Orban (inženjer): razlika između inačica

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<!--'''Orban (inženjer)'''-->'''Orban''', također poznat kao '''Urban''' ( - 1453.), bio je lijevač željeza i [[inženjer]] iz grada Brassó, [[Transilvanija]], u [[Pad Carigrada|kraljevini Ugarskoj]] (sada [[Brașov (grad)|Brasov]], [[Rumunjska]]), koji je izrađivao velike topove za [[Pad Carigrada|Osmansku opsadu Carigrada]] 1453. godine.
Orban''', također poznat kao '''Urban''' ( - 1453.), bio je lijevač željeza i [[inženjer]] iz grada Brassó, [[Transilvanija]], u [[Pad Carigrada|kraljevini Ugarskoj]] (sada [[Brașov (grad)|Brasov]], [[Rumunjska]]), koji je izrađivao velike topove za [[Pad Carigrada|Osmansku opsadu Carigrada]] 1453. godine.
[[Datoteka:Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png|desno|mini|Dardanelski top, izliven 1464. godine na temelju Orbanove bombarde koju su Osmanlije koristili pri opsadi Carigrada 1453. godine; britanska Royal Armouries zbirka.]]
[[Datoteka:Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png|desno|mini|Dardanelski top, izliven 1464. godine na temelju Orbanove bombarde koju su Osmanlije koristili pri opsadi Carigrada 1453. godine; britanska Royal Armouries zbirka.]]
Orban je bio [[Mađari|Mađar]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century - Hans-Henning Kortüm|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=2007-01-01|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9783050041315}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... - Gábor Ágoston|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=2005-03-24|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780521843133}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jdcrsCOB-VcC&pg=PA208&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact - Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9781851095261|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT144&dq=urban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=urban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Asia: A Concise History - Arthur Cotterell|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=2011-05-16|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780470829592}}</ref> prema većini suvremenih autora, dok neki znanstvenici također spominju njegovo potencijalno[[Nijemci| njemačko]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=PA490&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780195334036|year=2010}}</ref> podrijetlo. Alternativne teorije pretpostavljaju da je imao [[Dacija|vlaške]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ikppAAAAMAAJ&q=orban++wallachian&dq=orban++wallachian|title=Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey - Samuel Sullivan Cox|publisher=Books.google.ro|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|year=1893}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&pg=PA200&dq=orban++wallachian#v=onepage&q=orban%20%20wallachian&f=false|title=The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 - Ion Grumeza|publisher=Books.google.ro|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780761851349|year=2010}}</ref> korijene. [[Laonikos Chalkokondyles]] ga naziva [[Dacija|Dačaninom]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GMDgAAAAMAAJ&q=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban&dq=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban|title=Guns and Men in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500: Studies in Military History and ... - Kelly DeVries|publisher=Books.google.ro|date=2009-08-26|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780860788867}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qvvdVXckfqQC&pg=PA391&dq=orban+dacian+constantinopole#v=onepage&q=orban%20dacian%20constantinopole&f=false|title=The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography ... - Marios Philippides, Walter K. Hanak|publisher=Books.google.com|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9781409410645|year=2011}}</ref>
Orban je bio [[Mađari|Mađar]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century - Hans-Henning Kortüm|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=2007-01-01|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9783050041315}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... - Gábor Ágoston|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=2005-03-24|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780521843133}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jdcrsCOB-VcC&pg=PA208&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact - Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9781851095261|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT144&dq=urban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=urban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Asia: A Concise History - Arthur Cotterell|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=2011-05-16|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780470829592}}</ref> prema većini suvremenih autora, dok neki znanstvenici također spominju njegovo potencijalno[[Nijemci| njemačko]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=PA490&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780195334036|year=2010}}</ref> podrijetlo. Alternativne teorije pretpostavljaju da je imao [[Dacija|vlaške]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ikppAAAAMAAJ&q=orban++wallachian&dq=orban++wallachian|title=Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey - Samuel Sullivan Cox|publisher=Books.google.ro|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|year=1893}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&pg=PA200&dq=orban++wallachian#v=onepage&q=orban%20%20wallachian&f=false|title=The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 - Ion Grumeza|publisher=Books.google.ro|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780761851349|year=2010}}</ref> korijene. [[Laonikos Chalkokondyles]] ga naziva [[Dacija|Dačaninom]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GMDgAAAAMAAJ&q=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban&dq=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban|title=Guns and Men in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500: Studies in Military History and ... - Kelly DeVries|publisher=Books.google.ro|date=2009-08-26|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780860788867}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qvvdVXckfqQC&pg=PA391&dq=orban+dacian+constantinopole#v=onepage&q=orban%20dacian%20constantinopole&f=false|title=The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography ... - Marios Philippides, Walter K. Hanak|publisher=Books.google.com|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9781409410645|year=2011}}</ref>


Orban je 1452. godine prvotno svoje usluge ponudio [[Edirne|Bizantskom Carstvu]], kojem prijeti [[Osmansko Carstvo]] i koje ima malobrojno topništvo za obranu [[Carigradski drum|Carigrada]]. Car [[Konstantin XI. Paleolog]] nema niti sredstava za visoku plaću koju Orban traži niti posjeduje materijale potrebne za izgradnju tako velikog opsadnog topa kakvog predlaže Orban. Nakon toga napušta Carigrad i odlazi osmanskom [[Sultanija Mahidevran|sultanu]] [[Muhamed Pilav|Mehmedu II.]]., koji se priprema za opsadu grada. Tvrdeći da njegova oružja mogu razoriti i zidove samog [[Babilon|Babilona]], Orban dobiva sultanovo povjerenje. Sultan mu daje plaću veću od tražene i sav potreban materijal. Orban je uspio u roku od tri mjeseca napraviti impozantni top (cijev mu je duga oko osam metara) u ljevaonicama [[Edurne Pasaban|Edirnea]] odakle ga je šezdeset volova odvuklo do Carigrada. U isto vrijeme, Orban je također proizveo i druge manje topove koje su koristile osmanlijske opsadne snage.<ref>{{harvnb|Runciman|1990|pp=77–78}}</ref>
Orban je 1452. godine prvotno svoje usluge ponudio [[Edirne|Bizantskom Carstvu]], kojem prijeti [[Osmansko Carstvo]] i koje ima malobrojno topništvo za obranu [[Carigradski drum|Carigrada]]. Car [[Konstantin XI. Paleolog]] nema niti sredstava za visoku plaću koju Orban traži niti posjeduje materijale potrebne za izgradnju tako velikog opsadnog topa kakvog predlaže Orban. Nakon toga napušta Carigrad i odlazi osmanskom [[Sultanija Mahidevran|sultanu]] [[Muhamed Pilav|Mehmedu II.]]., koji se priprema za opsadu grada. Tvrdeći da njegova oružja mogu razoriti i zidove samog [[Babilon|Babilona]], Orban dobiva sultanovo povjerenje. Sultan mu daje plaću veću od tražene i sav potreban materijal. Orban je uspio u roku od tri mjeseca napraviti impozantni top (cijev mu je duga oko osam metara) u ljevaonicama [[Edurne Pasaban|Edirnea]] odakle ga je šezdeset volova odvuklo do Carigrada. U isto vrijeme, Orban je također proizveo i druge manje topove koje su koristile osmanlijske opsadne snage.<ref>{{harvnb|Runciman|1990|pp=77–78}}</ref>
Redak 20: Redak 20:
* {{Citation|last=Schmidtchen|first=Volker|title=Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit|year=1977b|journal=Technikgeschichte|work=Technikgeschichte|volume=44|issue=3|pages=213–237}}
* {{Citation|last=Schmidtchen|first=Volker|title=Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit|year=1977b|journal=Technikgeschichte|work=Technikgeschichte|volume=44|issue=3|pages=213–237}}
* {{Citation|last=Crowley|first=Roger|title=In Our Time: Constantinople Siege and Fall|year=2006}}
* {{Citation|last=Crowley|first=Roger|title=In Our Time: Constantinople Siege and Fall|year=2006}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vékony|first=Gábor|year=2000|title=Dacians, Romans, Romanians|publisher=Matthias Corvinus Publishing|isbn=1-882785-13-4|ref=harv}}
* {{Citiranje knjige|last=Vékony|first=Gábor|year=2000|title=Dacians, Romans, Romanians|publisher=Matthias Corvinus Publishing|isbn=1-882785-13-4|ref=harv}}


[[Kategorija:Životopisi, Rumunjska]]
[[Kategorija:Životopisi, Rumunjska]]

Posljednja izmjena od 20. ožujak 2022. u 18:15

Orban, također poznat kao Urban ( - 1453.), bio je lijevač željeza i inženjer iz grada Brassó, Transilvanija, u kraljevini Ugarskoj (sada Brasov, Rumunjska), koji je izrađivao velike topove za Osmansku opsadu Carigrada 1453. godine.

Dardanelski top, izliven 1464. godine na temelju Orbanove bombarde koju su Osmanlije koristili pri opsadi Carigrada 1453. godine; britanska Royal Armouries zbirka.

Orban je bio Mađar[1][2][3][4] prema većini suvremenih autora, dok neki znanstvenici također spominju njegovo potencijalno njemačko[5] podrijetlo. Alternativne teorije pretpostavljaju da je imao vlaške[6][7] korijene. Laonikos Chalkokondyles ga naziva Dačaninom.[8][9]

Orban je 1452. godine prvotno svoje usluge ponudio Bizantskom Carstvu, kojem prijeti Osmansko Carstvo i koje ima malobrojno topništvo za obranu Carigrada. Car Konstantin XI. Paleolog nema niti sredstava za visoku plaću koju Orban traži niti posjeduje materijale potrebne za izgradnju tako velikog opsadnog topa kakvog predlaže Orban. Nakon toga napušta Carigrad i odlazi osmanskom sultanu Mehmedu II.., koji se priprema za opsadu grada. Tvrdeći da njegova oružja mogu razoriti i zidove samog Babilona, Orban dobiva sultanovo povjerenje. Sultan mu daje plaću veću od tražene i sav potreban materijal. Orban je uspio u roku od tri mjeseca napraviti impozantni top (cijev mu je duga oko osam metara) u ljevaonicama Edirnea odakle ga je šezdeset volova odvuklo do Carigrada. U isto vrijeme, Orban je također proizveo i druge manje topove koje su koristile osmanlijske opsadne snage.[10]

Bombarde, tehnologija koju su uglavnom njemački stručnjaci[11] dizajnirali prvo za ugarsku vojsku, je u razdoblju između 1400. i 1450. godine postala rasprostranjena u cijeloj zapadnoj Europi, mijenjajući opsadno ratovanje.[12][13] Orban je, vjerojatno poginuo tijekom opsade, kada je eksplodirao jedan od njegovih topova, što u ono vrijeme nije bila neobična pojava.[14]

U popularnim medijima

  • Majstora Orbana je igrao Burhanettin Üskan u turskom filmu iz 1951., İstanbul'un Fethi
  • Erdoğan Aydemir je igrao Orbana u filmu iz 2012. Fetih 1453.

Izvori

  1. ↑ Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century - Hans-Henning Kortüm. Books.google.com.au. 1. siječanj 2007.. ISBN 9783050041315. https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false Pristupljeno 26. lipanj 2015. 
  2. ↑ Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... - Gábor Ágoston. Books.google.com.au. 24. ožujak 2005.. ISBN 9780521843133. https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false Pristupljeno 26. lipanj 2015. 
  3. ↑ Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact - Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith. Books.google.com.au. 2007. ISBN 9781851095261. https://books.google.com/?id=jdcrsCOB-VcC&pg=PA208&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false Pristupljeno 26. lipanj 2015. 
  4. ↑ Asia: A Concise History - Arthur Cotterell. Books.google.com.au. 16. svibanj 2011.. ISBN 9780470829592. https://books.google.com/?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT144&dq=urban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=urban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false Pristupljeno 26. lipanj 2015. 
  5. ↑ The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Books.google.com.au. 2010. ISBN 9780195334036. https://books.google.com/?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=PA490&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false Pristupljeno 26. lipanj 2015. 
  6. ↑ Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey - Samuel Sullivan Cox. Books.google.ro. 1893. https://books.google.com/?id=ikppAAAAMAAJ&q=orban++wallachian&dq=orban++wallachian Pristupljeno 26. lipanj 2015. 
  7. ↑ The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 - Ion Grumeza. Books.google.ro. 2010. ISBN 9780761851349. https://books.google.com/?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&pg=PA200&dq=orban++wallachian#v=onepage&q=orban%20%20wallachian&f=false Pristupljeno 26. lipanj 2015. 
  8. ↑ Guns and Men in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500: Studies in Military History and ... - Kelly DeVries. Books.google.ro. 26. kolovoz 2009.. ISBN 9780860788867. https://books.google.com/?id=GMDgAAAAMAAJ&q=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban&dq=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban Pristupljeno 26. lipanj 2015. 
  9. ↑ The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography ... - Marios Philippides, Walter K. Hanak. Books.google.com. 2011. ISBN 9781409410645. https://books.google.com/?id=qvvdVXckfqQC&pg=PA391&dq=orban+dacian+constantinopole#v=onepage&q=orban%20dacian%20constantinopole&f=false Pristupljeno 26. lipanj 2015. 
  10. ↑ Script error: The function "harvard_citation_no_bracket" does not exist.
  11. ↑ The heirs of Archimedes: science and the art of war through the Age of Enlightenment, Brett D. Steele & Tamera Dorland, The MIT Press, 2005, p.128 & Roger Crowley, on In Our Time: Constantinople Siege & Fall, broadcast 2006
  12. ↑ Script error: The function "harvard_citation_no_bracket" does not exist.
  13. ↑ Script error: The function "harvard_citation_no_bracket" does not exist.
  14. ↑ Script error: The function "harvard_citation_no_bracket" does not exist.
  • Nicolle, David (2000), Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium, Osprey Publishing, str. 13, ISBN 1-84176-091-9 
  • Runciman, Steven (1990), The Fall of Constantinople: 1453, London: Cambridge University Press, str. 77–78, ISBN 978-0-521-39832-9 
  • Schmidtchen, Volker (11. prosinac 1977.), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (2): 153–173 
  • Schmidtchen, Volker (11. prosinac 1977.), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 
  • Crowley, Roger (2006), In Our Time: Constantinople Siege and Fall 
  • Vékony, Gábor (2000). Dacians, Romans, Romanians. Matthias Corvinus Publishing. ISBN 1-882785-13-4 
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