|plemenima]], a mnoga od tih plemena i danas žive u njoj, uglavnom u gradovima i naseljima pokraj [[oaza]]. Neki se Beduini i danas pridržavaju                                načina života.
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One of the most important ancient settlements in the Syrian desert is [[Palmyra]]; first mentioned in the second millennium BC, the city was an important trading center in [[Roman Empire|Roman times]], and its people were renowned merchants who took advantage of its strategic position on the silk road linking the far east to the mediterranean, by taxing passing by caravans, establishing colonies on the silk road, and trading in the rare commodities from the far east, thus bringing enormous wealth to their city. The city's people were a combination of [[Arameans]], [[Amorites]] and [[Arabs]].
One of the most important ancient settlements in the Syrian desert is [[Palmyra]]; first mentioned in the second millennium BC, the city was an important trading center in [[Roman Empire|Roman times]], and its people were renowned merchants who took advantage of its strategic position on the silk road linking the far east to the mediterranean, by taxing passing by caravans, establishing colonies on the silk road, and trading in the rare commodities from the far east, thus bringing enormous wealth to their city. The city's people were a combination of [[Arameans]], [[Amorites]] and [[Arabs]].


Another important ancient settlement is the city of [[Dura-Europos]] on the [[Euphrates]]. Originally a fortress,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Thomas|title=The Great Empires of the Ancient World|date=2009|isbn=9781136192715|page=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?vid=MDzbX7h3h-gC&PT=PA180}}</ref> it was founded by the [[Seleucid Empire]] by the name of ''Dura'', which means "Fortress",<ref name="durae">{{cite book|last1=Dirven|first1=Lucinda|title=The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria|date=1999|isbn=9789004115897|page=2}}</ref> but was called ''Europos'' by the Greeks,<ref name=durae/> as the combination ''Dura-Europos'' is a modern invention.<ref name=durae/> The city prospered, mainly for its location on the [[Euphrates]], importantly linking [[Mesopotamia]] to the Mediterranean, thus playing a huge part in both the commercial and military connections between the two regions.<ref name=durae/> It was, however, raided by the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian emperor]] [[Shapur I]] in the 250s, most of its citizens fled, and under Sasanian rule, the city was subsequently abandoned.<ref name=durae/>
Another important ancient settlement is the city of [[Dura-Europos]] on the [[Euphrates]]. Originally a fortress,<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last1=Harrison|first1=Thomas|title=The Great Empires of the Ancient World|date=2009|isbn=9781136192715|page=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?vid=MDzbX7h3h-gC&PT=PA180}}</ref> it was founded by the [[Seleucid Empire]] by the name of ''Dura'', which means "Fortress",<ref name="durae">{{Citiranje knjige|last1=Dirven|first1=Lucinda|title=The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria|date=1999|isbn=9789004115897|page=2}}</ref> but was called ''Europos'' by the Greeks,<ref name=durae/> as the combination ''Dura-Europos'' is a modern invention.<ref name=durae/> The city prospered, mainly for its location on the [[Euphrates]], importantly linking [[Mesopotamia]] to the Mediterranean, thus playing a huge part in both the commercial and military connections between the two regions.<ref name=durae/> It was, however, raided by the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian emperor]] [[Shapur I]] in the 250s, most of its citizens fled, and under Sasanian rule, the city was subsequently abandoned.<ref name=durae/>
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=== Moderna povijest ===
=== Moderna povijest ===
Redak 38: Redak 38:
The Ottoman Empire authorities set up concentration camps in the Syrian desert as part of the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref>https://journals.openedition.org/eac/1023</ref>
The Ottoman Empire authorities set up concentration camps in the Syrian desert as part of the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref>https://journals.openedition.org/eac/1023</ref>


The desert was first traversed by motor vehicle in 1919.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grant|first1=Christina Phelps|title=The Syrian desert : caravans, travel and exploration|date=2003|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781136192715|page=273|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4d-3AAAAQBAJ}}</ref>
The desert was first traversed by motor vehicle in 1919.<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last1=Grant|first1=Christina Phelps|title=The Syrian desert : caravans, travel and exploration|date=2003|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781136192715|page=273|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4d-3AAAAQBAJ}}</ref>
During the [[Iraq War]], the desert served as a major supply line for the [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)|Iraqi resistance]], with the Iraq portion of the desert becoming a primary stronghold of the [[Sunni]] resistance operating in the [[Al Anbar Governorate]], particularly after the Coalition capture of [[Fallujah]] during the [[Second Battle of Fallujah]]. A series of Coalition military operations were relatively ineffective at removing the resistance presence in the Desert. As the resistance began to gain control of the surrounding areas, coalition spokesmen began to downplay the importance of the Syrian desert as a center of operations; nevertheless the Syrian Desert remains one of the primary routes for smuggling equipment due to its location near the Syrian border. By September 2006 the resistance had gained control of virtually all of the Anbar Governorate and had moved most of their forces, equipment and leaders further east to resistance-controlled cities near the Euphrates river.<ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15362568 |title=U.S. diplomat apologizes for remarks |publisher=NBC News |date=2006-10-22 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ellen |last=Knickmeyer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/29/AR2006052901172_pf.html |title=U.S. Will Reinforce Troops in West Iraq |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=2006-05-29 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13039231/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120525180025/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13039231/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-25 |title=WP: U.S. to reinforce troops in west Iraq |publisher=MSNBC |date=2006-05-30 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/10/AR2006091001204.html?nav=rss_email/components |title=Situation Called Dire in West Iraq |publisher=Washington Post |date=2006-09-10 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref>
During the [[Iraq War]], the desert served as a major supply line for the [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)|Iraqi resistance]], with the Iraq portion of the desert becoming a primary stronghold of the [[Sunni]] resistance operating in the [[Al Anbar Governorate]], particularly after the Coalition capture of [[Fallujah]] during the [[Second Battle of Fallujah]]. A series of Coalition military operations were relatively ineffective at removing the resistance presence in the Desert. As the resistance began to gain control of the surrounding areas, coalition spokesmen began to downplay the importance of the Syrian desert as a center of operations; nevertheless the Syrian Desert remains one of the primary routes for smuggling equipment due to its location near the Syrian border. By September 2006 the resistance had gained control of virtually all of the Anbar Governorate and had moved most of their forces, equipment and leaders further east to resistance-controlled cities near the Euphrates river.<ref>{{Citiranje novina|author= |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15362568 |title=U.S. diplomat apologizes for remarks |publisher=NBC News |date=2006-10-22 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|first=Ellen |last=Knickmeyer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/29/AR2006052901172_pf.html |title=U.S. Will Reinforce Troops in West Iraq |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=2006-05-29 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13039231/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120525180025/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13039231/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-25 |title=WP: U.S. to reinforce troops in west Iraq |publisher=MSNBC |date=2006-05-30 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje web|author= |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/10/AR2006091001204.html?nav=rss_email/components |title=Situation Called Dire in West Iraq |publisher=Washington Post |date=2006-09-10 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref>
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== Gospodarstvo i poljoprivreda  ==
== Gospodarstvo i poljoprivreda  ==
Uz niske [[oborine]] i slabu kvalitetu tla, područje se uglavnom koristi za ispašu stoke. [[Beduini|beduinski]] pastiri, od kojih mnogi još uvijek žive kao [[nomadi]], uzgajaju oko 12 milijuna [[ovca|ovaca]] i [[koza]], kao i manji broj [[deva]].<ref name=IFAD>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/voice/tags/syria/syria_green |title=The grass is greener: rehabilitating the Syrian Badia |work=Rural Poverty Portal |publisher=IFAD |accessdate=11 December 2019}}</ref>
Uz niske [[oborine]] i slabu kvalitetu tla, područje se uglavnom koristi za ispašu stoke. [[Beduini|beduinski]] pastiri, od kojih mnogi još uvijek žive kao [[nomadi]], uzgajaju oko 12 milijuna [[ovca|ovaca]] i [[koza]], kao i manji broj [[deva]].<ref name=IFAD>{{Citiranje web |url=http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/voice/tags/syria/syria_green |title=The grass is greener: rehabilitating the Syrian Badia |work=Rural Poverty Portal |publisher=IFAD |accessdate=11 December 2019}}</ref>


[[Međunarodni fond za poljoprivredni razvoj]], koji ima za cilj ublažavanje ruralnog [[Siromaštvo|siromaštva]], godine 1995. je u suradnji sa [[Sirijska vlada|sirijskom vladom]] pokrenuo je projekt rehabilitacije više od milijun [[hektar]]a degradirane zemlje u sirijskoj Badiji. U nekim je područjima, kad je paša bila ograničena, došlo do spontanog povratka mnogih autohtonih biljaka. U ostalim područjima koja su bila znatno degradirana, ograničenja ispaše dopunjena su ponovnim sjetvom i sadnjom krmnih vrsta. Do trenutka završetka projekta 2010. godine zasađeno je gotovo četvrt milijuna hektara, a zasađeno je gotovo stotinu tisuća hektara domaćim krmnim grmljem. Rezultat je bio velik uspjeh, jer su neki stočari prijavili desetostruko povećanje produktivnosti stoke.<ref name="IFAD" />
[[Međunarodni fond za poljoprivredni razvoj]], koji ima za cilj ublažavanje ruralnog [[Siromaštvo|siromaštva]], godine 1995. je u suradnji sa [[Sirijska vlada|sirijskom vladom]] pokrenuo je projekt rehabilitacije više od milijun [[hektar]]a degradirane zemlje u sirijskoj Badiji. U nekim je područjima, kad je paša bila ograničena, došlo do spontanog povratka mnogih autohtonih biljaka. U ostalim područjima koja su bila znatno degradirana, ograničenja ispaše dopunjena su ponovnim sjetvom i sadnjom krmnih vrsta. Do trenutka završetka projekta 2010. godine zasađeno je gotovo četvrt milijuna hektara, a zasađeno je gotovo stotinu tisuća hektara domaćim krmnim grmljem. Rezultat je bio velik uspjeh, jer su neki stočari prijavili desetostruko povećanje produktivnosti stoke.<ref name="IFAD" />

Trenutačna izmjena od 06:51, 8. svibnja 2022.

Sirijska pustinja na topografskom zemljovidu

Sirijska pustinja (arapski: بادية الشام, Bādiyat al-Shām), poznata i kao Sirijska stepa, Jordanska stepa ili Badia,[1] je regija pustinja, polupustinja i stepa koje pokriva 500.000 km2 Bliskog istoka, uključujući dijelove Sirije, sjeveroistočnog Jordana, sjeverne Saudijske Arabije i zapadnog Iraka. Pokriva 85 % površine Jordana[2] i 55 % Sirije.[3] Na jugu se stapa s Arabijskom pustinjom.[4] Ovo područje reljefno je otvoreno, kameno, mjestimice ispresijecano s vadijima.[5][6][7][8]

Lokacija i ime

Pustinja je omeđena Dolinom rijeke Orontes i vulkanskim područjima Harrat al-Shama prema zapadu, te Eufratom na istoku. Na sjeveru, pustinja se pretvara u plodnija travnata područja, dok se na jugu pretapa u Arabijsku pustinju.[5]

Prema nekim izvorima, Sirijska pustinja i "Pustinja Hamad" su sinonimi[9], dok drugi izvori ime Hamad vežu za južnu središnju visoravan[10], dok neki cijelu regiju nazivaju Hamad, a Sirijsku pustinju izjednačavaju s njenim sjevernim dijelom.[11] Neki dijelovi Sirijske pustinje imaju zasebna imena, pa se tako područja oko gradova Palmire i Homsa poknekad nazivaju Palmirska pustinja ili Homska pustinja.[12] Istočni dio Sirijske pustinje, u području sirijsko-iračke granice, tj. na zapadu Iraka, se u Iraku ponekad naziva Zapadna pustinja.[13][14]

Sirijska pustinja

Sirijska pustinja je poznata i pod nazivom Shamiyah.[15] te Badiyat al-Sham (ili Badiyat ash-Sham)[14][13]

Zemljopis

U središtu pustinje nalazi se plato Hamad, regija na nadmorskoj visini između 700 i 900 m n/m, ravna, kamena polupustinja od vapnenačkog tla s rožnjačkim šljunkom. Ono malo kiše što padne na plato otiče u lokalne slane ravnice (Sabkha). Najveći vrhovi na platou su Khawr um Wual u Saudijskioj Arabiji (oko 1000 m/nm) i Jebel Aneiza (960 m/nm) na tromeđi Jordana, Iraka i S. Arabije[16][17]

Zajedno s pustinjama Arapskog poluotoka, ova je pustinja opisana kao jedna od najsuših pustinja na svijetu.[18]

Živi svijet

Neke od biljaka Sirijske pustinje su Salsola vermiculata, Stipa barbata, Artemisia herba-alba i Atriplex leucoclada.[1] Pustinjski ekosustav je ugrožen sušom, pretjeranom ispašom, lovom i drugim ljudskim aktivnostima. Neke autohtone životinje više ne žive u ovom području, a mnoge cvjetnice su izumrle, te zamijenjene travama s nižom prehrambenom vrijednošću za stoku.[19]

Sirijska pustinja je postojbina sirijskog hrčka.[20]

Rode, čaplje, ždralovi, manje barske ptice, patkarice, kao i grabežljivci posjećuju sezonska jezera. Mali su glodavci uobičajeni, kao i njihovi grabežljivci kao što su zmije, Škorpioni i lažni pauci. U prošlosti su tu boravili i gazele, vukovi, čagljevi, lisice, mačke i karakali, nojevi, čite, Alcelaphus buselaphus i kulan. Veći sisavci se više ne mogu naći, a vjeruje se da je to posljedica lova od strane ljudi.[5][15]

Povijest

Antičko doba

Palmira je bila važno trgovačko središte smješteno u samom središtu pustinje.

Pustinja je od pradavnih vremena bila naseljena beduinskim plemenima, a mnoga od tih plemena i danas žive u njoj, uglavnom u gradovima i naseljima pokraj oaza. Neki se Beduini i danas pridržavaju načina života.

Moderna povijest

Gospodarstvo i poljoprivreda

Uz niske oborine i slabu kvalitetu tla, područje se uglavnom koristi za ispašu stoke. beduinski pastiri, od kojih mnogi još uvijek žive kao nomadi, uzgajaju oko 12 milijuna ovaca i koza, kao i manji broj deva.[21]

Međunarodni fond za poljoprivredni razvoj, koji ima za cilj ublažavanje ruralnog siromaštva, godine 1995. je u suradnji sa sirijskom vladom pokrenuo je projekt rehabilitacije više od milijun hektara degradirane zemlje u sirijskoj Badiji. U nekim je područjima, kad je paša bila ograničena, došlo do spontanog povratka mnogih autohtonih biljaka. U ostalim područjima koja su bila znatno degradirana, ograničenja ispaše dopunjena su ponovnim sjetvom i sadnjom krmnih vrsta. Do trenutka završetka projekta 2010. godine zasađeno je gotovo četvrt milijuna hektara, a zasađeno je gotovo stotinu tisuća hektara domaćim krmnim grmljem. Rezultat je bio velik uspjeh, jer su neki stočari prijavili desetostruko povećanje produktivnosti stoke.[21]

Vidi još

Izvori

  1. 1,0 1,1 Suttie, J.M.; Reynolds, Stephen G.; Batello, Caterina (2005). Grasslands of the World. FAO. str. 453.. ISBN 978-92-5-105337-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=BBA_HxFizNgC&pg=PA453 
  2. "Jordan Badia | The Hashemite Fund for Development of jordan Badia". http://www.badiafund.gov.jo/en/node/310 Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  3. {{
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  • Harris, Nathaniel; Parker, Steve (2003). Atlas of the World's Deserts. Taylor & Francis. str. 49.. ISBN 978-1-57958-310-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=CNCWeuxKR2gC&pg=PA49 
  • 5,0 5,1 5,2 Betts, Alison (1996). The Harra and the Hamad : excavations and surveys in Eastern Jordan, vol. 1.. England: Collis Publication. str. 1. ISBN 9781850756149. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvKfQAST33YC Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
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  • New International Encyclopedia. Dodd, Mead. 1914. str. 795. https://books.google.com/books?id=GRUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA795 
  • Syrian Desert, Encarta
  • Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge, Volume 2. 1941. str. 173. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JixQAQAAMAAJ&q=Nafud+hamad+deserts Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
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  • The International Whitaker, Volume 2. International Whitaker. 1913. str. 62. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZrJPAAAAMAAJ&dq=hamad Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  • Annual Review, Volume 2. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1973. str. 476.. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K2YDAAAAMAAJ&q=%22homs+desert%22 Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  • 13,0 13,1 Mudīrīyat al-Āthār al-Qadīmah al-ʻĀmmah (1964) (engl.). Sumer. 20. Directorate General of Antiquities.. str. 10. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LkdRAQAAMAAJ. "The western desert of Iraq forms the eastern half of the Badiyat ash-Sham (The Syrian Desert)" 
  • 14,0 14,1 Studies, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International (1956) (engl.). Area Handbook on Iraq. Pr. by Human Relations Area Files. str. 34. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XlcdAQAAMAAJ. "The Western Desert. The western reaches of Iraq form part of the "Badiyat al-Sham" or "al-Shamiya", the Syrian Desert." 
  • 15,0 15,1 McIntosh, Jane (2005) (engl.). "Shamiyah+desert" Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. str. 11. ISBN 9781576079652. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&pg=PA11&dq="Shamiyah+desert" Pristupljeno 12. prosinca 2019. 
  • Wagner, Wolfgang (2011). Groundwater in the Arab Middle East. New York: Springer. str. 141. ISBN 9783642193514. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0dFttVkr2uwC Pristupljeno 2. veljače 2017. 
  • {{
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  • GEF Country Portfolio Evaluation: Syria (1994–2008). GEF Evaluation Office. str. 17. ISBN 978-1-933992-24-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=BdIsm-GYtTAC&pg=PA17 
  • McPherson, Charles W. (1987). Laboratory hamsters. Orlando: Academic Press. str. 216. ISBN 9780127141657. https://books.google.com/books?id=PKxPVW25SUYC Pristupljeno 2. veljače 2017. 
  • 21,0 21,1 {{
    1. if:
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