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Naseljavanje Amerika: razlika između inačica

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<!--'''Naseljavanje Amerika'''-->'''Naseljavanje Amerika''' počelo je kad su [[lovci-sakupljači]] [[Gornji paleolitik|gornjeg paleolitika]] dospjeli u [[Sjeverna Amerika|Sjevernu Ameriku]] iz [[Sjeverna Azija|sjevernoazijske]] [[Mamutska stepa|Mamutske stepe]] preko [[Beringija|Beringije]] koja se formirala između sjeveroistočnog [[Sibir]]a i zapadne [[Aljaska|Aljaske]] zbog snižavanja [[Morska razina|razine mora]] tijekom [[Posljednji glacijalni maksimum|posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news |last=Pringle |first=Heather |authorlink=Heather Pringle |title=What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jacques-cinq-mars-bluefish-caves-scientific-progress-180962410 |date=8 March 2017 |work=[[Smithsonian]] |access-date=13 October 2019 }}</ref> Ove populacije proširile su se južno od [[Laurentide ledena ploča|Laurentide ledene ploče]] i brzo se raširile na područje [[Amerika|Sjeverne i Južne Amerike]], prije oko 14.000 godina.<ref name="FaganDurrani2016">{{cite book |author= Fagan, Brian M. & Durrani, Nadia |title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 |pages=124}}</ref><ref name=Goebel /><ref name="NYT-20180103">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/science/native-americans-beringia-siberia.html |date=3 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=3 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180103">{{cite journal |author=Moreno-Mayer, J. Victor |display-authors=etal |title=Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi= |pmid= |volume=553 |issue=7687 |year=2018 |pages=203–07}}, [[Bibcode]]: [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.553..203M 2018Natur.553..203M]. [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173 10.1038/nature25173]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29323294/ 29323294]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Terminal-Pleistocene-Alaskan-genome-reveals-first-Moreno-Mayar-Potter/8636e6f3f948fdc490f9c2845d1365f617a501c0 4454580].</ref> Najranije populacije u Americi, prije otprilike 10.000 godina, poznate su kao [[Paleoindijanci]].
Naseljavanje Amerika''' počelo je kad su [[lovci-sakupljači]] [[Gornji paleolitik|gornjeg paleolitika]] dospjeli u [[Sjeverna Amerika|Sjevernu Ameriku]] iz [[Sjeverna Azija|sjevernoazijske]] [[Mamutska stepa|Mamutske stepe]] preko [[Beringija|Beringije]] koja se formirala između sjeveroistočnog [[Sibir]]a i zapadne [[Aljaska|Aljaske]] zbog snižavanja [[Morska razina|razine mora]] tijekom [[Posljednji glacijalni maksimum|posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news |last=Pringle |first=Heather |authorlink=Heather Pringle |title=What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jacques-cinq-mars-bluefish-caves-scientific-progress-180962410 |date=8 March 2017 |work=[[Smithsonian]] |access-date=13 October 2019 }}</ref> Ove populacije proširile su se južno od [[Laurentide ledena ploča|Laurentide ledene ploče]] i brzo se raširile na područje [[Amerika|Sjeverne i Južne Amerike]], prije oko 14.000 godina.<ref name="FaganDurrani2016">{{Citiranje knjige |author= Fagan, Brian M. & Durrani, Nadia |title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 |pages=124}}</ref><ref name=Goebel /><ref name="NYT-20180103">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/science/native-americans-beringia-siberia.html |date=3 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=3 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180103">{{cite journal |author=Moreno-Mayer, J. Victor |display-authors=etal |title=Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi= |pmid= |volume=553 |issue=7687 |year=2018 |pages=203–07}}, [[Bibcode]]: [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.553..203M 2018Natur.553..203M]. [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173 10.1038/nature25173]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29323294/ 29323294]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Terminal-Pleistocene-Alaskan-genome-reveals-first-Moreno-Mayar-Potter/8636e6f3f948fdc490f9c2845d1365f617a501c0 4454580].</ref> Najranije populacije u Americi, prije otprilike 10.000 godina, poznate su kao [[Paleoindijanci]].


Naseljavanje Amerika dugogodišnje je otvoreno pitanje, i dok napredak u [[arheologija|arheologiji]], [[Pleistocen|pleistocenskoj]] [[geologija|geologiji]], [[Fizička antropologija|fizičkoj antropologiji]] i [[Genetičko testiranje|DNA analizi]] postupno bacaju sve više svijetla na ovu temu, bitna pitanja i dalje su neriješena.<ref name="Pauketat2012">{{cite book |editor=[[Timothy R. Pauketat]] |title=The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf8j0b7gLvUC&pg=PA86 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538011-8 |chapter=Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom | last = Waguespack | first = Nicole | pages = 86–95 }}</ref> Iako postoji opća suglasnost oko toga da su Amerike prvo naseljene iz Azije, ne postoji suglasnost oko puta i vremena migracija, niti o mjestu/mjestima podrijetla ljudi koji su migrirali iz Euroazije u Amerike.<ref name=Goebel>{{cite journal |title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas | last = Goebel | first = Ted | last2 = Waters | first2 = Michael R. |author3=O'Rourke, Dennis H. |url=http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |journal=Science |volume=319 |issue=5869 |year=2008 |pmid=18339930 |doi=10.1126/science.1153569 |access-date=5 February 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2014 |citeseerx=10.1.1.398.9315 | pages = 1497–1502 }}</ref>
Naseljavanje Amerika dugogodišnje je otvoreno pitanje, i dok napredak u [[arheologija|arheologiji]], [[Pleistocen|pleistocenskoj]] [[geologija|geologiji]], [[Fizička antropologija|fizičkoj antropologiji]] i [[Genetičko testiranje|DNA analizi]] postupno bacaju sve više svijetla na ovu temu, bitna pitanja i dalje su neriješena.<ref name="Pauketat2012">{{Citiranje knjige |editor=[[Timothy R. Pauketat]] |title=The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf8j0b7gLvUC&pg=PA86 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538011-8 |chapter=Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom | last = Waguespack | first = Nicole | pages = 86–95 }}</ref> Iako postoji opća suglasnost oko toga da su Amerike prvo naseljene iz Azije, ne postoji suglasnost oko puta i vremena migracija, niti o mjestu/mjestima podrijetla ljudi koji su migrirali iz Euroazije u Amerike.<ref name=Goebel>{{cite journal |title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas | last = Goebel | first = Ted | last2 = Waters | first2 = Michael R. |author3=O'Rourke, Dennis H. |url=http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |journal=Science |volume=319 |issue=5869 |year=2008 |pmid=18339930 |doi=10.1126/science.1153569 |access-date=5 February 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2014 |citeseerx=10.1.1.398.9315 | pages = 1497–1502 }}</ref>


Prevladavajući modeli migracija ocrtavaju različite vremenske okvire za azijsku migraciju od [[Beringov prolaz|Beringovog prolaza]] i daljnje širenje osnivačke populacije širom kontinenta.<ref name="CummingsJordan2014">Kornfeld, Marcel & Politis, Gustavo G. (2014). [https://books.google.hr/books?id=M4lSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false "Into the Americas: The Earliest Hunter-Gatherers in an Empty Continent"]. In Vicki Cummings; Peter Jordan & Marek Zvelebil (eds.). ''The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers''. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-19-102526-6.</ref> Domorodački narodi Amerika povezani su sa sibirskim populacijama preko [[Indijanski jezici|lingvističkih faktora]], raspodjelom [[Krvne grupe|krvnih grupa]] i [[Genetička povijest domorodačkih naroda Amerika|genetskom kompozicijom]], kao što je prikazano [[molekula]]rnim podatcima, poput [[DNA]].<ref name="AshRobinson2011">{{cite book |author=Ash, Patricia J. & Robinson, David J. |title=The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUlSYsyC-NQC&pg=PT289 |year=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-96424-7 |pages=289}}</ref><ref name="Roberts2010">{{cite book| last = Roberts | first = Alice |title=The Incredible Human Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4088-1091-0|pages=101–03}}</ref>
Prevladavajući modeli migracija ocrtavaju različite vremenske okvire za azijsku migraciju od [[Beringov prolaz|Beringovog prolaza]] i daljnje širenje osnivačke populacije širom kontinenta.<ref name="CummingsJordan2014">Kornfeld, Marcel & Politis, Gustavo G. (2014). [https://books.google.hr/books?id=M4lSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false "Into the Americas: The Earliest Hunter-Gatherers in an Empty Continent"]. In Vicki Cummings; Peter Jordan & Marek Zvelebil (eds.). ''The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers''. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-19-102526-6.</ref> Domorodački narodi Amerika povezani su sa sibirskim populacijama preko [[Indijanski jezici|lingvističkih faktora]], raspodjelom [[Krvne grupe|krvnih grupa]] i [[Genetička povijest domorodačkih naroda Amerika|genetskom kompozicijom]], kao što je prikazano [[molekula]]rnim podatcima, poput [[DNA]].<ref name="AshRobinson2011">{{Citiranje knjige |author=Ash, Patricia J. & Robinson, David J. |title=The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUlSYsyC-NQC&pg=PT289 |year=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-96424-7 |pages=289}}</ref><ref name="Roberts2010">{{Citiranje knjige| last = Roberts | first = Alice |title=The Incredible Human Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4088-1091-0|pages=101–03}}</ref>


„Kloviška prva teorija” odnosi se na hipotezu iz [[1950-ih]] kojom [[kloviška kultura]] predstavlja najranije ljudsko prisustvo u Amerikama, počevši od prije oko 13.000 godina; dokazi o postojanju kultura prije kloviške kulture prikupljeni su od 2000. godine, gurnuvši nazad moguće vrijeme prvog dolaska ljudi u Amerike na prije 33.000 godina.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0|title=Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum|year=2020|author=  Ardelean, Ciprian F.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc; Oviatt, Charles G.; Macías-Quintero, Juan I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Sikora, Martin; Ocampo-Díaz, Yam Zul E.; Rubio-Cisneros, Igor I.; Watling, Jennifer G.; De Medeiros, Vanda B.; De Oliveira, Paulo E.; Barba-Pingarón, Luis; Ortiz-Butrón, Agustín; Blancas-Vázquez, Jorge; Rivera-González, Irán; Solís-Rosales, Corina; Rodríguez-Ceja, María; Gandy, Devlin A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, Zamara; de la Rosa-Díaz, Jesús J.; Huerta-Arellano, Vladimir; Marroquín-Fernández, Marco B.; Martínez-Riojas, L. Martin; López-Jiménez, Alejandro; Higham, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske|journal=Nature|volume=584|issue=7819|pages=87–92}}, [[doi]]: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0 10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699412/ 32699412]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-of-human-occupation-in-Mexico-around-the-Ardelean-Becerra-Valdivia/57c079c6ad466b39d484fe8a7bb8b80d9338a632 220697089].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6|title=The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America|year=2020|author=Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Higham, Thomas|journal=Nature|volume=584|issue=7819|pages=93–97|pmid=|s2cid=}}, [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2491-6 10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699413/ 32699413]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-timing-and-effect-of-the-earliest-human-in-Becerra-Valdivia-Higham/440b75526bf09fb25273d126cbe961662f65c8fb 220715918].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gruhn |first=Ruth |title=Evidence grows that peopling of the Americas began more than 20,000 years ago |journal=Nature |date=22 July 2020 |volume=584 |issue=7819 |pages=47–48 |doi= |pmid= |s2cid= |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 |accessdate=}}, [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 10.1038/d41586-020-02137-3]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699366/ 32699366]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-grows-that-peopling-of-the-Americas-began-Gruhn/edf91544f8ebab1753d1bdd54e96ccc6f0f0cfbc 220717778].</ref>
„Kloviška prva teorija” odnosi se na hipotezu iz [[1950-ih]] kojom [[kloviška kultura]] predstavlja najranije ljudsko prisustvo u Amerikama, počevši od prije oko 13.000 godina; dokazi o postojanju kultura prije kloviške kulture prikupljeni su od 2000. godine, gurnuvši nazad moguće vrijeme prvog dolaska ljudi u Amerike na prije 33.000 godina.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0|title=Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum|year=2020|author=  Ardelean, Ciprian F.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc; Oviatt, Charles G.; Macías-Quintero, Juan I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Sikora, Martin; Ocampo-Díaz, Yam Zul E.; Rubio-Cisneros, Igor I.; Watling, Jennifer G.; De Medeiros, Vanda B.; De Oliveira, Paulo E.; Barba-Pingarón, Luis; Ortiz-Butrón, Agustín; Blancas-Vázquez, Jorge; Rivera-González, Irán; Solís-Rosales, Corina; Rodríguez-Ceja, María; Gandy, Devlin A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, Zamara; de la Rosa-Díaz, Jesús J.; Huerta-Arellano, Vladimir; Marroquín-Fernández, Marco B.; Martínez-Riojas, L. Martin; López-Jiménez, Alejandro; Higham, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske|journal=Nature|volume=584|issue=7819|pages=87–92}}, [[doi]]: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0 10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699412/ 32699412]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-of-human-occupation-in-Mexico-around-the-Ardelean-Becerra-Valdivia/57c079c6ad466b39d484fe8a7bb8b80d9338a632 220697089].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6|title=The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America|year=2020|author=Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Higham, Thomas|journal=Nature|volume=584|issue=7819|pages=93–97|pmid=|s2cid=}}, [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2491-6 10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699413/ 32699413]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-timing-and-effect-of-the-earliest-human-in-Becerra-Valdivia-Higham/440b75526bf09fb25273d126cbe961662f65c8fb 220715918].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gruhn |first=Ruth |title=Evidence grows that peopling of the Americas began more than 20,000 years ago |journal=Nature |date=22 July 2020 |volume=584 |issue=7819 |pages=47–48 |doi= |pmid= |s2cid= |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 |accessdate=}}, [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 10.1038/d41586-020-02137-3]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699366/ 32699366]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-grows-that-peopling-of-the-Americas-began-Gruhn/edf91544f8ebab1753d1bdd54e96ccc6f0f0cfbc 220717778].</ref>

Posljednja izmjena od 20. ožujak 2022. u 07:44

Naseljavanje Amerika počelo je kad su lovci-sakupljači gornjeg paleolitika dospjeli u Sjevernu Ameriku iz sjevernoazijske Mamutske stepe preko Beringije koja se formirala između sjeveroistočnog Sibira i zapadne Aljaske zbog snižavanja razine mora tijekom posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma.[1] Ove populacije proširile su se južno od Laurentide ledene ploče i brzo se raširile na područje Sjeverne i Južne Amerike, prije oko 14.000 godina.[2][3][4][5] Najranije populacije u Americi, prije otprilike 10.000 godina, poznate su kao Paleoindijanci.

Naseljavanje Amerika dugogodišnje je otvoreno pitanje, i dok napredak u arheologiji, pleistocenskoj geologiji, fizičkoj antropologiji i DNA analizi postupno bacaju sve više svijetla na ovu temu, bitna pitanja i dalje su neriješena.[6] Iako postoji opća suglasnost oko toga da su Amerike prvo naseljene iz Azije, ne postoji suglasnost oko puta i vremena migracija, niti o mjestu/mjestima podrijetla ljudi koji su migrirali iz Euroazije u Amerike.[3]

Prevladavajući modeli migracija ocrtavaju različite vremenske okvire za azijsku migraciju od Beringovog prolaza i daljnje širenje osnivačke populacije širom kontinenta.[7] Domorodački narodi Amerika povezani su sa sibirskim populacijama preko lingvističkih faktora, raspodjelom krvnih grupa i genetskom kompozicijom, kao što je prikazano molekularnim podatcima, poput DNA.[8][9]

„Kloviška prva teorija” odnosi se na hipotezu iz 1950-ih kojom kloviška kultura predstavlja najranije ljudsko prisustvo u Amerikama, počevši od prije oko 13.000 godina; dokazi o postojanju kultura prije kloviške kulture prikupljeni su od 2000. godine, gurnuvši nazad moguće vrijeme prvog dolaska ljudi u Amerike na prije 33.000 godina.[10][11][12]

Izvori

  1. ↑ Pringle, Heather (8. ožujak 2017.). "What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking?". Smithsonian. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jacques-cinq-mars-bluefish-caves-scientific-progress-180962410 Pristupljeno 13. listopad 2019. 
  2. ↑ Fagan, Brian M. & Durrani, Nadia (2016). World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction. Routledge. str. 124. ISBN 978-1-317-34244-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). "The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas". Science 319 (5869): 1497–1502. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 2. siječanj 2014.. http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf Pristupljeno 5. veljača 2010. 
  4. ↑ Zimmer, Carl (3. siječanj 2018.). "In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/science/native-americans-beringia-siberia.html Pristupljeno 3. siječanj 2018. 
  5. ↑ Moreno-Mayer, J. Victor (2018). "Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans". Nature 553 (7687): 203–07 , Bibcode: 2018Natur.553..203M. doi:10.1038/nature25173. PMID 29323294. S2CID 4454580.
  6. ↑ Waguespack, Nicole (2012). "Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom". Unutar Timothy R. Pauketat. The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press. str. 86–95. ISBN 978-0-19-538011-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=yf8j0b7gLvUC&pg=PA86 
  7. ↑ Kornfeld, Marcel & Politis, Gustavo G. (2014). "Into the Americas: The Earliest Hunter-Gatherers in an Empty Continent". In Vicki Cummings; Peter Jordan & Marek Zvelebil (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-19-102526-6.
  8. ↑ Ash, Patricia J. & Robinson, David J. (2011). The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline. John Wiley & Sons. str. 289. ISBN 978-1-119-96424-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=JUlSYsyC-NQC&pg=PT289 
  9. ↑ Roberts, Alice (2010). The Incredible Human Journey. A&C Black. str. 101–03. ISBN 978-1-4088-1091-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101 
  10. ↑ Ardelean, Ciprian F.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc; Oviatt, Charles G.; Macías-Quintero, Juan I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Sikora, Martin; Ocampo-Díaz, Yam Zul E.; Rubio-Cisneros, Igor I.; Watling, Jennifer G.; De Medeiros, Vanda B.; De Oliveira, Paulo E.; Barba-Pingarón, Luis; Ortiz-Butrón, Agustín; Blancas-Vázquez, Jorge; Rivera-González, Irán; Solís-Rosales, Corina; Rodríguez-Ceja, María; Gandy, Devlin A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, Zamara; de la Rosa-Díaz, Jesús J.; Huerta-Arellano, Vladimir; Marroquín-Fernández, Marco B.; Martínez-Riojas, L. Martin; López-Jiménez, Alejandro; Higham, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske (2020). "Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum". Nature 584 (7819): 87–92. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0 , doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0. PMID 32699412. S2CID 220697089.
  11. ↑ Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Higham, Thomas (2020). "The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America". Nature 584 (7819): 93–97. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6 , doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6. PMID 32699413. S2CID 220715918.
  12. ↑ Gruhn, Ruth (22. srpanj 2020.). "Evidence grows that peopling of the Americas began more than 20,000 years ago". Nature 584 (7819): 47–48. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 , doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02137-3. PMID 32699366. S2CID 220717778.

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