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Izvor: Hrvatska internetska enciklopedija
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Redak 34: Redak 34:
|-
|-
|5–40–100 W vofram električna žarulja (120 V)
|5–40–100 W vofram električna žarulja (120 V)
|5–12,6<ref name="incandescent">{{cite web | title=The Nature of Light| last=Keefe| first=T.J.| year=2007| url=http://www.ccri.edu/physics/keefe/light.htm | accessdate=2007-11-05}}</ref>–17.5<ref name="incandescent"/>
|5–12,6<ref name="incandescent">{{Citiranje web | title=The Nature of Light| last=Keefe| first=T.J.| year=2007| url=http://www.ccri.edu/physics/keefe/light.htm | accessdate=2007-11-05}}</ref>–17.5<ref name="incandescent"/>
|0,7–1,8–2,6%
|0,7–1,8–2,6%
|-
|-
|2,6 W halogena volfram žarulja (5,2&nbsp;V)
|2,6 W halogena volfram žarulja (5,2&nbsp;V)
|19,2<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ts-audio.biz/tsshop/WGS/411/PRD/LFH0324408/Osram_6406330_500mA_52V_E10_BLK1_MINIWATT-Halogen-Gluehlampe_f.Taschenl..htm |title=Osram Miniwatt-Halogen |work=www.ts-audio.biz |accessdate=2008-01-28}}June 2008</ref>
|19,2<ref>{{Citiranje web |url=http://www.ts-audio.biz/tsshop/WGS/411/PRD/LFH0324408/Osram_6406330_500mA_52V_E10_BLK1_MINIWATT-Halogen-Gluehlampe_f.Taschenl..htm |title=Osram Miniwatt-Halogen |work=www.ts-audio.biz |accessdate=2008-01-28}}June 2008</ref>
|2,8%
|2,8%
|-
|-
Redak 46: Redak 46:
|-
|-
|fotografske i projekcione svjetiljke
|fotografske i projekcione svjetiljke
|35<ref name="bulbguide">{{cite web | author=Klipstein, Donald L.| year=1996 | title=The Great Internet Light Bulb Book, Part I | url=http://freespace.virgin.net/tom.baldwin/bulbguide.html | accessdate=2006-04-16}}</ref>
|35<ref name="bulbguide">{{Citiranje web | author=Klipstein, Donald L.| year=1996 | title=The Great Internet Light Bulb Book, Part I | url=http://freespace.virgin.net/tom.baldwin/bulbguide.html | accessdate=2006-04-16}}</ref>
|5,1%
|5,1%
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" align="center" |[[Svjetleća dioda]] - LED
| rowspan="6" align="center" |[[Svjetleća dioda]] - LED
|bijela LED (sirova, bez napajanja)
|bijela LED (sirova, bez napajanja)
|4,5–150 <!-- Do not add values for experimental LEDs, unless the number is supported by a reference to a reliable, *independent* source. Manufacturer press releases are not independent sources! See:[[Talk:Luminous_efficacy#new_record_for_LED_efficiency]] --><ref>[http://electronicdesign.com/content.aspx?topic=white-led-offers-broad-temp-range-and-color-yield4&catpath=components White LED Offers Broad Temp Range And Color Yield] Electronicdesign ''' ''' Otherwise see:[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811012255/http://electronicdesign.com/article/components/white-led-offers-broad-temp-range-and-color-yield4.aspx Google Cache]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nichia.co.jp/specification/led_09/NSPWR70CSS-K1-E.pdf |title=Nichia NSPWR70CSS-K1 specifications |publisher=Nichia Corp. |format=pdf |accessdate=April 26, 2009}} September 2010|bot=H3llBot</ref><ref name="LED">{{cite web | author=Klipstein, Donald L.| title=The Brightest and Most Efficient LEDs and where to get them | work=Don Klipstein's Web Site | url=http://members.misty.com/don/led.html#ln | accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cree.com/Products/pdf/XLampXP-G.pdf |title=Cree XLamp XP-G LEDs Data Sheet}} Claims 132 lm/W.</ref>
|4,5–150 <!-- Do not add values for experimental LEDs, unless the number is supported by a reference to a reliable, *independent* source. Manufacturer press releases are not independent sources! See:[[Talk:Luminous_efficacy#new_record_for_LED_efficiency]] --><ref>[http://electronicdesign.com/content.aspx?topic=white-led-offers-broad-temp-range-and-color-yield4&catpath=components White LED Offers Broad Temp Range And Color Yield] Electronicdesign ''' ''' Otherwise see:[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811012255/http://electronicdesign.com/article/components/white-led-offers-broad-temp-range-and-color-yield4.aspx Google Cache]</ref><ref>{{Citiranje web |url=http://www.nichia.co.jp/specification/led_09/NSPWR70CSS-K1-E.pdf |title=Nichia NSPWR70CSS-K1 specifications |publisher=Nichia Corp. |format=pdf |accessdate=April 26, 2009}} September 2010|bot=H3llBot</ref><ref name="LED">{{Citiranje web | author=Klipstein, Donald L.| title=The Brightest and Most Efficient LEDs and where to get them | work=Don Klipstein's Web Site | url=http://members.misty.com/don/led.html#ln | accessdate=2008-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje web |url=http://www.cree.com/Products/pdf/XLampXP-G.pdf |title=Cree XLamp XP-G LEDs Data Sheet}} Claims 132 lm/W.</ref>
|0,66–22,0%
|0,66–22,0%
|-
|-
Redak 76: Redak 76:
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Lučna svjetiljka
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Lučna svjetiljka
|[[ksenon]] lučna svjetiljka
|[[ksenon]] lučna svjetiljka
|30–50<ref name="xenon">{{cite web | title=Technical Information on Lamps | work=Optical Building Blocks | url=http://www.pti-nj.com/products/High-Speed-Spectrofluorometer/TechNotes/TechnicalInformationLamps.pdf | format=pdf|accessdate=2010-05-01}} Note that the figure of 150&nbsp;lm/W given for xenon lamps appears to be a typo. The page contains other useful information.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=OSRAM Sylvania Lamp and Ballast Catalog|year=2007}}</ref>
|30–50<ref name="xenon">{{Citiranje web | title=Technical Information on Lamps | work=Optical Building Blocks | url=http://www.pti-nj.com/products/High-Speed-Spectrofluorometer/TechNotes/TechnicalInformationLamps.pdf | format=pdf|accessdate=2010-05-01}} Note that the figure of 150&nbsp;lm/W given for xenon lamps appears to be a typo. The page contains other useful information.</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige|title=OSRAM Sylvania Lamp and Ballast Catalog|year=2007}}</ref>
|4,4–7,3%
|4,4–7,3%
|-
|-
Redak 89: Redak 89:
|-
|-
|9–32 W štedna žarulja
|9–32 W štedna žarulja
|46–75<ref name="cf">{{cite web | title=Low Mercury CFLs | url=http://www.energyfederation.org/consumer/default.php/cPath/25_44_3006 | publisher=Energy Federation Incorporated | accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Conventional CFLs | url=http://www.energyfederation.org/consumer/default.php/cPath/25_44_784 | publisher=Energy Federation Incorporated | accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref><ref name="philc"/>
|46–75<ref name="cf">{{Citiranje web | title=Low Mercury CFLs | url=http://www.energyfederation.org/consumer/default.php/cPath/25_44_3006 | publisher=Energy Federation Incorporated | accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje web | title=Conventional CFLs | url=http://www.energyfederation.org/consumer/default.php/cPath/25_44_784 | publisher=Energy Federation Incorporated | accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref><ref name="philc"/>
|8–11,45%<ref name="CF_efficiency">{{cite web | title=Global bulbs | url=http://www.1000bulbs.com/32-Watt-Compact-Fluorescents/37889/ | publisher= 1000Bulbs.com accessdate=2010-2-20}}| </ref>
|8–11,45%<ref name="CF_efficiency">{{Citiranje web | title=Global bulbs | url=http://www.1000bulbs.com/32-Watt-Compact-Fluorescents/37889/ | publisher= 1000Bulbs.com accessdate=2010-2-20}}| </ref>
|-
|-
|T8 cijev s elektronskom prigušnicom
|T8 cijev s elektronskom prigušnicom
Redak 97: Redak 97:
|-
|-
|PL-S 11W U-cijev s tradicionalnom prigušnicom
|PL-S 11W U-cijev s tradicionalnom prigušnicom
| 82<ref name="U-tubes">{{cite web | author=Phillips | title=Phillips Master | url=http://skinflint.co.uk/a416644.html | accessdate=2010-12-21}}</ref>
| 82<ref name="U-tubes">{{Citiranje web | author=Phillips | title=Phillips Master | url=http://skinflint.co.uk/a416644.html | accessdate=2010-12-21}}</ref>
| 12%
| 12%
|-
|-
|T5 svjetiljka
|T5 svjetiljka
| 70–104,2<ref name="energyrating">{{cite web | author=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australia | title=Energy Labelling—Lamps | url=http://www.energyrating.gov.au/appsearch/download.asp | accessdate=2008-08-14}}</ref><ref name="Plusrite">{{cite web | url=http://www.1000bulbs.com/F35T5-6500K/39598/ | publisher=1000Bulbs.com| accessdate=2010-2-20|title=1000bulbs.com}}</ref>
| 70–104,2<ref name="energyrating">{{Citiranje web | author=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australia | title=Energy Labelling—Lamps | url=http://www.energyrating.gov.au/appsearch/download.asp | accessdate=2008-08-14}}</ref><ref name="Plusrite">{{Citiranje web | url=http://www.1000bulbs.com/F35T5-6500K/39598/ | publisher=1000Bulbs.com| accessdate=2010-2-20|title=1000bulbs.com}}</ref>
| 10–15,63%
| 10–15,63%
|-
|-
|Spiralna cijev s elektronskom prigušnicom
|Spiralna cijev s elektronskom prigušnicom
| 114-124,3<ref name="spiraltubes">{{cite web | author=Panasonic | title=Panasonic Spiral Fluorescent | url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/jn100609-1/jn100609-1.html | accessdate=2010-09-27}}</ref>
| 114-124,3<ref name="spiraltubes">{{Citiranje web | author=Panasonic | title=Panasonic Spiral Fluorescent | url=http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/jn100609-1/jn100609-1.html | accessdate=2010-09-27}}</ref>
| 15–18%
| 15–18%
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" |[[Tinjalica]]
| rowspan="4" align="center" |[[Tinjalica]]
|1400 W sumporna svjetiljka
|1400 W sumporna svjetiljka
|100<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iaeel.org/IAEEL/iaeel/newsl/1996/ett1996/LiTech_b_1_96.html |title=1000-watt sulfur lamp now ready |work=IAEEL newsletter |year=1996 |issue=1 |publisher=IAEEL |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030818061414/http://195.178.164.205/IAEEL/iaeel/newsl/1996/ett1996/LiTech_b_1_96.html |archivedate=18 kolovoza 2003 |accessdate=2 ožujka 2011 }}</ref><!--Prototype, not production unit.-->
|100<ref>{{Citiranje novina |url=http://www.iaeel.org/IAEEL/iaeel/newsl/1996/ett1996/LiTech_b_1_96.html |title=1000-watt sulfur lamp now ready |work=IAEEL newsletter |year=1996 |issue=1 |publisher=IAEEL |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030818061414/http://195.178.164.205/IAEEL/iaeel/newsl/1996/ett1996/LiTech_b_1_96.html |archivedate=18 kolovoza 2003 |accessdate=2 ožujka 2011 }}</ref><!--Prototype, not production unit.-->
|15%
|15%
|-
|-
|metalna halidna svjetiljka
|metalna halidna svjetiljka
|65–115<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.venturelighting.com/TechCenter/Metal-Halide-TechIntro.html |title=The Metal Halide Advantage |year=2007 |work=Venture Lighting |accessdate=2008-08-10}}</ref>
|65–115<ref>{{Citiranje web |url=http://www.venturelighting.com/TechCenter/Metal-Halide-TechIntro.html |title=The Metal Halide Advantage |year=2007 |work=Venture Lighting |accessdate=2008-08-10}}</ref>
|9,5–17%
|9,5–17%
|-
|-
Redak 122: Redak 122:
|-
|-
|Natrijeva svjetiljka s niskim pritiskom
|Natrijeva svjetiljka s niskim pritiskom
|100–200<ref name="sodium">{{cite web|title=LED or Neon? A scientific comparison| url=http://www.signweb.com/index.php/channel/12/id/138/}}</ref><ref name="lightning">{{cite web|url=http://webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/4.html|title=Why is lightning coloured? (gas excitations)}}</ref><ref name="philc"/>
|100–200<ref name="sodium">{{Citiranje web|title=LED or Neon? A scientific comparison| url=http://www.signweb.com/index.php/channel/12/id/138/}}</ref><ref name="lightning">{{Citiranje web|url=http://webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/4.html|title=Why is lightning coloured? (gas excitations)}}</ref><ref name="philc"/>
|15–29%
|15–29%
|-
|-
|align="center"|Katodnaluminescencija
|align="center"|Katodnaluminescencija
|elektronski stimulirana luminescencija
|elektronski stimulirana luminescencija
|30<ref name="ELS">{{cite web|title="Vu1 ESL™ R-30 Energy Efficient Light Bulb Specifications"|url=http://www.vu1corporation.com/eslupdate/}}</ref>
|30<ref name="ELS">{{Citiranje web|title="Vu1 ESL™ R-30 Energy Efficient Light Bulb Specifications"|url=http://www.vu1corporation.com/eslupdate/}}</ref>
|5%
|5%
|-
|-

Trenutačna izmjena od 08:49, 8. prosinca 2021.

Funkcija osjetljivosti oka prikazana je na dijagramu kojemu se na apscisi nalaze valne duljine približno je simetrična krivulja s oštrim maksimumom jednakim jedinici na valnoj duljini 555 nm za dnevnu osjetljivost (crno) i 507 nm za noćnu osjetljivost (zeleno). Njezina je vrijednost za valnu duljinu 600 nm 0,63, a za valne duljine 380 i 780 nm iznosi 0.
Linear visible spectrum.svg

Svjetlosna učinkovitost ili luminacijska efektnost (oznaka η) je fotometrijska fizikalna veličina kojom se opisuje učinak određenih frekvencija elektromagnetskih valova na ljudski osjet vida; omjer je svjetlosnog toka Фs i toka zračenja Ф, to jest:

[math]\displaystyle{ \eta = \frac{\Phi_s}{\Phi} }[/math]

Najveća je svjetlosna učinkovitost (683 lm/W) žutozelene svjetlosti, valne duljine 555 nm. Mjerna jedinica svjetlosne učinkovitosti jest lumen po vatu (lm/W). [1]

Stupanj iskorištenja raznih izvora svjetlosti

Stupanj iskorištenja izvora svjetlosti, za umjetnu rasvjetu, je bezdimenzionalni odnos između svjetlosnog toka (sim. Φ; jed. lm) koje emitira svjetlo i ulazne električne snage (sim. P; jed. W), koje to svjetlo troši.

Kategorija
 		 Vrsta
 		 Ukupna
luminozitetna efikasnost (lm/W)		 Ukupan
stupanj iskorištenja[2]
Izgaranje svijeća 0,3[3] 0,04%
stare ulične plinske svjetiljke 1–2[4] 0,15–0,3%
električna žarulja 100–200 W vofram električna žarulja (230 V) 13,8[5]–15.2[6] 2,0–2,2%
100–200–500 W halogena volfram žarulja (230 V) 16,7[7]–17.6[6]–19.8[6] 2,4–2,6–2,9%
5–40–100 W vofram električna žarulja (120 V) 5–12,6[8]–17.5[8] 0,7–1,8–2,6%
2,6 W halogena volfram žarulja (5,2 V) 19,2[9] 2,8%
volfram kvarc halogena (12–24 V) 24 3,5%
fotografske i projekcione svjetiljke 35[10] 5,1%
Svjetleća dioda - LED bijela LED (sirova, bez napajanja) 4,5–150 [11][12][13][14] 0,66–22,0%
4,1 W LED Edisonov navoj (120 V) 58,5–82,9[15] 8.6–12.1%
6,9 W LED svjetiljka s navojem (120 V) 55,1–81,9[15] 8,1–12,0%
7 W LED PAR20-par.al.reflektor (120 V) 28,6[16] 4,2%
8,7 W LED svjetiljka s navojem (120 V) 69,0–93,1[15][17] 10,1–13,6%
Teoretska granica 260,0–300,0[18] 38,1–43,9%
Lučna svjetiljka ksenon lučna svjetiljka 30–50[19][20] 4,4–7,3%
živa-ksenon lučna svjetiljka 50–55[19] 7,3–8,0%
Fluorescentna svjetiljka T12 cijev s magnetskom prigušnicom 60[21] 9%
9–32 W štedna žarulja 46–75[22][23][6] 8–11,45%[24]
T8 cijev s elektronskom prigušnicom 80–100[21] 12–15%
PL-S 11W U-cijev s tradicionalnom prigušnicom 82[25] 12%
T5 svjetiljka 70–104,2[26][27] 10–15,63%
Spiralna cijev s elektronskom prigušnicom 114-124,3[28] 15–18%
Tinjalica 1400 W sumporna svjetiljka 100[29] 15%
metalna halidna svjetiljka 65–115[30] 9,5–17%
Natrijeva svjetiljka s visokim pritiskom 85–150[6] 12–22%
Natrijeva svjetiljka s niskim pritiskom 100–200[31][32][6] 15–29%
Katodnaluminescencija elektronski stimulirana luminescencija 30[33] 5%
Idealni izvor usječeno 5800 K crno tijelo 251 37%
Zeleno svjetlo kod 555 nm (maksimalno moguća iskoristljivost) 683,002 100%

Izvori

  1. ↑ svjetlosna učinkovitost (luminacijska efektnost), [1] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.
  2. ↑ Defined such that the maximum value possible is 100%.
  3. ↑ 1 candela*4π steradians/40 W
  4. ↑ Westermaier, F. V. (1920). "Recent Developments in Gas Street Lighting". The American City (New York: Civic Press) 22 (5): 490. http://books.google.com/?id=rWxLAAAAMAAJ&dq=mantle%20lamp&pg=PA490#v=onepage&q=mantle%20lamp 
  5. ↑ Bulbs: Gluehbirne.ch: Philips Standard Lamps (German)
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 Philips Product Catalog (German)
  7. ↑ cite web |url=http://www.osram.de/_global/pdf/osram_de/tools_services/downloads/allgemeinbeleuchtung/halogenlampen/haloluxhalopar.pdf |title=Osram halogen |work=www.osram.de |language=German |accessdate=2008-01-28|format=PDF| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071107054500/http://www.osram.de/_global/pdf/osram_de/tools_services/downloads/allgemeinbeleuchtung/halogenlampen/haloluxhalopar.pdf%7C archivedate = November 7, 2007
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 {{
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  • ↑ {{
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  • ↑ {{
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  • ↑ White LED Offers Broad Temp Range And Color Yield Electronicdesign Otherwise see:Google Cache
  • ↑ {{
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  • ↑ {{
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  • ↑ {{
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    Morate navesti naslov = i url = dok rabite {{[[Predložak:Citiranje web},
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    ]]}}, Claims 132 lm/W.

  • ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Toshiba E-CORE LED Lamp
  • ↑ GE 73716 7-Watt Energy Smart PAR20 LED Light Bulb
  • ↑ Toshiba to release 93 lm/W LED bulb Ledrevie
  • ↑ White LEDs with super-high luminous efficacy physorg.com
  • ↑ 19,0 19,1 {{
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    ]]}} (pdf), Note that the figure of 150 lm/W given for xenon lamps appears to be a typo. The page contains other useful information.

  • ↑ OSRAM Sylvania Lamp and Ballast Catalog. 2007 
  • ↑ 21,0 21,1 Federal Energy Management Program (December 2000). How to buy an energy-efficient fluorescent tube lampHow to buy an energy-efficient fluorescent tube lamp, U.S. Department of Energy.
  • ↑ {{
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  • ↑ "1000-watt sulfur lamp now ready". IAEEL newsletter (IAEEL) (1). 1996. Inačica izvorne stranice arhivirana 18 kolovoza 2003. http://www.iaeel.org/IAEEL/iaeel/newsl/1996/ett1996/LiTech_b_1_96.html Pristupljeno 2 ožujka 2011 
  • ↑ {{
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