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| boja = pink | | boja = pink | ||
| naziv = Ambulocetidi | | naziv = Ambulocetidi | ||
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{{izvori}} | {{izvori}} | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje knjige | ||
| last1 = Berta | first1 = Annalisa | | last1 = Berta | first1 = Annalisa | ||
| last2 = Sumich | first2 = James L. | | last2 = Sumich | first2 = James L. | ||
| Redak 50: | Redak 50: | ||
| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=4sWbuL0hM1kC&lpg=PA58&dq=Ambulocetus&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetus&f=false | | url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=4sWbuL0hM1kC&lpg=PA58&dq=Ambulocetus&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetus&f=false | ||
| isbn = 978-0-12-088552-7 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Berta|Sumich|Kovacs|2006}} --> | | isbn = 978-0-12-088552-7 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Berta|Sumich|Kovacs|2006}} --> | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje knjige | ||
| last1 = Heyning | first1 = J.E. | | last1 = Heyning | first1 = J.E. | ||
| last2 = Lento | first2 = G.M. | | last2 = Lento | first2 = G.M. | ||
| Redak 59: | Redak 59: | ||
| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=5_G608B-zTwC&lpg=PA54&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false | | url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=5_G608B-zTwC&lpg=PA54&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false | ||
| isbn = 978-0-632-05232-5 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Heyning|Lento|2002}} --> | | isbn = 978-0-632-05232-5 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Heyning|Lento|2002}} --> | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje knjige | ||
| last = Rose | first = Kenneth David | | last = Rose | first = Kenneth David | ||
| title = The Beginning of the Age of Mammals | | title = The Beginning of the Age of Mammals | ||
| Redak 65: | Redak 65: | ||
| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC&lpg=PA273&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA273#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false | | url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC&lpg=PA273&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA273#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false | ||
| isbn = 978-0-8018-8472-6 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Rose|2006}} --> | | isbn = 978-0-8018-8472-6 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Rose|2006}} --> | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje časopisa | ||
| last1 = Madar | first1 = S.I. | | last1 = Madar | first1 = S.I. | ||
| last2 = Thewissen | first2 = J.G.M. | | last2 = Thewissen | first2 = J.G.M. | ||
| Redak 72: | Redak 72: | ||
| year = 2002 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 405–22 | | year = 2002 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 405–22 | ||
| doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0405:AHROAN]2.0.CO;2 | oclc = 4630509456 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Madar|Thewissen|Hussain|2002}} --> | | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0405:AHROAN]2.0.CO;2 | oclc = 4630509456 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Madar|Thewissen|Hussain|2002}} --> | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje knjige | ||
| last = Thewissen | first = J.G.M. | | last = Thewissen | first = J.G.M. | ||
| title = The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea | | title = The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea | ||
| Redak 78: | Redak 78: | ||
| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zgWIL6ELoJoC&lpg=PA43&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false | | url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zgWIL6ELoJoC&lpg=PA43&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false | ||
| isbn = 978-0-306-45853-8 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Thewissen|1998}} --> | | isbn = 978-0-306-45853-8 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Thewissen|1998}} --> | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje knjige | ||
| last1 = Thewissen | first1 = J.G.M. | | last1 = Thewissen | first1 = J.G.M. | ||
| last2 = Madar | first2 = S.I. | | last2 = Madar | first2 = S.I. | ||
| Redak 85: | Redak 85: | ||
| year = 1996 | series = Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg | volume = 191 | pages = 1–86 | | year = 1996 | series = Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg | volume = 191 | pages = 1–86 | ||
| isbn = 9783929907322 | oclc = 36463214 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Thewissen|Madar|Hussain|1996}} --> | | isbn = 9783929907322 | oclc = 36463214 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Thewissen|Madar|Hussain|1996}} --> | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje časopisa | ||
| last1 = Thewissen | first1 = J.G.M. | | last1 = Thewissen | first1 = J.G.M. | ||
| last2 = Williams | first2 = E.M. | | last2 = Williams | first2 = E.M. | ||
| Redak 92: | Redak 92: | ||
| url = http://140.220.1.9/DEPTS/ANAT/Thewissen/pdf/2002ThewWillAnnRev.pdf | | url = http://140.220.1.9/DEPTS/ANAT/Thewissen/pdf/2002ThewWillAnnRev.pdf | ||
| accessdate = February 2013 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426 | oclc = 4656321698 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Thewissen|Williams|2002}} --> | | accessdate = February 2013 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426 | oclc = 4656321698 | ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Thewissen|Williams|2002}} --> | ||
* {{ | * {{Citiranje časopisa | ||
| last = Uhen | first = Mark D | | last = Uhen | first = Mark D | ||
| title = The Origin(s) of Whales | | title = The Origin(s) of Whales | ||
Trenutačna izmjena od 07:33, 30. travnja 2022.
| Ambulocetidi | |
|---|---|
 Ambulocetus natans | |
 Skelet vrste Ambulocetus natans | |
| Status zaštite | |
 Status zaštite: Izumrli | |
| Raspon fosila | Ipres-lutecij |
| Sistematika | |
| Carstvo: | Animalia |
| Koljeno: | Chordata |
| Razred: | Mammalia |
| Red: | Cetacea |
| Podred: | †Archaeoceti |
| Porodica: | †Ambulocetidae Thewissen, Madar, Hussain 1996. |
| Rodovi[1] | |
| *Ambulocetus | |
Ambulocetidi (lat. Ambulocetidae) bili su porodica ranih kitova sa područja današnjeg Pakistana, koji su još uvijek bili u stanju hodati po tlu. Rod Ambulocetus, po kojem je cijela porodica i dobila ime, najpotpuniji je i najbolje istražen rod ambulocetida zato što je pronađen primjerak vrste Ambulocetus natans, koji je bio 80% potpun.[2] Druga dva roda iz te porodice, Gandakasia i Himalayacetus, poznata su samo na osnovu zuba i djelića donje čeljusti.[3]
Opis
Najprimitivniji među vodozemnim kitovima, ambulocetidi su živjeli u plitkim obalnim staništima poput estuara i zaljeva, ali su tokom jednog dijela svog života ipak ovisili o slatkoj vodi. Neke osobine donje čeljusti povezane sa prijenosom zvuka, koje su prisutne kod današnjih kitova, nisu postojale kod pakicetida, ali jesu kod ambulocetida. Vjerojatno su plivali pomoću velikih stopala, što nije baš efikasan način kretanja, zbog čega su vjerojatno čekali plijen u zasjedi umjesto da jure za njim. Ambulocetidi su imali usku glavu sa lateralno usmjerenim očima, što im je davalo izgled teropoda (skupine dinosaura).[4]
Ambulocetus i Gandakasia su se pretežno hranili kopnenim životinjama, dok kombinacija niske vrijednosti izotopa kisika (Δ18O) i izotopa ugljika (Δ13C) kod roda Himalayacetus ukazuju na unos slatke vode u organizam, ali i prehranu morskim životinjama, što znači da se hranio u moru, ali se kasnije vraćao na kopno da bi pio vodu.[3]
Filogenija
Fosili ambulocetida mogu se pronaći u Pakistanu duž drevne obale cimerijske ploče. Sedimentne strukture u kojima su ti fosili pronađeni ukazuju na to da su ambulocetidi živjeli u plitkim obalskim staništima sličnima močvarama.[5] Moguće je da su zauzimali sličnu ekološku nišu kao krokodili.
Za tu se porodicu smatra da je potekla od porodice Pakicetidae, čiji su pripadnici bili skloniji kopnu. Smatra se i da su porodice Protocetidae i moguće Remingtonocetidae potekle od zajedničkog pretka sa ambulocetidima.[6] Zajedno sa bazilosauridima, tih pet porodica svrstava se u podred Archaeoceti.[7]
Bilješke
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Izvori
- Berta, Annalisa; Sumich, James L.; Kovacs, Kit M. (2006). "Cetacean Evolution and Systematics". Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-088552-7. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=4sWbuL0hM1kC&lpg=PA58&dq=Ambulocetus&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetus&f=false
- Heyning, J.E.; Lento, G.M. (2002). "The Evolution of Marine Mammals". Unutar Rus Hoelzel, A.. Marine Mammal Biology: An Evolutionary Approach. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-632-05232-5. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=5_G608B-zTwC&lpg=PA54&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false
- Rose, Kenneth David (2006). The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8472-6. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC&lpg=PA273&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA273#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false
- Madar, S.I.; Thewissen, J.G.M.; Hussain, S.T. (2002). "Additional holotype remains of Ambulocetus natans (Cetacea, Ambulocetidae), and their implications for locomotion in early whales". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (2): 405–22. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0405:AHROAN]2.0.CO;2. OCLC 4630509456
- Thewissen, J.G.M. (1998). The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-45853-8. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zgWIL6ELoJoC&lpg=PA43&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false
- Thewissen, J.G.M.; Madar, S.I.; Hussain, S.T. (1996). Ambulocetus natans, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 191. str. 1–86. ISBN 9783929907322. OCLC 36463214
- Thewissen, J.G.M.; Williams, E.M. (2002). "The Early Radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33: 73–90. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426. OCLC 4656321698. http://140.220.1.9/DEPTS/ANAT/Thewissen/pdf/2002ThewWillAnnRev.pdf Pristupljeno veljače 2013
- Uhen, Mark D (2010). "The Origin(s) of Whales". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 38: 189–219. Bibcode 2010AREPS..38..189U. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152453