Smijeh - Povijest promjena

Suradnik10: Zamjena teksta - '{{Citiranje web|' u '{{citiranje weba|'

2025-09-14T00:53:35Z

Zamjena teksta - '{{Citiranje web|' u '{{citiranje weba|'

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 14. rujan 2025. u 00:53
Redak 8:		Redak 8:
	== Narav ==		== Narav ==
	[[Datoteka:3.5-month-old baby laughing.jpg\|thumb\|Novorođenčad se tipično redovito počne smijati od 4. mjeseca života.]]		[[Datoteka:3.5-month-old baby laughing.jpg\|thumb\|Novorođenčad se tipično redovito počne smijati od 4. mjeseca života.]]
	Kaže se da se djeca smiju znatno češće od odraslih: prosječno dijete nasmije se 300-400 puta dnevno u usporedbi s odraslim koji se nasmije samo 15-20 puta dnevno; ipak citirani članak, koji je napisao jedan od dvojice vrhunskih istraživača humora u svijetu, izriče da ne postoji stvarna osnova za ovakvu tvrdnju.<ref>{{~~Citiranje web~~\|url=http://www.aath.org/do-children-laugh-much-more-often-than-adults-do\|title=Do Children Laugh Much More Often than Adults Do?\|accessdate=9. prosinca 2012.}}</ref>		Kaže se da se djeca smiju znatno češće od odraslih: prosječno dijete nasmije se 300-400 puta dnevno u usporedbi s odraslim koji se nasmije samo 15-20 puta dnevno; ipak citirani članak, koji je napisao jedan od dvojice vrhunskih istraživača humora u svijetu, izriče da ne postoji stvarna osnova za ovakvu tvrdnju.<ref>{{citiranje weba\|url=http://www.aath.org/do-children-laugh-much-more-often-than-adults-do\|title=Do Children Laugh Much More Often than Adults Do?\|accessdate=9. prosinca 2012.}}</ref>

	== Više informacija ==		== Više informacija ==

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite web +{{Citiranje web)

2021-12-08T07:59:16Z

Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite web +{{Citiranje web)

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 8. prosinac 2021. u 07:59
Redak 8:		Redak 8:
	== Narav ==		== Narav ==
	[[Datoteka:3.5-month-old baby laughing.jpg\|thumb\|Novorođenčad se tipično redovito počne smijati od 4. mjeseca života.]]		[[Datoteka:3.5-month-old baby laughing.jpg\|thumb\|Novorođenčad se tipično redovito počne smijati od 4. mjeseca života.]]
	Kaže se da se djeca smiju znatno češće od odraslih: prosječno dijete nasmije se 300-400 puta dnevno u usporedbi s odraslim koji se nasmije samo 15-20 puta dnevno; ipak citirani članak, koji je napisao jedan od dvojice vrhunskih istraživača humora u svijetu, izriče da ne postoji stvarna osnova za ovakvu tvrdnju.<ref>{{~~cite~~ web\|url=http://www.aath.org/do-children-laugh-much-more-often-than-adults-do\|title=Do Children Laugh Much More Often than Adults Do?\|accessdate=9. prosinca 2012.}}</ref>		Kaže se da se djeca smiju znatno češće od odraslih: prosječno dijete nasmije se 300-400 puta dnevno u usporedbi s odraslim koji se nasmije samo 15-20 puta dnevno; ipak citirani članak, koji je napisao jedan od dvojice vrhunskih istraživača humora u svijetu, izriče da ne postoji stvarna osnova za ovakvu tvrdnju.<ref>{{Citiranje web\|url=http://www.aath.org/do-children-laugh-much-more-often-than-adults-do\|title=Do Children Laugh Much More Often than Adults Do?\|accessdate=9. prosinca 2012.}}</ref>

	== Više informacija ==		== Više informacija ==

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

2021-11-18T03:53:29Z

Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 18. studeni 2021. u 03:53
Redak 25:		Redak 25:
	== Preporučena literatura ==		== Preporučena literatura ==
	* Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., & Owren, M.J. ''The acoustic features of human laughter.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001		* Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., & Owren, M.J. ''The acoustic features of human laughter.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001
	* {{~~cite book~~ \| last = Bahtin \| first = Mihail \| authorlink = Mikhail Bakhtin \| year=1941 \| title = [[Rabelais i njegov svijet\|Rabelais and His World]] \| publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] \| location= Bloomington \| isbn = 0-253-34830-7 }}		* {{Citiranje knjige \| last = Bahtin \| first = Mihail \| authorlink = Mikhail Bakhtin \| year=1941 \| title = [[Rabelais i njegov svijet\|Rabelais and His World]] \| publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] \| location= Bloomington \| isbn = 0-253-34830-7 }}
	* Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (urednici), [http://books.google.com/books?id=FSgteXd9HJUC&pg=PR22&dq=the+psychology+of+humor+and+laughter#PPP1,M1 ''Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications''], Transaction Publishers, 1996. {{ISBN\|1-56000-837-7}}. Books.google.com		* Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (urednici), [http://books.google.com/books?id=FSgteXd9HJUC&pg=PR22&dq=the+psychology+of+humor+and+laughter#PPP1,M1 ''Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications''], Transaction Publishers, 1996. {{ISBN\|1-56000-837-7}}. Books.google.com
	* Cousins, Norman, ''Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient'', 1979.		* Cousins, Norman, ''Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient'', 1979.
Redak 35:		Redak 35:
	* Miller M, Mangano C, Park Y, Goel R, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA.Impact of cinematic viewing on endothelial function.Heart. 2006. veljača; 92(2):261-2.		* Miller M, Mangano C, Park Y, Goel R, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA.Impact of cinematic viewing on endothelial function.Heart. 2006. veljača; 92(2):261-2.
	* Provine, R. R., ''[http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Abstracts/Provine_96.html Laughter].'' American Scientist, V84, 38:45, 1996. ucla.edu		* Provine, R. R., ''[http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Abstracts/Provine_96.html Laughter].'' American Scientist, V84, 38:45, 1996. ucla.edu
	*{{cite journal \| author =[[Quentin Skinner]] \| title = Hobbes and the Classical Theory of Laughter \| year = 2004 \| url = http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-926461-9.pdf \| format = PDF \| accessdate = 23. listopada 2006}} uključeno u knjigu: {{~~cite book~~ \|last=Sorell \|first=Tom \|coauthors=Luc Foisneau \|title=Leviathan After 350 Years \|url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Philosophy/History/?view=usa&ci=9780199264612 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=139–66 \|chapter=6 \|chapterurl=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-926461-9.pdf \|year=2004 \|isbn=0-19-926461-9}}		*{{cite journal \| author =[[Quentin Skinner]] \| title = Hobbes and the Classical Theory of Laughter \| year = 2004 \| url = http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-926461-9.pdf \| format = PDF \| accessdate = 23. listopada 2006}} uključeno u knjigu: {{Citiranje knjige \|last=Sorell \|first=Tom \|coauthors=Luc Foisneau \|title=Leviathan After 350 Years \|url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Philosophy/History/?view=usa&ci=9780199264612 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|pages=139–66 \|chapter=6 \|chapterurl=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-926461-9.pdf \|year=2004 \|isbn=0-19-926461-9}}
	* Raskin, Victor, ''Semantic Mechanisms of Humor'' (1985).		* Raskin, Victor, ''Semantic Mechanisms of Humor'' (1985).
	* MacDonald, C., [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925191607/http://www.psychnurse.org/view.asp?rID=4910 ''"A Chuckle a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Therapeutic Humor & Laughter" ''] Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services(2004) V42, 3:18-25. psychnurse.org		* MacDonald, C., [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925191607/http://www.psychnurse.org/view.asp?rID=4910 ''"A Chuckle a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Therapeutic Humor & Laughter" ''] Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services(2004) V42, 3:18-25. psychnurse.org

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2021-10-09T03:49:25Z

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[[Datoteka:Laughing Nyahsa GalawebDesign.jpg|thumb|ljudsko smijanje]]
'''Smijeh''' je nevoljna reakcija na određene vanjske ili unutarnje [[podražaj]]e. Smijeh mogu pobuditi aktivnosti poput škakljanja,<ref>Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development Frederica Rudolpha Stearnsa, 1972, str. 59-65. {{ISBN|0398024200}}</ref> humorističnih priča ili misli.<ref>Shultz, T. R., & Horibe, F. (1974). Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes. Developmental Psychology, 10, 13-20.</ref> Najčešće se smatra vizualnom ekspresijom mnogih pozitivnih emocionalnih stanja poput radosti, veselja, [[sreća|sreće]], [[olakšanje|olakšanja]] itd. U nekim pak prilikama može biti uzrokovan suprotnim emocionalnim stanjima poput sramote, isprike ili zbunjenosti ("[[nervozni smijeh]]") ili [[udvorni smijeh|udvornog smijeha]]. Čimbenici poput dobi, spola, obrazovanja, jezika i kulture determinantni su čimbenici<ref>Olmwake, Louise. "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics." Journal of Applied Psychology; Vol. 21 izd. 6, str. 688</ref> za to da li će neka osoba iskusiti smijeh u određenoj situaciji.

Smijeh je dio [[čovječje ponašanje|čovječjeg ponašanja]] regulirana mozgom koje pomaže ljudima razjasniti njihove namjere u [[socijalna interakcija|socijalnoj interakciji]] i pruža emocionalan kontekst konverzacijama. Smijeh se rabi kao signal pripadnosti nekoj grupi — on signalizira prihvaćenost i pozitivne interakcije s drugima. Smijeh se ponekad doživljava zaraznim, a smijeh neke osobe može sam izazvati smijeh u drugih kao [[pozitivna povratna sprega|pozitivnu povratnu spregu]].<ref>Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, ''Self-Organization in Biological Systems'', ''[[Princeton University Press]]'', 2003. {{ISBN|0-691-11624-5}} --{{ISBN|0-691-01211-3}} (pbk.) str. 18.</ref> Popularnost [[snimka smijeha|snimaka smijeha]] u televizijskim [[komedija situacije|komedijama situacije]] može se dijelom pripisati ovome.

Proučavanje humora i smijeha te njihovih psiholoških i fizioloških učinaka na čovječje tijelo zove se [[gelotologija]].

== Narav ==
[[Datoteka:3.5-month-old baby laughing.jpg|thumb|Novorođenčad se tipično redovito počne smijati od 4. mjeseca života.]]
Kaže se da se djeca smiju znatno češće od odraslih: prosječno dijete nasmije se 300-400 puta dnevno u usporedbi s odraslim koji se nasmije samo 15-20 puta dnevno; ipak citirani članak, koji je napisao jedan od dvojice vrhunskih istraživača humora u svijetu, izriče da ne postoji stvarna osnova za ovakvu tvrdnju.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aath.org/do-children-laugh-much-more-often-than-adults-do|title=Do Children Laugh Much More Often than Adults Do?|accessdate=9. prosinca 2012.}}</ref>

== Više informacija ==
* [[smrt od smijeha]]
* [[zlobni smijeh]]
* [[geolotologija]]
* [[smijeh u životinja]]
* [[joga smijeha]]
* [[nervozni smijeh]]
* [[paradoksalni smijeh]]
* [[patološko smijanje i plakanje]]

== Izvori ==
{{izvori|2}}

== Preporučena literatura ==
* Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., & Owren, M.J. ''The acoustic features of human laughter.'' Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001
* {{cite book | last = Bahtin | first = Mihail | authorlink = Mikhail Bakhtin | year=1941 | title = [[Rabelais i njegov svijet|Rabelais and His World]] | publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] | location= Bloomington | isbn = 0-253-34830-7 }}
* Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (urednici), [http://books.google.com/books?id=FSgteXd9HJUC&pg=PR22&dq=the+psychology+of+humor+and+laughter#PPP1,M1 ''Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications''], Transaction Publishers, 1996. {{ISBN|1-56000-837-7}}. Books.google.com
* Cousins, Norman, ''Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient'', 1979.
* Davila-Ross, M., Allcock, B., Thomas, C. i Bard K. A. (2011.) [http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2011-04103-001/ ''Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others.''] Emotion {{doi|10.1037/a0022594}}
* Fried, I., Wilson, C.L., MacDonald, K.A., and Behnke EJ. ''Electric current stimulates laughter.'' Nature, 391:650, 1998 (vidi [[pacijent A. K.]])
* Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J. ''The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components.'' Nature Neuroscience 3, 237 - 238 (2001).
* Greig, John Young Thomson, ''The Psychology of Comedy and Laughter'', New York, Dodd, Mead and company, 1923.
* Marteinson, Peter, ''[http://french.chass.utoronto.ca/as-sa/editors/origins.html On the Problem of the Comic: A Philosophical Study on the Origins of Laughter''], Legas Press, Ottawa, 2006. utoronto.ca
* Miller M, Mangano C, Park Y, Goel R, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA.Impact of cinematic viewing on endothelial function.Heart. 2006. veljača; 92(2):261-2.
* Provine, R. R., ''[http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Abstracts/Provine_96.html Laughter].'' American Scientist, V84, 38:45, 1996. ucla.edu
*{{cite journal | author =[[Quentin Skinner]] | title = Hobbes and the Classical Theory of Laughter | year = 2004 | url = http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-926461-9.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 23. listopada 2006}} uključeno u knjigu: {{cite book |last=Sorell |first=Tom |coauthors=Luc Foisneau |title=Leviathan After 350 Years |url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Philosophy/History/?view=usa&ci=9780199264612 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=139–66 |chapter=6 |chapterurl=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-926461-9.pdf |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-926461-9}}
* Raskin, Victor, ''Semantic Mechanisms of Humor'' (1985).
* MacDonald, C., [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925191607/http://www.psychnurse.org/view.asp?rID=4910 ''"A Chuckle a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Therapeutic Humor & Laughter" ''] Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services(2004) V42, 3:18-25. psychnurse.org
* Kawakami, K., et al., [http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/papers/ref3/kawakami2006.pdf ''Origins of smile and laughter: A preliminary study''] Early Human Development (2006) 82, 61-66. kyoto-u.ac.jp
* Johnson, S., [https://web.archive.org/web/20031211162003/http://www.discover.com/issues/apr-03/features/featlaugh/ ''Emotions and the Brain''] Discover (2003) V24, N4. discover.com
* [[Jaak Panksepp|Panksepp, J.]], Burgdorf, J.,[http://www.psych.umn.edu/courses/fall06/macdonalda/psy4960/Readings/PankseppRatLaugh_P&B03.pdf ''"Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy?''] Physiology & Behavior (2003) 79:533-547. psych.umn.edu
* Milius, S., [http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20010728/fob9.asp ''Don't look now, but is that dog laughing?]'' Science News (2001) V160 4:55. sciencenews.org
* Simonet, P., et al., [http://www.petalk.org/LaughingDog.pdf ''Dog Laughter: Recorded playback reduces stress related behavior in shelter dogs''] 7th International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (2005). petalk.org
* Discover Health (2004) [http://www.helpguide.org/life/humor_laughter_health.htm ''Humor & Laughter: Health Benefits and Online Sources''], helpguide.org
* Klein, A. ''The Courage to Laugh: Humor, Hope and Healing in the Face of Death and Dying.'' Los Angeles, CA: Tarcher/Putman, 1998.
*Ron Jenkins ''Subversive laughter'' (New York, Free Press, 1994), 13ff
*Bogard, M. ''Laughter and its Effects on Groups''. New York, New York: Bullish Press, 2008.
*Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter by Igor Krichtafovitch, Outskitspress, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-59800-222-5}}
* Hans-Georg Moeller und Günter Wohlfart (Hrsg.): ''Laughter in Eastern and Western Philosophies''. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg / München 2010. {{ISBN|978-3-495-48385-5}}

== Vanjske poveznice ==
* [http://french.chass.utoronto.ca/as-sa/editors/origins.html The Origins of Laughter], chass.utoronto.ca
* [http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/2794/human-laughter-16-million-years-old Human laughter up to 16 million years old], cosmosmagazine.com
* [http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/laugh.html More information about Gelotology from the University of Washington], faculty.Washington.edu
* WNYC's Radio Lab radio show: [http://www.radiolab.org/2008/feb/25/is-laughter-just-a-human-thing/ Is Laughter just a Human Thing?], wnyc.org
* [http://www.writtensound.com/index.php?term=laughter Transcriptions of laughter], writtensound.com
* [http://archive.org/details/99Laughs/ Recordings of people laughing], 99 audiozapisa čovječjeg smijeha
* [http://www.healinglaughter.org/blog/category/science/ Comprehensive summary of research on the benefits of laughter]

[[Kategorija:Psihologija]]