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Turski rat za nezavisnost: razlika između inačica

Izvor: Hrvatska internetska enciklopedija
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{{flagcountry|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske}}{{Ref label|bbb|b}}
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*{{flagicon|Britanski Radž}} [[Britanski Radž|Indija]]<ref>Briton Cooper Busch: ''Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918-1923'', SUNY Press, 1976, ISBN 0-87395-265-0, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Yz_OVCTNI04C&pg=PA216&dq=indian+troops+turkey+1920&hl=de&sa=X&ei=RdSiT7y2CszSsgbV7onZBw&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22attitudes%20of%20those%20indian%20troops%20who%20increasingly%20made%20up%22&f=false p. 216].</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E2D6143AEE32A2575BC1A9609C946195D6CF&scp=1&sq=turkey+indian+troops&st=p British Indian troops attacked by Turks; thirty wounded and British officer captured-- Warships' guns drive enemy back]," ''New York Times'' (June 18, 1920).</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9501E6DF173AEE32A2575BC1A9659C946195D6CF&scp=4&sq=turkey+indian+troops&st=p Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries; Turkish and British Indian soldiers killed in a clash at the War Office]," ''New York Times'' (March 18, 1920).</ref>
*{{flagicon|Britanski Radž}} [[Britanski Radž|Indija]]<ref>Briton Cooper Busch: ''Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918-1923'', SUNY Press, 1976, ISBN 0-87395-265-0, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Yz_OVCTNI04C&pg=PA216&dq=indian+troops+turkey+1920&hl=de&sa=X&ei=RdSiT7y2CszSsgbV7onZBw&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22attitudes%20of%20those%20indian%20troops%20who%20increasingly%20made%20up%22&f=false p. 216].</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E2D6143AEE32A2575BC1A9609C946195D6CF&scp=1&sq=turkey+indian+troops&st=p British Indian troops attacked by Turks; thirty wounded and British officer captured-- Warships' guns drive enemy back]," ''New York Times'' (June 18, 1920).</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9501E6DF173AEE32A2575BC1A9659C946195D6CF&scp=4&sq=turkey+indian+troops&st=p Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries; Turkish and British Indian soldiers killed in a clash at the War Office]," ''New York Times'' (March 18, 1920).</ref>
{{flagicon|Armenija|1918}} [[Demokratska Republika Armenija|Armenija]]<br /> {{flagcountry|Kraljevina Italija}}{{Ref label|ccc|c}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}} [[Demokratska Republika Gruzija|Gruzija]]{{Ref label|ddd|d}}<br />{{flag|Sjedinjene Države|1912}}<small> (mornarička podrška)</small><ref>Jack Sweetman: ''American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, Volume 3, 1775-Present'', Naval Institute Press, 2002, ISBN 1-55750-867-4, [http://books.google.com/books?ei=-S-tT8aUE4rJ8gPo6NHMCg&hl=de&id=fAm1Y6gjYtwC&dq=american+ships+asia+minor&q=%22american+destroyers+also+assist+in+the+movement%22#v=snippet&q=%22american%20destroyers%20also%20assist%20in%20the%20movement%22&f=false p. 132].</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9403E3DD1338EE32A25754C1A9639C946896D6CF&scp=1&sq=smyrna&st=p Smyrna is taken away from Turkey]," ''New York Times'' (May 17, 1919).</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E4DB1E3EEE3ABC4A52DFB0668389639EDE&scp=1&sq=samsun&st=p 90 casualties in Samsun]," ''New York Times'' (June 12, 1922).</ref><ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1920s/ev-1922/vl-rescu.htm ''Burning of the French Transport Vinh-Long, 16 December 1922''], Department of the Navy - Naval Historical Center.</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Sjedinje Države|Američki]] brodovi koji su operirali u turskim vodama od 1918. do 1924. uključuju:<ref>Henry Putney Beers; Robert Greenhalgh Albion; E. J. Leahy; R. H. Bahmer: ''U.S. Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters, 1919-1924'', Office of Records Administration, Administrative Office, Navy Department, 1943.</ref><ref>Hulki Cevizoğlu, ''1919'un Şifresi (Gizli ABD İşgalinin Belge ve Fotoğrafları)'', Ceviz Kabuğu Yayınları, 2007, ISBN 975-6613-23-8, pp. 64-65</ref> {{USS (brod)|Alden|DD-211|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Arizona|BB-39|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Noma|SP-131|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Martha Washington|ID-3019|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Denebola|AD-12|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Dyer|DD-84|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Parrott|DD-218|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Barker|DD-213|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Du Pont|DD-152|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Whipple|DD-217|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Roper|DD-147|6}}, [[USS Fox (DD-234)]], [[USS Gregory (DD-82)]], {{USS (brod)|Luce|DD-99|6}}, [[USS Manley (DD-74)]], [[USS Tattnall (DD-125)]], [[USS Humphreys (DD-236)]], [[USS Sands (DD-243)]], [[USS Sturtevant (DD-240)]], [[USS McFarland (DD-237)]], [[USS Kane (DD-235)]], [[USS Hatfield (DD-231)]], [[USS Bainbridge (DD-246)]], [[USS Barry (DD-248)]].|group=note}}<hr>{{flagicon|Osmansko Carstvo|1823}} [[Osmansko Carstvo]]{{Ref label|eee|e}} <small>(1919–22)</small>|komandant1={{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal paša]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} [[Fevzi Çakmak|Fevzi paša]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} [[Kâzım Karabekir|Kâzım Karabekir paša]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} [[Ali Fuat Cebesoy|Ali Fuat paša]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} [[İsmet İnönü|İsmet paša]]|komandant2={{flagicon|Kraljevina Grčka|size=20px}} [[Anastasios Papoulas]]<br />{{flagicon|Kraljevina Grčka|size=20px}} [[Georgios Hatzianestis]]<br />{{flagicon|Francuska|size=20px}} [[Henri Gouraud (vojnik)|Henri Gouraud]]<br />{{flagicon|Francuska|size=20px}} [[Louis Franchet d'Esperey]]<br />{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|size=20px}} [[George Milne]]<br />{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|size=20px}} [[Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe]] <br />{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|size=20px}} [[Charles Harington Harington]]<br />{{flagicon|Armenija|1918|size=20px}} [[Drastamat Kanayan]]<br />{{flagicon|Armenija|1918|size=20px}} [[Movses Silikyan]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg|size=20px}} [[Giorgi Kvinitadze]]<br>{{flagicon|Sjedinjene Države|1912|size=20px}} [[Mark Lambert Bristol|Mark Bristol]]<hr>{{flagicon|Osmansko Carstvo|1823|size=20px}} [[Süleyman Şefik paša]]|snaga1={{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} maj 1919: 35.000<ref>Ergün Aybars, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi I, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1984, pg 319-334 {{tr icon}}</ref><br />novembar 1920: 86.000 (stvaranje [[redovna vojska|redovne vojske]])<ref name="tgs1">Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225</ref><br />Aug. 1922: 271.000<ref name="celalridvan">Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarihi'', Türkiye İş̧ Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2008, ISBN 9944-88-447-2, [http://books.google.de/books?id=4TExAQAAIAAJ&q=%221+piyade+t%C3%BCmeni+ve+2+s%C3%BCvari+alay%C4%B1%22&dq=%221+piyade+t%C3%BCmeni+ve+2+s%C3%BCvari+alay%C4%B1%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=i1d2Uca6N4T64QSbkoDIAQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA page 339]. {{tr icon}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|U augustu 1922. [[Turske oružane snage|Turska vojska]] se sastojala od 23 [[pješadija|pješadijske]] [[divizija|divizije]] i 6 [[konjica|konjičkih]] divizija. Zajedno sa 3 pješadijske, 5 oslabljenih graničnih, 3 konjičke [[pukovnija|pukovnije]] i 1 konjička [[brigada|brigadom]] imala je ekvivalent od 24 pješadijske i 7 konjičkih divizija (ukupno 271.403 ljudi). Trupe su u [[Anadolija|Anadoliji]] bile raspoređene na sljedeći način:<ref name="celalridvan"/> [[Tursko-armenski rat|Istočni front]]: 2 pješadijske divizije, 1 konjička divizije, utvrđena područja [[Erzurum]] i [[Kars]] i 5 graničnih pukovnija  (29.514 ljudi); El-Cezirski front  (jugoistočna [[Anadolija]], istočna oblast rijeke [[Eufrat]]): 1 pješadijska divizija i 2 konjičke pukovnije  (10.447 ljudi); područje [[Centralna armija (Turska)|Centralne armije]]: 1 pješadijska divizija i 1 konjićka brigada (10.000 ljudi); komanda [[Adana|Adane]] : 2 [[bataljon]]a (500 ljudi); [[Gaziantep]]sko područje: 1 pješadijska i 1 konjička pukovnija  (1.000 ljudi); Jedinice unutrašnje oblasti i institucije: 12.000 ljudi; [[Grčko-turski rat (1919–1922)|Zapadni front]]: 18 pješadijskih divizija i 5 konjićkih divizija, sa nezavisnim brigadama i pukovnijama ukupno 19 pješadijskih i 5,5 konjičkih divizija (207.942 ljudi).|group=note}}|snaga2={{flagicon|Kraljevina Grčka|size=20px}} 80.000 (decembar 1919)<ref>Arnold J. Toynbee/Kenneth P Kirkwood, ''Turkey'', Benn 1926, p. 92</ref><br />1922: 200.000<ref>History of the Campaign of Minor Asia, General Staff of Army, Directorate of Army History, Athens, 1967, p. 140: on June 11 (OC) 6,159 officers, 193,994 soldiers (=200,153 men)</ref>-250.000<ref>A. A. Pallis: [http://books.google.mk/books?ei=ZWl9T82hGMLLtgfx452CDQ&hl=de&id=5PsNAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22greek+army+233000%22&q=%22the+strength+of+the+greek+army+actually+mobilized%22#v=snippet&q=%22the%20strength%20of%20the%20greek%20army%20actually%20mobilized%22&f=false ''Greece's Anatolian Venture - and After''], Taylor & Francis, p. 56 (footnote 5).</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F03E5DE1F3AE433A25753C1A96F9C946395D6CF When Greek meets Turk; How the Conflict in Asia Minor Is Regarded on the Spot - King Constantine's View]," T. Walter Williams, ''[[New York Times]]'', September 10, 1922.</ref><br />
{{flagicon|Armenija|1918}} [[Demokratska Republika Armenija|Armenija]]<br /> {{flagcountry|Kraljevina Italija}}{{Ref label|ccc|c}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}} [[Demokratska Republika Gruzija|Gruzija]]{{Ref label|ddd|d}}<br />{{flag|Sjedinjene Države|1912}}<small> (mornarička podrška)</small><ref>Jack Sweetman: ''American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, Volume 3, 1775-Present'', Naval Institute Press, 2002, ISBN 1-55750-867-4, [http://books.google.com/books?ei=-S-tT8aUE4rJ8gPo6NHMCg&hl=de&id=fAm1Y6gjYtwC&dq=american+ships+asia+minor&q=%22american+destroyers+also+assist+in+the+movement%22#v=snippet&q=%22american%20destroyers%20also%20assist%20in%20the%20movement%22&f=false p. 132].</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9403E3DD1338EE32A25754C1A9639C946896D6CF&scp=1&sq=smyrna&st=p Smyrna is taken away from Turkey]," ''New York Times'' (May 17, 1919).</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E4DB1E3EEE3ABC4A52DFB0668389639EDE&scp=1&sq=samsun&st=p 90 casualties in Samsun]," ''New York Times'' (June 12, 1922).</ref><ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1920s/ev-1922/vl-rescu.htm ''Burning of the French Transport Vinh-Long, 16 December 1922''], Department of the Navy - Naval Historical Center.</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Sjedinje Države|Američki]] brodovi koji su operirali u turskim vodama od 1918. do 1924. uključuju:<ref>Henry Putney Beers; Robert Greenhalgh Albion; E. J. Leahy; R. H. Bahmer: ''U.S. Naval Detachment in Turkish Waters, 1919-1924'', Office of Records Administration, Administrative Office, Navy Department, 1943.</ref><ref>Hulki Cevizoğlu, ''1919'un Şifresi (Gizli ABD İşgalinin Belge ve Fotoğrafları)'', Ceviz Kabuğu Yayınları, 2007, ISBN 975-6613-23-8, pp. 64-65</ref> {{USS (brod)|Alden|DD-211|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Arizona|BB-39|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Noma|SP-131|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Martha Washington|ID-3019|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Denebola|AD-12|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Dyer|DD-84|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Parrott|DD-218|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Barker|DD-213|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Du Pont|DD-152|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Whipple|DD-217|6}}, {{USS (brod)|Roper|DD-147|6}}, [[USS Fox (DD-234)]], [[USS Gregory (DD-82)]], {{USS (brod)|Luce|DD-99|6}}, [[USS Manley (DD-74)]], [[USS Tattnall (DD-125)]], [[USS Humphreys (DD-236)]], [[USS Sands (DD-243)]], [[USS Sturtevant (DD-240)]], [[USS McFarland (DD-237)]], [[USS Kane (DD-235)]], [[USS Hatfield (DD-231)]], [[USS Bainbridge (DD-246)]], [[USS Barry (DD-248)]].|group=note}}<hr>{{flagicon|Osmansko Carstvo|1823}} [[Osmansko Carstvo]]{{Ref label|eee|e}} <small>(1919–22)</small>|komandant1={{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal paša]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} [[Fevzi Çakmak|Fevzi paša]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} [[Kâzım Karabekir|Kâzım Karabekir paša]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} [[Ali Fuat Cebesoy|Ali Fuat paša]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} [[İsmet İnönü|İsmet paša]]|komandant2={{flagicon|Kraljevina Grčka|size=20px}} [[Anastasios Papoulas]]<br />{{flagicon|Kraljevina Grčka|size=20px}} [[Georgios Hatzianestis]]<br />{{flagicon|Francuska|size=20px}} [[Henri Gouraud (vojnik)|Henri Gouraud]]<br />{{flagicon|Francuska|size=20px}} [[Louis Franchet d'Esperey]]<br />{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|size=20px}} [[George Milne]]<br />{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|size=20px}} [[Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe]] <br />{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo|size=20px}} [[Charles Harington Harington]]<br />{{flagicon|Armenija|1918|size=20px}} [[Drastamat Kanayan]]<br />{{flagicon|Armenija|1918|size=20px}} [[Movses Silikyan]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg|size=20px}} [[Giorgi Kvinitadze]]<br>{{flagicon|Sjedinjene Države|1912|size=20px}} [[Mark Lambert Bristol|Mark Bristol]]<hr>{{flagicon|Osmansko Carstvo|1823|size=20px}} [[Süleyman Şefik paša]]|snaga1={{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} maj 1919: 35.000<ref>Ergün Aybars, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi I, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1984, pg 319-334 {{tur oznaka}}</ref><br />novembar 1920: 86.000 (stvaranje [[redovna vojska|redovne vojske]])<ref name="tgs1">Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225</ref><br />Aug. 1922: 271.000<ref name="celalridvan">Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarihi'', Türkiye İş̧ Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2008, ISBN 9944-88-447-2, [http://books.google.de/books?id=4TExAQAAIAAJ&q=%221+piyade+t%C3%BCmeni+ve+2+s%C3%BCvari+alay%C4%B1%22&dq=%221+piyade+t%C3%BCmeni+ve+2+s%C3%BCvari+alay%C4%B1%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=i1d2Uca6N4T64QSbkoDIAQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA page 339]. {{tur oznaka}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|U augustu 1922. [[Turske oružane snage|Turska vojska]] se sastojala od 23 [[pješadija|pješadijske]] [[divizija|divizije]] i 6 [[konjica|konjičkih]] divizija. Zajedno sa 3 pješadijske, 5 oslabljenih graničnih, 3 konjičke [[pukovnija|pukovnije]] i 1 konjička [[brigada|brigadom]] imala je ekvivalent od 24 pješadijske i 7 konjičkih divizija (ukupno 271.403 ljudi). Trupe su u [[Anadolija|Anadoliji]] bile raspoređene na sljedeći način:<ref name="celalridvan"/> [[Tursko-armenski rat|Istočni front]]: 2 pješadijske divizije, 1 konjička divizije, utvrđena područja [[Erzurum]] i [[Kars]] i 5 graničnih pukovnija  (29.514 ljudi); El-Cezirski front  (jugoistočna [[Anadolija]], istočna oblast rijeke [[Eufrat]]): 1 pješadijska divizija i 2 konjičke pukovnije  (10.447 ljudi); područje [[Centralna armija (Turska)|Centralne armije]]: 1 pješadijska divizija i 1 konjićka brigada (10.000 ljudi); komanda [[Adana|Adane]] : 2 [[bataljon]]a (500 ljudi); [[Gaziantep]]sko područje: 1 pješadijska i 1 konjička pukovnija  (1.000 ljudi); Jedinice unutrašnje oblasti i institucije: 12.000 ljudi; [[Grčko-turski rat (1919–1922)|Zapadni front]]: 18 pješadijskih divizija i 5 konjićkih divizija, sa nezavisnim brigadama i pukovnijama ukupno 19 pješadijskih i 5,5 konjičkih divizija (207.942 ljudi).|group=note}}|snaga2={{flagicon|Kraljevina Grčka|size=20px}} 80.000 (decembar 1919)<ref>Arnold J. Toynbee/Kenneth P Kirkwood, ''Turkey'', Benn 1926, p. 92</ref><br />1922: 200.000<ref>History of the Campaign of Minor Asia, General Staff of Army, Directorate of Army History, Athens, 1967, p. 140: on June 11 (OC) 6,159 officers, 193,994 soldiers (=200,153 men)</ref>-250.000<ref>A. A. Pallis: [http://books.google.mk/books?ei=ZWl9T82hGMLLtgfx452CDQ&hl=de&id=5PsNAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22greek+army+233000%22&q=%22the+strength+of+the+greek+army+actually+mobilized%22#v=snippet&q=%22the%20strength%20of%20the%20greek%20army%20actually%20mobilized%22&f=false ''Greece's Anatolian Venture - and After''], Taylor & Francis, p. 56 (footnote 5).</ref><ref>"[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F03E5DE1F3AE433A25753C1A96F9C946395D6CF When Greek meets Turk; How the Conflict in Asia Minor Is Regarded on the Spot - King Constantine's View]," T. Walter Williams, ''[[New York Times]]'', September 10, 1922.</ref><br />
{{flagicon|Francuska|size=20px}} 60.000<ref>Isaiah Friedman: ''British Miscalculations: The Rise of Muslim Nationalism, 1918-1925'', Transaction Publishers, 2012, ISBN 1-4128-4710-9, page 239</ref><ref>Charles à Court Repington: ''After the War'', Simon Publications LLC, 2001, ISBN 1-931313-73-3, page 67</ref><br />{{flagicon|Armenija|1918|size=20px}} 10.150<ref>T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Harp Tarihi Dairesi Resmî Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklal Harbi: Güney Cephesi'', Edition 4, Ankara 1966, pg 47</ref> ([[Francusko-turski rat|jug]]) i 20.000<ref>Anahide Ter Minassian: La république d'Arménie. 1918-1920 La mémoire du siècle., éditions complexe, Bruxelles 1989 ISBN 2-87027-280-4, pg 220</ref> ([[Tursko-armenski rat|istok]])<br />{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske|size=20px}} 40.000<ref name="tarnstrom">Ronald L. Tarnstrom: ''Balkan battles'', Trogen Books, 1999, ISBN 0-922037-14-0, page 107</ref><br />
{{flagicon|Francuska|size=20px}} 60.000<ref>Isaiah Friedman: ''British Miscalculations: The Rise of Muslim Nationalism, 1918-1925'', Transaction Publishers, 2012, ISBN 1-4128-4710-9, page 239</ref><ref>Charles à Court Repington: ''After the War'', Simon Publications LLC, 2001, ISBN 1-931313-73-3, page 67</ref><br />{{flagicon|Armenija|1918|size=20px}} 10.150<ref>T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Harp Tarihi Dairesi Resmî Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklal Harbi: Güney Cephesi'', Edition 4, Ankara 1966, pg 47</ref> ([[Francusko-turski rat|jug]]) i 20.000<ref>Anahide Ter Minassian: La république d'Arménie. 1918-1920 La mémoire du siècle., éditions complexe, Bruxelles 1989 ISBN 2-87027-280-4, pg 220</ref> ([[Tursko-armenski rat|istok]])<br />{{flagicon|Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije i Irske|size=20px}} 40.000<ref name="tarnstrom">Ronald L. Tarnstrom: ''Balkan battles'', Trogen Books, 1999, ISBN 0-922037-14-0, page 107</ref><br />
{{flagicon|Kraljevina Italija|size=20px}} 17.900<ref name="tarnstrom"/><br />
{{flagicon|Kraljevina Italija|size=20px}} 17.900<ref name="tarnstrom"/><br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg|size=20px}} 36.000<ref>According to: [[Red Army invasion of Georgia]]</ref><br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg|size=20px}} 36.000<ref>According to: [[Red Army invasion of Georgia]]</ref><br />
[[Ustanci za vrijeme Turskog rata za nezavisnost|ustanici]]: 50.000+<ref>[http://www.ait.hacettepe.edu.tr/akademik/arsiv/ayak.htm ''Milli Mücadelede İç Ayaklanmalar''], Yunus Kobal, Hacettepe University</ref><ref>Aybars, 1984, pg 262-290</ref><br />
[[Ustanci za vrijeme Turskog rata za nezavisnost|ustanici]]: 50.000+<ref>[http://www.ait.hacettepe.edu.tr/akademik/arsiv/ayak.htm ''Milli Mücadelede İç Ayaklanmalar''], Yunus Kobal, Hacettepe University</ref><ref>Aybars, 1984, pg 262-290</ref><br />
'''Total:''' 434.000 - 484.000|gubici1={{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} 13.000 poginulih<ref name="fleet">Kate Fleet, Suraiya Faroqhi, Reşat Kasaba: ''[http://books.google.mk/books?ei=Vuh5T9evN4Xj4QTy8tCDDw&hl=de&id=iOoGH4GckQgC&dq=%22battle+of+sakarya%22&q=%22a+small+fraction+of+the+ottoman+casualties%22#v=snippet&q=%22a%20small%20fraction%20of%20the%20ottoman%20casualties%22&f=false The Cambridge History of Turkey Volume 4]'', Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-521-62096-1, p. 159.</ref><br />22.690 umro od bolesti<ref name="selek1963">Sabahattin Selek: ''Millî mücadele - Cilt I (engl.: National Struggle - Edition I)'', Burçak yayınevi, 1963, page 109. {{tr icon}}</ref><br />5.362 umrlih izvan borbe<ref name="selek1963"/><br />35.000 ranjenih<ref name="fleet"/><br />7.000-22.000 ratne zarobljenike<ref name="ahmet">Ahmet Özdemir, [http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/45/783/10069.pdf ''Savaş esirlerinin Milli mücadeledeki yeri''], Ankara University, Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Edition 2, Number 6, 1990, pg 328-332</ref>{{Ref label|fff|f}} <br />
'''Total:''' 434.000 - 484.000|gubici1={{flagicon image|Ottoman_flag_alternative_2.svg|size=20px}} 13.000 poginulih<ref name="fleet">Kate Fleet, Suraiya Faroqhi, Reşat Kasaba: ''[http://books.google.mk/books?ei=Vuh5T9evN4Xj4QTy8tCDDw&hl=de&id=iOoGH4GckQgC&dq=%22battle+of+sakarya%22&q=%22a+small+fraction+of+the+ottoman+casualties%22#v=snippet&q=%22a%20small%20fraction%20of%20the%20ottoman%20casualties%22&f=false The Cambridge History of Turkey Volume 4]'', Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-521-62096-1, p. 159.</ref><br />22.690 umro od bolesti<ref name="selek1963">Sabahattin Selek: ''Millî mücadele - Cilt I (engl.: National Struggle - Edition I)'', Burçak yayınevi, 1963, page 109. {{tur oznaka}}</ref><br />5.362 umrlih izvan borbe<ref name="selek1963"/><br />35.000 ranjenih<ref name="fleet"/><br />7.000-22.000 ratne zarobljenike<ref name="ahmet">Ahmet Özdemir, [http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/45/783/10069.pdf ''Savaş esirlerinin Milli mücadeledeki yeri''], Ankara University, Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Edition 2, Number 6, 1990, pg 328-332</ref>{{Ref label|fff|f}} <br />
'''ukupno:''' 83.052 - 98.052|gubici2={{flagicon|Kraljevina Grčka|size=20px}} 19.362 poginulih<br />18.095 nestalih<br />48.880 ranjenih<br />4.878 umrlih izvan borbe<br />10.000 zarobljenih<ref>Σειρά Μεγάλες Μάχες: Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή (Νο 8), συλλογική εργασία, έκδοση περιοδικού Στρατιωτική Ιστορία, Εκδόσεις Περισκόπιο, Αθήνα, Νοέμβριος 2002, σελίδα 64 {{grč oznaka}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Prema nekim turskim procjenama bilo je najmanje 120.000-130.000 gubitaka.<ref>Ali Çimen, Göknur Göğebakan: Tarihi Değiştiren Savaşlar, Timas Yayınevi, ISBN 975-263-486-9, 2. Cilt, 2007, sayfa 321 {{tr icon}}</ref> [[Zapadni svijet|Zapadni]] izvori navode 100.000 mrtvih i ranjenih,<ref>Stephen Vertigans: ''Islamic Roots and Resurgence in Turkey: Understanding and Explaining the Muslim Resurgence'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 0-275-98051-0, [http://books.google.de/books?id=E9zEC045g0MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=islamic+roots+and+resurgence+in+turkey&hl=de&sa=X&ei=MXlLUfKXMdDXsgbnmYCoDw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22greeks%20died%20or%20were%20wounded%22&f=false page 41].</ref><ref>Nicole Pope, Hugh Pope: ''Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey'', Overlook Press, 2000, ISBN 1-58567-096-0, [http://books.google.de/books?id=QpNHV4jfIDAC&q=%22Greek+dead+and+wounded+were+estimated+at+around+%22&dq=%22Greek+dead+and+wounded+were+estimated+at+around+%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=1HpLUY-SCtLX7Aau-IGoBA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA page 58].</ref> sa ukupno 200.000 gubitaka, s obzirom da je 100.000 gubitaka zabilježeno samo u [[Izmirska ofanziva|augustu i septembru 1922]].<ref name="stillwell">Stephen Joseph Stillwell, ''Anglo-Turkish relations in the interwar era'', Edwin Mellen Press, 2003, ISBN 0-7734-6776-9, [http://books.google.de/books?id=_vsWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22were+upward+of+200,000.+of+whom+at+least+half+were+lost+during+the+flight+to+Smyrna+%22&dq=%22were+upward+of+200,000.+of+whom+at+least+half+were+lost+during+the+flight+to+Smyrna+%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=4kSyUIHJBY2iigf05IHgAw&redir_esc=y page 46].</ref><ref>Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, ''The Harper encyclopedia of military history: from 3500 BC to the present'', ISBN 0-06-270056-1, HarperCollins, 1993, page 1087</ref><ref>''Revue internationale d'histoire militaire - Issues 46-48'', University of Michigan, 1980, [http://books.google.de/books?id=SJlmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22partly+annihilated+and+partly+taken+prisoner+within+15-20+days.+The+casualties+%22&dq=%22partly+annihilated+and+partly+taken+prisoner+within+15-20+days.+The+casualties+%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=7o1LUabGEPKP7Aa3-oCAAg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA page 227].</ref> Materijalni gubici su također bili znatni za vrijeme rata.<ref>Robert W.D. Ball: ''Gun Digest Books, 2011'', ISBN 1-4402-1544-8, [http://books.google.de/books?id=p40IsLJv80AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mauser+military+rifles+of+the+world&hl=de&sa=X&ei=AJFLUeiyJMiy7Ab-sYDgCg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22material%20losses%20as%20a%20result%20of%20the%20anatolian%22&f=false page 237]</ref>|group=note}}<br />{{flagicon|Francuska|size=20px}} ~7.000<br />{{flagicon|Armenija|1918|size=20px}} 1.100+ poginulih<ref>Pars Tuğlacı: [http://books.google.com.sa/books?ei=eeh9T-XaLMW6hAf71o3fDQ&hl=de&id=r2UMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Tarih+boyunca+Bat%C4%B1+Ermenileri%3A+Band+3++pars&q=%22Bu+sava%C5%9Fta+Ermenilerden+112+subay%2C+1150+er+esir+al%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%2C+1100%27den+fazla+Ermeni+de+%C3%B6ld%C3%BC%2C+bir%C3%A7ok+malzeme+ele+ge%C3%A7irildi%22 ''Tarih boyunca Batı Ermenileri''], Pars Yayın, 2004, ISBN 975-7423-06-8, p. 794.</ref><br />3.000+ zarobljenih<ref>[[Christopher J. Walker]], ''Armenia: The Survival of a Nation'', Croom Helm, 1980, [http://books.google.com/books?id=y85tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sub-governor+Chalkhushian,%22&dq=%22sub-governor+Chalkhushian,%22&hl=en&ei=jmxQTurFH8jcmAW2gs3jBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA p. 310.]</ref>
'''ukupno:''' 83.052 - 98.052|gubici2={{flagicon|Kraljevina Grčka|size=20px}} 19.362 poginulih<br />18.095 nestalih<br />48.880 ranjenih<br />4.878 umrlih izvan borbe<br />10.000 zarobljenih<ref>Σειρά Μεγάλες Μάχες: Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή (Νο 8), συλλογική εργασία, έκδοση περιοδικού Στρατιωτική Ιστορία, Εκδόσεις Περισκόπιο, Αθήνα, Νοέμβριος 2002, σελίδα 64 {{grč oznaka}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Prema nekim turskim procjenama bilo je najmanje 120.000-130.000 gubitaka.<ref>Ali Çimen, Göknur Göğebakan: Tarihi Değiştiren Savaşlar, Timas Yayınevi, ISBN 975-263-486-9, 2. Cilt, 2007, sayfa 321 {{tur oznaka}}</ref> [[Zapadni svijet|Zapadni]] izvori navode 100.000 mrtvih i ranjenih,<ref>Stephen Vertigans: ''Islamic Roots and Resurgence in Turkey: Understanding and Explaining the Muslim Resurgence'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 0-275-98051-0, [http://books.google.de/books?id=E9zEC045g0MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=islamic+roots+and+resurgence+in+turkey&hl=de&sa=X&ei=MXlLUfKXMdDXsgbnmYCoDw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22greeks%20died%20or%20were%20wounded%22&f=false page 41].</ref><ref>Nicole Pope, Hugh Pope: ''Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey'', Overlook Press, 2000, ISBN 1-58567-096-0, [http://books.google.de/books?id=QpNHV4jfIDAC&q=%22Greek+dead+and+wounded+were+estimated+at+around+%22&dq=%22Greek+dead+and+wounded+were+estimated+at+around+%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=1HpLUY-SCtLX7Aau-IGoBA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA page 58].</ref> sa ukupno 200.000 gubitaka, s obzirom da je 100.000 gubitaka zabilježeno samo u [[Izmirska ofanziva|augustu i septembru 1922]].<ref name="stillwell">Stephen Joseph Stillwell, ''Anglo-Turkish relations in the interwar era'', Edwin Mellen Press, 2003, ISBN 0-7734-6776-9, [http://books.google.de/books?id=_vsWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22were+upward+of+200,000.+of+whom+at+least+half+were+lost+during+the+flight+to+Smyrna+%22&dq=%22were+upward+of+200,000.+of+whom+at+least+half+were+lost+during+the+flight+to+Smyrna+%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=4kSyUIHJBY2iigf05IHgAw&redir_esc=y page 46].</ref><ref>Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, ''The Harper encyclopedia of military history: from 3500 BC to the present'', ISBN 0-06-270056-1, HarperCollins, 1993, page 1087</ref><ref>''Revue internationale d'histoire militaire - Issues 46-48'', University of Michigan, 1980, [http://books.google.de/books?id=SJlmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22partly+annihilated+and+partly+taken+prisoner+within+15-20+days.+The+casualties+%22&dq=%22partly+annihilated+and+partly+taken+prisoner+within+15-20+days.+The+casualties+%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=7o1LUabGEPKP7Aa3-oCAAg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA page 227].</ref> Materijalni gubici su također bili znatni za vrijeme rata.<ref>Robert W.D. Ball: ''Gun Digest Books, 2011'', ISBN 1-4402-1544-8, [http://books.google.de/books?id=p40IsLJv80AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mauser+military+rifles+of+the+world&hl=de&sa=X&ei=AJFLUeiyJMiy7Ab-sYDgCg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22material%20losses%20as%20a%20result%20of%20the%20anatolian%22&f=false page 237]</ref>|group=note}}<br />{{flagicon|Francuska|size=20px}} ~7.000<br />{{flagicon|Armenija|1918|size=20px}} 1.100+ poginulih<ref>Pars Tuğlacı: [http://books.google.com.sa/books?ei=eeh9T-XaLMW6hAf71o3fDQ&hl=de&id=r2UMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Tarih+boyunca+Bat%C4%B1+Ermenileri%3A+Band+3++pars&q=%22Bu+sava%C5%9Fta+Ermenilerden+112+subay%2C+1150+er+esir+al%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%2C+1100%27den+fazla+Ermeni+de+%C3%B6ld%C3%BC%2C+bir%C3%A7ok+malzeme+ele+ge%C3%A7irildi%22 ''Tarih boyunca Batı Ermenileri''], Pars Yayın, 2004, ISBN 975-7423-06-8, p. 794.</ref><br />3.000+ zarobljenih<ref>[[Christopher J. Walker]], ''Armenia: The Survival of a Nation'', Croom Helm, 1980, [http://books.google.com/books?id=y85tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22sub-governor+Chalkhushian,%22&dq=%22sub-governor+Chalkhushian,%22&hl=en&ei=jmxQTurFH8jcmAW2gs3jBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA p. 310.]</ref>
'''ukupno:''' ~112.315|gubici3=15.000 turskih civila ubijeno<br />264.000 grčkih civila ubijeno<ref>Death by Government, [[Rudolph Rummel]], 1994.</ref><br />250.000 ubijenih armenskih civila<ref>Armenia : The Survival of a Nation, Christopher Walker, 1980.</ref><br />'''ukupno:''' 529.000 mrtvih|napomene=}}
'''ukupno:''' ~112.315|gubici3=15.000 turskih civila ubijeno<br />264.000 grčkih civila ubijeno<ref>Death by Government, [[Rudolph Rummel]], 1994.</ref><br />250.000 ubijenih armenskih civila<ref>Armenia : The Survival of a Nation, Christopher Walker, 1980.</ref><br />'''ukupno:''' 529.000 mrtvih|napomene=}}


Posljednja izmjena od 2. lipanj 2025. u 04:17

Turski rat za nezavisnost
Vrijeme 19. svibnja 1919. – 11. listopada 1922. (primirje) / 24. srpnja 1923. (mir)
Lokacija Turska
Ishod odlučujuća pobjeda turskih republikanaca[1]
Casus belli raspad Osmanskog Carstva i podjela turskog teritorija

Turski rat za nezavisnost (turski: İstiklal Harbi, doslovno "Rat za nezavisnost" ili Kurtuluş Savaşı, doslovno "Oslobodilačka borba") je rat, odnosno naziv za niz međusobno povezanih oružanih sukoba koji su se od 1919. do 1923. vodili između pripadnika Turskog nacionalnog pokreta na jednoj, i Osmanskog Carstva i saveznika na drugoj strani. Uzrok je predstavljao poraz Osmanskog Carstva u Prvom svjetskom ratu, odnosno podjela njegovih teritorija među pobjedničkim silama nakon Mirovnog ugovora u Sèvresu 1920., koja je između ostalog izazvala etničke sukobe na područjima sa miješanim stanovništvom, a koji su, pak, služili kao izgovor saveznicima da okupiraju i podjele značajne dijelove matičnog turskog teritorija Osmanskog Carstva. Turski nacionalni pokret, na čije se čelo stavio proslavljeni vojskovođa Mustafa Kemal-paša, imao je glavno uporište u unutrašnjosti Anatolije gdje je osnovana privremena sekularna vlada koja se suprotstavila ne samo savezničkim trupama, nego i osmanskom sultanu i pro-britanskoj marionetskoj vladi u Istanbulu koja je 1920. potpisala ugovor u Sèvresu. Turski nacionalni pokret je zbog spasenja domivine osnovao Mustafa Kemal-paša, turski nacionalist i sekularist, ratni heroj Carstva i pripadnik modernističkog pokreta Mladoturaka. To je bio pokret za tursku državu neovisnu od Osmanskog Carstva, ali koja bi zauzimala najveći dio bivšeg osmanskog teritorija, Tursku koja bi bila demokratska i sekularna republika turskog naroda. Pokret se zalagao za kompletnu redefiniciju turskoga nacionalnog identiteta, kao i jačanje neovisne turske države u očima zapadnog svijeta. Po međunarodnom pravu, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk je tražio poštivanje ugovora Četrnaest točaka američkog predsjednika T. W. Wilsona koji nalaže da se turskom dijelu Osmanskog Carstva treba dati nezavisnost u poslijeratnom uređenju Europe i Azije. Republikanci su, zahvaljujući gerilskoj strategiji, Kemalovom vojničkom umijeću, logističkim problemima za vladine i savezničke trupe, podršci komunističke sekularne Sovjetske Rusije, kao i sve većim nesuglasicama između saveznika s vremenom stegli prevagu i važnije sukobe - s Francuskom i Italijom oko južne granice, osmanskom vladom, Demokratskom Republikom Armenijom oko istočne, te sa Grčkom i Britanijom oko zapadne granice uspjeli riješiti u svoju korist. Rat, koji je formalno okončan mirom u Lausanni 1923. je imao značajne posljedice u transformaciji Turske u etnički homogenu nacionalnu državu, ukidanju sultanata 1922., ukidanju kalifata 1924. i uvođenju republikanskog uređenja 1923. kojim su omogućene sekularne reforme Mustafe Kemala Atatürka 1920.-ih i 1930.-ih, ali i u masovnom etničkom čišćenju i zamjenama ne-turskog stanovništva koje dan danas opterećuju odnose Turske sa susjednom Grčkom i Armenijom. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk postao je 29. listopada 1923. prvim predsjednikom samostalne i neovisne, moderne i sekularne Republike Turske iz redova CHP-a. Time je udario temelje za modernu zapadnu državu kakva je Turska danas, a Turci ga smatraju ocem domovine.

Literatura

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  • Dobkin, Marjorie Housepian, Smyrna: 1922 The Destruction of City (Newmark Press: New York, 1988). ISBN 0-966 7451-0-8.
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  • Mango, Andrew, The Turks Today (New York: The Overlook Press, 2004). ISBN 1-58567-615-2.
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  • Pope, Nicole and Pope, Hugh, Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey (New York: The Overlook Press, 2004). ISBN 1-58567-581-4

Izvori

  1. ↑ Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the World: a Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205.
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