Požar u katedrali Notre-Dame

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Požar u katedrali Notre-Dame
Vrijeme18:20 CEST
Trajanje15 sati[1]
Datum15. travnja 2019.
Mjestokatedrala Notre-Dame
LokacijaPariz, Francuska
Koordinate48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E / 48.8530°N 2.3498°E / 48.8530; 2.3498
Broj mrtvih0[2]
Broj povrijeđenih3[3][4]

Požar u katedrali Notre-Dame izbio je 15. travnja 2019. godine oko 18:20 ispod krova katedrale Notre-Dame u Parizu, a ugašen je petnaest sati kasnije. U požaru su izgorjeli krov i toranj na krovu, a unutrašnjost katedrale, gornji zidovi i prozori teško su oštećeni. Veću štetu spriječio je kameni strop koji je zadržavao krov u plamenu dok se urušavao. Mnoga umjetnička djela i druge relikvije evakuirane su, dok su neke koje su ostale unutra uništene ili oštećene. Dva para orgulja i tri rozete iz 13. stoljeća pretrpjele su malu ili nikakvu štetu.

Predsjednik Francuske Emmanuel Macron obećao je državi da će obnoviti katedralu[5] i pokrenuo je kampanju za prikupljanje sredstava. Za manje od 48 sati od početka požara najavljen je iznos od 900 milijuna eura donacija.[6] Procjenjuje se kako bi obnova katedrale mogla trajati dvadeset i više godina.

Dana 25. prosinca 2019. u katedrali nije održana Božićna misa. Zadnji put je tako bilo 1803. godine.[7]

Pozadina

Izgradnja katedrale Notre-Dame počela je u 12. stoljeću, a korišten je kamen za zidove i svod, dok su glavni krov i toranj na krovu napravljeni od drveta. Prvobitni toranj na krovu oštetio je vjetar te je skinut između 1786. i 1791. godine; novi toranj, napravljen od hrastovine i prekriven olovom, a koji je dizajnirao Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, dograđena je u 19. stoljeću.[8] Katedrala je uvrštena na UNESCO-vom popisu Svjetske baštine 1991. godine.[9]

Posljednjih godina katedrala je pretrpjela znatna oštećenja zbog trošenja kamena, prvenstveno zbog zagađenja okoline,[10] jer kisele kiše nagrizaju vapnenac.[10][11][12] Ministarstvo kulture 2014. je godine procijenilo troškove renoviranja katedrale na 150 milijuna eura.[13]

Pariška nadbiskupija 2016. je godine uputila poziv za prikupljanje 100 milijuna eura u narednih pet do deset godina kako bi se pokrili troškovi održavanja i restauracije.[10] U vrijeme požara, u tijeku je bila obnova tornja, procijenjena na 6 milijuna eura.[14][15] Oko transepta podignuta je čelična skela.[5][16]

Požar

Toranj u plamenu
Pogled na katedralu s mosta Pont de la Tournelle

Početak

Požar je izbio u potkrovlju u 18:18.[17] Oko 18:20, čuvari su najprije čuli požarni alarm i počeli evakuirati ljude iz katedrale, ali nisu vidjeli požar sve do 18:43, kada se ponovo oglasio alarm[18] ili se oglasio drugi alarm.[19] Misa je bila u tijeku od 18:15.[20][21] Ljudi su mirno evakuirani u roku od nekoliko minuta.[19]

Prema riječima očevidaca, vrata katedrale naglo su se zatvorila za njima i bijeli dim počeo se dizati s krova.[22] Dim je pocrnio prije nego što se s kule pojavio plamen, a zatim je dim postao žute boje.[22][23]

Intervencija

Policija je brzo evakuirala otok Île de la Cité.[22][24][25]

Pariška vatrogasna brigada redovno je vježbala za pripremu u slučaju bilo kakvog požara u katedrali, uključujući i dvije vježbe na licu mjesta tijekom 2018. godine.

S vatrom su se prvenstveno borili iznutra, u skladu s uobičajenom francuskom vatrogasnom praksom. Gašenje vatre izvana moglo je dovesti do oštećenja unutrašnjosti skretanjem plamena i vrelih plinova (na temperaturama do 800 °C).[26] Dvadeset vatrogasaca popelo se u dva tornja.[19] Vatrogasna vozila su s tla pažljivo gasila požar, izbjegavajući dodatno oštećenje zgrade.[27][28][29] Prateći plan vatrogasne službe za ovakve hitne situacije, brodovi su se brzo rasporedili na rijeci Seini kako bi pumpali vodu.[30]

Gašenje požara iz zraka nije korišteno jer je to moglo oštetiti strukturu i zagrijan kamen mogao je ispucati ako bi došlo do njegovog naglog ohlađenja.[31][32] Helikopteri nisu bili korišteni zbog opasnog strujanja zraka,[33] ali su se bespilotne letjelice koristile za vizualno i termografsko snimanje, a roboti su korišteni za snimanje i usmjeravanje mlazeva vode.[34]

Prikupljanje prihoda

Dvanaest sati nakon početka požara prikupljeno je preko 900 milijuna eura donacija od pojedinaca, tvrtaka i institucija za obnovu katedrale.[35]

Popis donacija
Donator Vrsta Država Iznos
Obitelj Arnault i LVMH Privatna Francuska 200 milijuna eura[36]
Obitelj Bettencourt i L'Oréal Privatna Francuska 200 milijuna eura[37]
Obitelj Pinault i Groupe Artémis Privatna Francuska 100 milijuna eura[38]
Total SE Privatna Francuska 100 milijuna eura[39]
Gradska vlast Pariza Javna Francuska 50 milijuna eura[40][41]
BNP Paribas Privatna Francuska 20 milijuna eura[42]
Obitelj Decaux i JCDecaux Privatna Francuska 20 milijuna eura[43]
Axa Privatna Francuska 10 milijuna eura[44]
Obitelj Safra Privatna Brazil, Izrael, Sjedinjene Američke Države 10 milijuna eura[45]
Obitelj Bouygues Privatna Francuska 10 milijuna eura[46]
Obitelj de Lacharrière i FIMALAC Privatna Francuska 10 milijuna eura[41]
Île-de-France Javna Francuska 10 milijuna eura[41]
Société Générale Privatna Francuska 10 milijuna eura[47]
BPCE Privatna Francuska 10 milijuna eura[47]
Obitelj Kravis Privatna Sjedinjene Američke Države 10 milijuna američkih dolara[41]
Disney Javna Sjedinjene Američke Države 5 milijuna američkih dolara [48]
Crédit Agricole Javna Francuska 5 milijuna eura[49]
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Javna Francuska 2 milijuna eura[50]
Okcitanija Javna Francuska 1,5 milijun eura[51]
Vlada Republike Srbije Javna Srbija 1 milijun eura[52]
Capgemini Privatna Francuska 1 milijun eura[53]
UiPath Privatna Rumunjska 1 milijun eura[54]
Ubisoft Javna Francuska 500.000 eura[55]
Sveučilište Notre Dame Privatna Sjedinjene Američke Države 100.000 američkih dolara[56]
Obitelj Ratel Privatna Francuska, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo 50.000 eura[57]
Segedin Javna Mađarska 10.000 eura[58]
Stolni Biograd Javna Mađarska 10.000 eura[59]
Apple Javna Sjedinjene Američke Države ?[60][61]
Autodesk Javna Sjedinjene Američke Države ?[62]
Ukupno 944 milijuna eura[45]

Galerija

Izvori

  1. ↑ (16 April 2019). Notre-Dame fire: Millions pledged to rebuild cathedral ID: notre_dame_fire_millions_pledged_to_rebuild_cathedral.
  2. ↑ (17 April 2019). France vows to rebuild Notre Dame Cathedral after devastating fire, CBS News ID: france_vows_to_rebuild_notre_dame_cathedral_after_devastating_fire.
  3. ↑ (15 April 2019). What We Know and Don't Know About the Notre-Dame Fire ID: what_we_know_and_don_t_know_about_the_notre_dame_fire.
  4. ↑ (16 April 2019). Notre Dame will be rebuilt within the next five years, French President Emmanuel Macron says ID: notre_dame_will_be_rebuilt_within_the_next_five_years_french_president_emmanuel_macron_says.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 PM, Arthur Villasanta 04/15/19 AT 8:59 (15 April 2019). Notre Dame Cathedral Fire Photos: Macron Vows To Rebuild 670-Year Old Church, International Business Times ID: pm-notre_dame_cathedral_fire_photos_macron_vows_to_rebuild_670_year_old_church.
  6. ↑ (17 April 2019). Factbox: Donors pledge nearly 900 million euros to rebuild... ID: factbox_donors_pledge_nearly_900_million_euros_to_rebuild.
  7. ↑ France-Presse, Agence (21 December 2019). No Christmas mass at Notre Dame cathedral for first time since 1803 ISSN 0029-7712.
  8. ↑ . The story behind the towering Notre Dame spire and the 30-year-old architect commissioned to rebuild it, The Washington Post ID: the_story_behind_the_towering_notre_dame_spire_and_the_30_year_old_architect_commissioned_to_rebuild_it.
  9. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. Paris, Banks of the Seine, UNESCO World Heritage Centre ID: centre-paris_banks_of_the_seine.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 . Notre Dame Cathedral Is Crumbling. Who Will Help Save It?, Time ID: notre_dame_cathedral_is_crumbling_who_will_help_save_it.
  11. ↑ . How does acid precipitation affect marble and limestone buildings? [USGS], pubs.usgs.gov ID: how_does_acid_precipitation_affect_marble_and_limestone_buildings_usgs.
  12. ↑ . Limestone and Acid Rain, butane.chem.uiuc.edu ID: limestone_and_acid_rain.
  13. ↑ Horgan, Rob. Notre-Dame fire | Blaze breaks out amid renovations at 12th century cathedral, New Civil Engineer ID: horgan-notre_dame_fire_blaze_breaks_out_amid_renovations_at_12th_century_cathedral.
  14. ↑ . Fire breaks out at top of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Independent.ie ID: fire_breaks_out_at_top_of_notre_dame_cathedral_in_paris.
  15. ↑ . Notre Dame was undergoing $6.8 million renovation when massive fire broke out, www.cbsnews.com ID: notre_dame_was_undergoing_6_8_million_renovation_when_massive_fire_broke_out.
  16. ↑ . Notre-Dame Cathedral spire in Paris collapses, engulfed in flames ID: notre_dame_cathedral_spire_in_paris_collapses_engulfed_in_flames.
  17. ↑ (17 July 2019). Notre Dame came far closer to collapsing than people knew ID: notre_dame_came_far_closer_to_collapsing_than_people_knew.
  18. ↑ (16 April 2019). Timeline of Notre Dame alarms emerges, www.cnn.com ID: timeline_of_notre_dame_alarms_emerges.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Hinnant, Lori (17 April 2019). 66 minutes: The frantic race to save Notre Dame, AP NEWS ID: hinnant-66_minutes_the_frantic_race_to_save_notre_dame.
  20. ↑ . Événements Archive, Notre Dame de Paris ID: v_nements_archive.
  21. ↑ Quinn, Ben (16 April 2019). Notre Dame fire: artworks to be sent to Louvre as donations pour in – as it happened ISSN 0261-3077.
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 Nossiter, Adam (15 April 2019). Fire Mauls Beloved Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris ISSN 0362-4331.
  23. ↑ (16 April 2019). Massive fire ravages Notre-Dame cathedral ID: massive_fire_ravages_notre_dame_cathedral.
  24. ↑ Hinnant, Lori (15 April 2019). Massive fire engulfs beloved Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, AP NEWS ID: hinnant-massive_fire_engulfs_beloved_notre_dame_cathedral_in_paris.
  25. ↑ País, El (17 April 2019). Así te hemos contado el incendio en la catedral de Notre Dame ISSN 1134-6582.
  26. ↑ . Six questions about the fire of Notre-Dame, Le Parisien ID: six_questions_about_the_fire_of_notre_dame.
  27. ↑ CNN, Joshua Berlinger. Why the Notre Dame fire was so hard to put out, CNN ID: cnn-why_the_notre_dame_fire_was_so_hard_to_put_out.
  28. ↑ (15 April 2019). 400 firefighters mobilized for Notre Dame blaze, www.cnn.com ID: 400_firefighters_mobilized_for_notre_dame_blaze.
  29. ↑ (15 April 2019). Notre Dame fire under control, towers saved, WTVF ID: notre_dame_fire_under_control_towers_saved.
  30. ↑ Breeden, Aurelien (16 April 2019). Notre-Dame Attic Was Known as ‘the Forest.’ And It Burned Like One. ISSN 0362-4331.
  31. ↑ Lyons (now), Kate (16 April 2019). Cathedral fire under control after spire and roof destroyed – as it happened ISSN 0261-3077.
  32. ↑ O'Sullivan, Kriston Capps, Feargus. Amid Notre-Dame's Destruction, There's Hope for Restoration, CityLab ID: o_sullivan-amid_notre_dame_s_destruction_there_s_hope_for_restoration.
  33. ↑ CNN, Joshua Berlinger. Why the Notre Dame fire was so hard to put out, CNN ID: cnn-why_the_notre_dame_fire_was_so_hard_to_put_out.
  34. ↑ Navarro, Alyssa (17 April 2019). French Firefighting Robot Colossus Helped Save Burning Notre Dame Cathedral, Tech Times ID: navarro-french_firefighting_robot_colossus_helped_save_burning_notre_dame_cathedral.
  35. ↑ (16 April 2019). Notre-Dame de Paris : près d’un milliard d’euros de dons déjà promis pour la reconstruction, www.lefigaro.fr ID: notre_dame_de_paris_pr_s_d_un_milliard_d_euros_de_dons_d_j_promis_pour_la_reconstruction.
  36. ↑ (16 April 2019). Billionaire Arnault's family and LVMH to donate 200 mln euros for Paris' Notre-Dame ID: billionaire_arnault_s_family_and_lvmh_to_donate_200_mln_euros_for_paris_notre_dame.
  37. ↑ (16 April 2019). Notre-Dame : LVMH et la famille Arnault annoncent un « don de 200 millions d'euros », Le Figaro ID: notre_dame_lvmh_et_la_famille_arnault_annoncent_un_don_de_200_millions_d_euros.
  38. ↑ (16 April 2019). Incendie à Notre-Dame : la famille Pinault débloque 100 millions d'euros, Le Figaro ID: incendie_notre_dame_la_famille_pinault_d_bloque_100_millions_d_euros.
  39. ↑ (16 April 2019). France-Total fait un don de 100 millions d'euros pour Notre-Dame de Paris ID: france_total_fait_un_don_de_100_millions_d_euros_pour_notre_dame_de_paris.
  40. ↑ . Notre-Dame: la mairie de Paris débloque 50 millions d’euros, courrier-picard.fr ID: notre_dame_la_mairie_de_paris_d_bloque_50_millions_d_euros.
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 41,3 (16 April 2019). Notre-Dame de Paris : cagnottes, promesses de dons et souscription nationale pour financer la reconstruction ID: notre_dame_de_paris_cagnottes_promesses_de_dons_et_souscription_nationale_pour_financer_la_reconstruction.
  42. ↑ . BNP Paribas, SocGen Join Notre Dame Donor List as Pledges Exceed $790 Million, Market Screener ID: bnp_paribas_socgen_join_notre_dame_donor_list_as_pledges_exceed_790_million.
  43. ↑ . Le secteur privé promet près de 700 millions d'euros pour reconstruire Notre-Dame, Boursorama ID: le_secteur_priv_promet_pr_s_de_700_millions_d_euros_pour_reconstruire_notre_dame.
  44. ↑ AXA (16 April 2019). AXA s’associe à l’élan de solidarité après l’incendie de Notre-Dame de Paris (in fr). Tiskovno izdanje.
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 . Plus de 800 millions d'euros de dons pour la reconstruction de Notre-Dame, Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace ID: plus_de_800_millions_d_euros_de_dons_pour_la_reconstruction_de_notre_dame.
  46. ↑ (16 April 2019). Entreprises et grandes fortunes se mobilisent pour la reconstruction de Notre-Dame ISSN 0242-6056.
  47. ↑ 47,0 47,1 (16 April 2019). Le secteur privé promet autour de 700 millions d'euros pour reconstruire Notre-Dame, Boursorama ID: le_secteur_priv_promet_autour_de_700_millions_d_euros_pour_reconstruire_notre_dame.
  48. ↑ (17 April 2019). The Walt Disney Company Pledges $5 Million to Support Rebuilding of Notre-Dame Cathedral, The Walt Disney Company ID: the_walt_disney_company_pledges_5_million_to_support_rebuilding_of_notre_dame_cathedral.
  49. ↑ Gray, Sarah. France's superrich join together to pledge over $675 million to help rebuild Notre-Dame, as donations flood in to save the devastated cathedral ID: gray-france_s_superrich_join_together_to_pledge_over_675_million_to_help_rebuild_notre_dame_as_donations_flood_in_to_save_the_devastated_cathedral.
  50. ↑ (16 April 2019). Notre-Dame de Paris : la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes va verser deux millions d'euros pour la reconstruction ID: notre_dame_de_paris_la_r_gion_auvergne_rh_ne_alpes_va_verser_deux_millions_d_euros_pour_la_reconstruction.
  51. ↑ (16 April 2019). En Occitanie, les collectivités se mobilisent pour la reconstruction de Notre-Dame-de-Paris, ToulÉco ID: en_occitanie_les_collectivit_s_se_mobilisent_pour_la_reconstruction_de_notre_dame_de_paris.
  52. ↑ (22 April 2019). Vlada Srbije uputila milion eura za obnovu Notr Dama, RTS ID: vlada_srbije_uputila_milion_eura_za_obnovu_notr_dama.
  53. ↑ . Patrimoine – La Fondation Michelin se mobilise pour la reconstruction de Notre-Dame de Paris, La Montagne ID: patrimoine_la_fondation_michelin_se_mobilise_pour_la_reconstruction_de_notre_dame_de_paris.
  54. ↑ . Compania UI Path, „primul unicorn românesc”, donează un milion de euro pentru reconstrucția catedralei Notre Dame: „Datorăm mult Franței și culturii franceze. E momentul să dăm ceva înapoi” ID: compania_ui_path_primul_unicorn_rom_nesc_doneaz_un_milion_de_euro_pentru_reconstruc_ia_catedralei_notre_dame_dator_m_mult_fran_ei_i_culturii_franceze_e_momentul_s_d_m_ceva_napoi.
  55. ↑ Gach, Ethan (17 April 2019). Ubisoft Pledges More Than $500,000 To The Notre-Dame Cathedral Restoration Effort ID: gach-ubisoft_pledges_more_than_500_000_to_the_notre_dame_cathedral_restoration_effort.
  56. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (16 April 2019). Notre Dame, the University, Knows What It’s Like to Be Devastated by Fire ID: hartocollis-notre_dame_the_university_knows_what_it_s_like_to_be_devastated_by_fire.
  57. ↑ (16 April 2019). SRO contributes €50,000 towards Notre-Dame restoration, RACER ID: sro_contributes_50_000_towards_notre_dame_restoration.
  58. ↑ . Notre-Dame: plus de 800 millions d’euros déjà donnés par les entreprises et les grandes fortunes, Le Figaro ID: notre_dame_plus_de_800_millions_d_euros_d_j_donn_s_par_les_entreprises_et_les_grandes_fortunes.
  59. ↑ Returning a favour...140 years later: why Hungary are sending Notre Dame donations | Euronews
  60. ↑ Soisson, Lucy Handley, Isabel (16 April 2019). Apple joins French firms in pledging millions to rebuild Notre Dame after fire ID: soisson-apple_joins_french_firms_in_pledging_millions_to_rebuild_notre_dame_after_fire.
  61. ↑ Cook, Tim (16 April 2019). We are heartbroken for the French people and those around the world for whom Notre Dame is a symbol of hope. Relieved that everyone is safe. Apple will be donating to the rebuilding efforts to help restore Notre Dame’s precious heritage for future generations., @tim_cook ID: cook-we_are_heartbroken_for_the_french_people_and_those_around_the_world_for_whom_notre_dame_is_a_symbol_of_hope_relieved_that_everyone_is_safe_apple_will_be_donating_to_the_rebuilding_efforts_to_help_restore_notre_dame_s_precious_heritage_for_future_generations.
  62. ↑ (16 April 2019). Tweet from Autodesk CEO Andrew Anagnost ID: tweet_from_autodesk_ceo_andrew_anagnost.

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