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<ref name=mcLellanreiner1992>{{cite journal | last1 = McLellan | first1 = B. | last2 = Reiner | first2 = D.C. |year=1992 |title= A review of bear evolution |journal= International Association for Bear Research and Management |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.2307/3872687| jstor = 3872687 |url= http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5db/fd5dd863f9d68bc07d99e5bea2a4540647ab.pdf }}</ref>
<ref name=mcLellanreiner1992>{{cite journal | last1 = McLellan | first1 = B. | last2 = Reiner | first2 = D.C. |year=1992 |title= A review of bear evolution |journal= International Association for Bear Research and Management |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–96 |doi=10.2307/3872687| jstor = 3872687 |url= http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5db/fd5dd863f9d68bc07d99e5bea2a4540647ab.pdf }}</ref>
<ref name="Tedfordetal">{{Cite journal | last1 = Tedford | first1 = R. H. | authorlink = Richard H. Tedford | last2 = Barnes | first2 = L. G. | last3 = Ray | first3 = C. E. | title = The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran ''Kolponomos'': Systematics and mode of life | year = 1994 | journal = Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History | volume = 29 | pages = 11–32 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf | accessdate = 24 July 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922142556/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf | archive-date=2012-09-22 }}</ref>
<ref name="Tedfordetal">{{Citiranje časopisa | last1 = Tedford | first1 = R. H. | authorlink = Richard H. Tedford | last2 = Barnes | first2 = L. G. | last3 = Ray | first3 = C. E. | title = The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran ''Kolponomos'': Systematics and mode of life | year = 1994 | journal = Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History | volume = 29 | pages = 11–32 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf | accessdate = 24 July 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922142556/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf | archive-date=2012-09-22 }}</ref>
<ref name="Rybczynski07">{{cite journal |  last1=Rybczynski|first1=N. | last2=Dawson|first2=M.R. | last3=Tedford|first3=R.H. | year = 2009 | title = A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia | journal = Nature | volume = 458 | issue =  7241 | pages = 1021–24 | doi = 10.1038/nature07985 | pmid = 19396145}}</ref>
<ref name="Rybczynski07">{{cite journal |  last1=Rybczynski|first1=N. | last2=Dawson|first2=M.R. | last3=Tedford|first3=R.H. | year = 2009 | title = A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia | journal = Nature | volume = 458 | issue =  7241 | pages = 1021–24 | doi = 10.1038/nature07985 | pmid = 19396145}}</ref>
<ref name="Berta2018">{{cite journal | last1=Berta|first1=A. | last2=Morgan|first2=C. | last3=Boessenecker|first3=R.W. | year = 2018 | title = The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses | journal = Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences | volume = 46 | pages = 203–228 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009}}</ref>
<ref name="Berta2018">{{cite journal | last1=Berta|first1=A. | last2=Morgan|first2=C. | last3=Boessenecker|first3=R.W. | year = 2018 | title = The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses | journal = Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences | volume = 46 | pages = 203–228 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009}}</ref>
<ref name="Hunt 1990">{{cite journal|author1=Hunt, R. M. Jr. |author2=Barnes, L. G. |year=1994|title=Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds|journal=Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History|volume=29|pages=57–67|url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_36692_basicranialevidenceforursidaff1990|format=PDF}}</ref>
<ref name="Hunt 1990">{{cite journal|author1=Hunt, R. M. Jr. |author2=Barnes, L. G. |year=1994|title=Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds|journal=Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History|volume=29|pages=57–67|url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_36692_basicranialevidenceforursidaff1990|format=PDF}}</ref>
<ref name="Lento 1995">{{cite journal |author1=Lento, G. M. |author2=Hickson, R. E. |author3=Chambers, G. K. |author4=Penny, D. |year=1995 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/28 |title=Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=28–52 |pmid=7877495 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Lento 1995">{{cite journal |author1=Lento, G. M. |author2=Hickson, R. E. |author3=Chambers, G. K. |author4=Penny, D. |year=1995 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/28 |title=Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=28–52 |pmid=7877495 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="wangetal2005">{{Cite journal |author1=Wang, X. |author2=McKenna, M. C. |author3=Dashzeveg, D. |title=''Amphicticeps'' and ''Amphicynodon'' (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2 |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=483 |issue=3483 |page=216 |year=2005|hdl=2246/5674 }}</ref>
<ref name="wangetal2005">{{Citiranje časopisa |author1=Wang, X. |author2=McKenna, M. C. |author3=Dashzeveg, D. |title=''Amphicticeps'' and ''Amphicynodon'' (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2005)483[0001:AAAACF]2.0.CO;2 |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=483 |issue=3483 |page=216 |year=2005|hdl=2246/5674 }}</ref>
<ref name="Higdon 2007">{{Cite journal |author1=Higdon, J. W. |author2=Bininda-Emonds, O. R. |author3=Beck, R. M. |author4=Ferguson, S. H. |title=Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=7 |page=216 |year=2007 |pmid=17996107 |pmc=2245807}}</ref>
<ref name="Higdon 2007">{{Citiranje časopisa |author1=Higdon, J. W. |author2=Bininda-Emonds, O. R. |author3=Beck, R. M. |author4=Ferguson, S. H. |title=Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=7 |page=216 |year=2007 |pmid=17996107 |pmc=2245807}}</ref>
<ref name="mckennabell1997">{{cite book | last1 = McKenna | first1 = M.C. | last2 = Bell | first2 = S. | year = 1997 | title = Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. | url = | publisher = Columbia University Press, New York}}</ref>
<ref name="mckennabell1997">{{cite book | last1 = McKenna | first1 = M.C. | last2 = Bell | first2 = S. | year = 1997 | title = Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. | url = | publisher = Columbia University Press, New York}}</ref>
}}
}}


[[Kategorija:Medvjedi]]
[[Kategorija:Medvjedi]]

Inačica od 17. prosinac 2021. u 11:35

Amphicynodontinae
Ilustracija Kolponomos newportensis.
Ilustracija Kolponomos newportensis.
Status zaštite
Datoteka:Status iucn2.3 EX hr.svg

Status zaštite: Izumrli

Raspon fosila Eocen - miocen
Sistematika
Carstvo: Animalia
Koljeno: Chordata
Razred: Mammalia
Red: Carnivora
Porodica: Ursidae
Potporodica: Amphicynodontinae
Rodovi

Amphicynodontinae je vjerojatni klad izumrlih životinja iz podreda Arctoidea. Dok jedni smatraju ovu grupu izumrlom potporodicom medvjeda,[1] niz morfoloških dokaza povezuje ih s perajarima, jer su djelomično živjeli u vodi.[2][3][4] Prema McKenna i Bell (1997.), Amphicynodontinae se klasificiraju kao perajari u nadporodici Phocoidea.[5][6][7][3][8][4] Prema McKenna i Bell (1997.), Amphicynodontinae treba svrstati u polu-perajare u nadporodicu Pinnipedia.[9]

Fosili ovih sisavaca pronađeni su u Europi, Sjevernoj Americi i Aziji.[4] Amphicynodontine ne treba miješati s Amphicyonoidea (medvjedima), zasebnom obitelji zvijeri koja je sestrinski klad od Arctoidea unutar psolikih zvijeri, ali koja se u starijim publikacijama može navesti kao klada izumrlih Arctoidea.

Sistematika

Potporodica † Amphicynodontinae (Simpson, 1945)

  • † Amphicticeps (Matthew i Granger, 1924)
    • † Amphicticeps makhchinus (Wang i sur., 2005.)
    • † Amphicticeps dorog (Wang i sur., 2005.)
    • † Amphicticeps shackelfordi (Matthew i Granger, 1924)
  • † Parictis (Scott, 1893.)
    • † Parictis primaevus (Scott, 1893.)
    • † Parictis personi (Chaffee, 1954.)
    • † Parictis montanus (Clark i Guensburg, 1972)
    • † Parictis parvus (Clark i Beerbower, 1967.)
    • † Parictis gilpini (Clark i Guensburg, 1972)
    • † Parictis dakotensis (Clark, 1936.)
  • † Kolponomos (Stirton, 1960.)
    • † Kolponomos newportensis ( Tedford i sur., 1994.)
    • † Kolponomos clallamensis (Stirton, 1960.)
  • † Allocyon (Merriam, 1930.)
    • † Allocyon loganensis (Merriam, 1930.)
  • † Pachycynodon (Schlosser, 1888)
    • † Pachycynodon tedfordi (Wang i Qiu, 2003)
    • † Pachycynodon tenuis (Teilhard de Chardin, 1915)
    • † Pachycynodon filholi (Schlosser, 1888.)
    • † Pachycynodon boriei (Filhol, 1876)
    • † Pachycynodon crassirostris (Schlosser, 1888.)
  • † Amphicynodon (Filhol, 1881.)
    • † Amphicynodon mongoliensis (Janovskaja, 1970.)
    • † Amphicynodon teilhardi (Matthew i Granger, 1924)
    • † Amphicynodon typicus (Schlosser, 1888.)
    • † Amphicynodon chardini (Cirot i De Bonis, 1992.)
    • † Amphicynodon cephalogalinus (Teilhard, 1915)
    • † Amphicynodon gracilis (Filhol, 1874)
    • † Amphicynodon crassirostris (Filhol, 1876)
    • † Amphicynodon brachyrostris (Filhol, 1876)
    • † Amphicynodon leptorhynchus (Filhol, 1874)
    • † Amphicynodon velaunus (Aymard, 1846.)

Izvori

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