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<p>preuzeto s hr.wikipedije</p> <p><b>Nova stranica</b></p><div>{{Taksokvir<br /> |boja = lightgreen<br /> |naziv = Primogovke<br /> |slika = Odontonema flwrs.jpg<br /> |slika_širina =<br /> |slika_opis = &#039;&#039;[[Odontonema cuspidatum]]&#039;&#039;<br /> |regnum = [[Plantae]]<br /> | phylum = [[Tracheophyta]]<br /> |classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]<br /> |superordo = [[Asteranae]] <br /> |ordo = [[Lamiales]]<br /> |familia = &#039;&#039;&#039;Acanthaceae&#039;&#039;&#039;<br /> |familia_autorstvo = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;GRIN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?6 |title=Family: &#039;&#039;Acanthaceae&#039;&#039; Juss., nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2003-01-17 |accessdate=2011-07-29 |archive-date=21. rujna 2012. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921041533/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?6 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |razdioba_stupanj = [[Potporodica (taksonomija)|Potporodica]]<br /> |razdioba = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Acanthoideae]] &lt;small&gt;Link&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * [[Avicennioideae]] &lt;small&gt;Miers&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * [[Nelsonioideae]] &lt;small&gt;Sreemadhavan&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * [[Thunbergioideae]] &lt;small&gt;Kosteletzky&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> |}}<br /> [[Datoteka:Ruellia devosiana2.jpg|mini|&#039;&#039;[[Ruellia devosiana]]&#039;&#039;]]<br /> [[Datoteka:Pachystachys spicata.jpg|mini|&#039;&#039;[[Pachystachys spicata]]&#039;&#039;]]<br /> &#039;&#039;&#039;Primogovke&#039;&#039;&#039; (primognice, primozi, [[Latinski jezik|lat.]] &#039;&#039;Acanthaceae&#039;&#039;), jedna od 24 porodica [[bilje|biljaka]] iz reda [[medićolike|medićolikih]] ([[Lamiales]]) razred [[Magnoliopsida]] (Dvosupnice). Naziv dolazi po grčkom acantha (bodlja), zato što neke vrste u rodu imaju bodlje na rubovima listova. Postoji nekoliko tisuća vrsta, poglavito grmova, zeljastog bilja i puzavica, (rjeđe drveća, ali i nekoliko mangrova)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.delta-intkey.com/angio/www/acanthac.htm Delta, Acanthaceae Juss.] Pristupljeno 10. siječnja 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Rasprostranjenost ==<br /> Porodica sadrži oko 200 rodova&lt;ref&gt;[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000618-2 Kew], pristupljeno 27. rujna 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; i 5400 vrsta&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldplants.de/world-plants-complete-list/linear-sequence#1695838098 World Plants (Complete List)], pristupljeno 27. rujna 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; koje se pretežno distribuiraju u tropskim i suptropskim područjima svijeta. Veći dio obitelji Acanthaceae su zeljasto bilje ili grmlje, ali se javljaju i kao loze i drveće. Raspon staništa proteže se od [[močvara]] i [[estuarij]]a do krajnje suhih područja, ali većina tih biljaka nalazi se u vlažnim [[Tropske šume|tropskim šumama]].<br /> == Opis ==<br /> Primogovke su jedna od 24 porodice u redu cvjetnica &#039;&#039;Lamiales&#039;&#039;, koja sadrži približno 220 rodova i gotovo 4000 vrsta rasprostranjenih pretežno u tropskim i suptropskim regijama svijeta. Veći dio porodice &#039;&#039;Acanthaceae&#039;&#039; su zeljaste biljke ili grmovi, ali se pojavljuju i loza i drveće. Raspon staništa proteže se od [[močvara]] i [[estuarij]]a do ekstremno sušnih staništa, ali većina ovih biljaka nalazi se u vlažnim tropskim šumama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica &quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/plant/Acanthaceae Britannica], pristupljeno 27. rujna 2023. &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === Karakteristike ===<br /> Acanthaceae ima nekoliko univerzalnih karakteristika među svojim članovima. Većina ima jednostavne [[list]]ove raspoređene u nasuprotnim parovima, s [[cistoliti]]ma (uvećanim stanicama koje sadrže kristale kalcijevog karbonata) u prugama ili izbočinama u vegetativnim dijelovima. Dvospolni cvjetovi često su obostrano simetrični i obično su okruženi lisnatim braktejama, često obojenim i velikim. Čašica (sepal) i latica (petal) imaju po pet ili četiri i često su srasli u cjevaste strukture. Obično postoje dva ili četiri [[prašnik]]a koji se protežu izvan usta cvijeta, često s jednim do tri staminoda (sterilni prašnici). Tučak je gornji (tj. smješten iznad mjesta pričvršćivanja ostalih dijelova cvijeta) i općenito se sastoji od dva spojena karpela (segmenti koji nose ovule) koji obuhvaćaju dvije lokule (komore), od kojih svaka ima dva do mnogo ovula u dva reda duž središnja os jajnika. [[Plod]]ovi su često kapsule koje eksplodiraju i sadrže sjemenke koje se nalaze na kukama na posteljici.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica &quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Grupa je uglavnom od hortikulturnog interesa i uključuje ukrasne biljke kao što su [[meki primog]] ([[Acanthus mollis]]), [[tunbergija]] ([[Thunbergia (Plantae)|Thunbergia]]), “biljka-škamp” (&#039;&#039;[[Justicia brandegeana]]&#039;&#039;) i “biljka-karikatura” (&#039;&#039;[[Graptophyllum pictum]]&#039;&#039;). Najveći rodovi uključuju [[Justicija (biljni rod)|Justicia]] (600 vrsta; sada obuhvaća bivše odvojene rodove kao što su &#039;&#039;Jacobinia&#039;&#039; i &#039;&#039;Beloperone&#039;&#039;), &#039;&#039;[[Reullia]]&#039;&#039; (355), &#039;&#039;[[Strobilanthes]]&#039;&#039; (350), &#039;&#039;[[Barleria]]&#039;&#039; (300), &#039;&#039;[[Aphelandra]]&#039;&#039; (170), &#039;&#039;[[Staurogyne]]&#039;&#039; (140), &#039;&#039;[[Dicliptera]]&#039;&#039; (150), &#039;&#039;[[Blepharis]]&#039;&#039; (130), &#039;&#039;[[Lepidagathis]]&#039;&#039; (100), &#039;&#039;[[Hygrophila]]&#039;&#039; (100), &#039;&#039;[[Tunbergija|Thunbergia]]&#039;&#039; (90) i &#039;&#039;[[Dyschoriste]]&#039;&#039; (80). Mali rod &#039;&#039;[[Avicennia]]&#039;&#039; sadrži najmanje osam vrsta ekološki važnih mangrova.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica &quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Invazivne i ugrožene vrste ==<br /> Najvažniji rod Acanthus ima nekoliko predstavnika u Hrvatskoj ([[Hrvatsko primorje|Primorje]]), to su: [[Dugolisni prtimog|dugolisni]] &#039;&#039;A. balcanus&#039;&#039;, što je sinonim za [[Acanthus hungaricus]], [[Meki primog|meki]] (Acanthus mollis) i [[trnoviti primog]] &#039;&#039;A. spinosissimus&#039;&#039;, sinonim za &#039;&#039;[[Acanthus spinosus]]&#039;&#039;.<br /> <br /> Neke vrste primogovki su invazivne, prvenstveno pravi primog, [[popanak]] ([[Acanthus mollis]]), nadalje [[Asystasia crispata]], [[Hygrophila polysperma]], [[Ruellia brevifolia]], [[Strobilanthes hamiltonianus]] i [[Thunbergia grandiflora]].<br /> <br /> Znatan je i broj ugroženih vrsta, najviše u rodovima Aphelandra (7) i Justicia (5).<br /> <br /> == [[Ugrožene vrste]] ==<br /> {{div col|cols=2}}<br /> # [[Angkalanthus oligophylla]] <br /> # [[Anisotes zenkeri]] <br /> # [[Aphelandra azuayensis]]<br /> # [[Aphelandra cinnabarina]]<br /> # [[Aphelandra galba]]<br /> # [[Aphelandra guayasii]] <br /> # [[Aphelandra harlingii]]<br /> # [[Aphelandra loxensis]]<br /> # [[Aphelandra phaina]]<br /> # [[Barleria observatrix]] ([[Kritično ugrožena vrsta|kritično]])<br /> # [[Barleria popovii]] <br /> # [[Brachystephanus kupeensis]] (kritično)<br /> # [[Carlowrightia ecuadoriana]] (kritično)<br /> # [[Chlamydocardia subrhomboidea]]<br /> # [[Crossandra obanensis]]<br /> # [[Cystacanthus affinis]] <br /> # [[Dicliptera dodsonii]] (kritično)<br /> # [[Dischistocalyx champluvieranus]]<br /> # [[Dischistocalyx rivularis]] (kritično)<br /> # [[Hygrophila madurensis]] (kritično)<br /> # [[Hygrophila mediatrix]] <br /> # [[Justicia harlingii]] <br /> # [[Justicia leucoxiphos]]<br /> # [[Justicia pinensis]] <br /> # [[Justicia takhinensis]]<br /> # [[Justicia telloensis]] <br /> # [[Kudoacanthus albo-nervosa]] <br /> # [[Neuracanthus aculeatus]]<br /> # [[Odontonema laxum]] <br /> # [[Physacanthus talbotii]] <br /> # [[Psilanthele eggersii]] (kritično)<br /> # [[Rhinacanthus obtusifolius]]<br /> # [[Sanchezia lampra (]]kritično)<br /> # [[Sclerochiton preussii]]<br /> # [[Staurogyne pseudocapitata]] <br /> # [[Staurogyne sichuanica]] <br /> # [[Stenandriopsis thomensis]]<br /> # [[Stenandrium carolinae]] (kritično)<br /> # [[Stenostephanus asplundii]] <br /> # [[Stenostephanus laxus]] <br /> # [[Strobilanthes sarcorrhiza]] (kritično)<br /> # [[Strobilanthes sinica]]<br /> # [[Thunbergia rufescens]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Potporodice i rodovi ==<br /> {{div col|cols=3}}<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Familia &#039;&#039;Acanthaceae&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (5483 spp.)<br /> ## &#039;&#039;&#039;Subfamilia &#039;&#039;[[Nelsonioideae]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Pfeiff.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ### &#039;&#039;[[Nelsonia (Plantae)|Nelsonia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;R. Br.&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ### &#039;&#039;[[Elytraria]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Rich. ex Michx.&lt;/small&gt; (22 spp.)<br /> ### &#039;&#039;[[Aymoreana]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Braz, T. F. Daniel &amp; Kiel&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ### &#039;&#039;[[Anisosepalum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;E. Hossain&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ### &#039;&#039;[[Saintpauliopsis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Staner&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ### &#039;&#039;[[Staurogyne]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Wall.&lt;/small&gt; (152 spp.)<br /> ## &#039;&#039;&#039;Subfamilia &#039;&#039;[[Avicennioideae]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Miers&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ### &#039;&#039;[[Avicennia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (8 spp.)<br /> ## &#039;&#039;&#039;Subfamilia &#039;&#039;[[Thunbergioideae]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;T. Anderson&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ### Tribus &#039;&#039;[[Mendoncieae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Meisn.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Mendoncia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Vell. ex Vand.&lt;/small&gt; (88 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Anomacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;R. D. Good&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ### Tribus &#039;&#039;[[Thunbergieae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Dumort.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> #### [[Pseudocalyx]] &lt;small&gt;Radlk.&lt;/small&gt; (6 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Thunbergia (Plantae)|Thunbergia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Retz.&lt;/small&gt; (146 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Meyenia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ## &#039;&#039;&#039;Subfamilia &#039;&#039;[[Acanthoideae]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Eaton&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ### Tribus &#039;&#039;[[Acantheae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Dumort.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Acanthinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Crossandra]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Salisb.&lt;/small&gt; (55 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Crossandrella]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;C. B. Clarke&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Streptosiphon]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Mildbr.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Sclerochiton]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt; (17 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Cynarospermum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Vollesen&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Blepharis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (128 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Acanthopsis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt; (20 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Acanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (29 spp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Aphelandrinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Bremek.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Stenandriopsis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;S.Moore&lt;/small&gt; (20 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Stenandrium]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (50 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Salpixantha]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Neriacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Aphanandrium]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (5 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Holographis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (18 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Aphelandra]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;R.Br.&lt;/small&gt; (206 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Xantheranthemum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Cyphacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Leonard&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ### Tribus &#039;&#039;[[Physacantheae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;E.A.Tripp &amp; Darbyshire&lt;/small&gt;<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Physacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ### Tribus &#039;&#039;[[Neuracantheae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Reveal&lt;/small&gt;<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Neuracanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (31 spp.)<br /> ### Tribus &#039;&#039;[[Barlerieae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt;<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Barleria]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (290 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Crabbea]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt; (13 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Lasiocladus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Bojer ex Nees&lt;/small&gt; (7 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Pericalypta]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Podorungia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (5 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Pseudodicliptera]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Boutonia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Lepidagathis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Willd.&lt;/small&gt; (160 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Schaueriopsis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Champl. &amp; I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Chroesthes]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Hulemacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;S.Moore&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Borneacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Bremek.&lt;/small&gt; (6 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Barleriola]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Oerst.&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> ### Tribus &#039;&#039;[[Andrographideae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Endl.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Andrographis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Wall.&lt;/small&gt; (27 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Haplanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Haplanthodes]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Graphandra]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;J.B.Imlay&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Phlogacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (42 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Gymnostachyum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (52 spp.)<br /> #### &#039;&#039;[[Sphinctacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ### Tribus &#039;&#039;[[Whitfieldieae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Bremek. ex Reveal&lt;/small&gt;<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Lankesteriinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh. &amp; E.A.Tripp&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Lankesteria]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindl.&lt;/small&gt; (7 spp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Whitfieldiinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh. &amp; E.A.Tripp&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Whitfieldia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Hook.&lt;/small&gt; (13 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Chlamydacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Zygoruellia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Camarotea]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Scott Elliot&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Forcipella]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Vindasia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Leandriella]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ritonia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ### Tribus &#039;&#039;[[Ruellieae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Dumort.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Erantheminae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Brunoniella]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Bremek.&lt;/small&gt; (6 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Leptosiphonium]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;F. Muell.&lt;/small&gt; (10 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Pararuellia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Bremek. &amp; Nann.-Bremek.&lt;/small&gt; (11 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Eranthemum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (22 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Kosmosiphon]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Dinteracanthinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;E.A.Tripp &amp; I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Dinteracanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke ex Schinz&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Ruelliinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Dischistocalyx]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;T.Anderson ex Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (12 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Satanocrater]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Schweinf.&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Acanthopale (Plantae)|Acanthopale]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt; (12 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ruellia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Plum. ex L.&lt;/small&gt; (389 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Calacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;T.Anderson ex Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Trichantherinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benth. &amp; Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Louteridium]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;S. Watson&lt;/small&gt; (11 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Bravaisia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Trichanthera]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Kunth&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Trichosanchezia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Mildbr.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Sanchezia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Ruiz &amp; Pav.&lt;/small&gt; (46 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Suessenguthia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Merxm.&lt;/small&gt; (8 spp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Strobilanthinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;T.Anderson&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Strobilanthes]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt; (458 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Hemigraphis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (20 spp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Hygrophilinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Hygrophila]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;R. Br.&lt;/small&gt; (75 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Brillantaisia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Beauverd&lt;/small&gt; (15 spp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Petalidiinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benth. &amp; Hook.f.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Strobilanthopsis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;S. Moore&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Dyschoriste]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (96 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Echinacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Petalidium]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (43 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Duosperma]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Dayton&lt;/small&gt; (26 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ruelliopsis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Mcdadeinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;E.A.Tripp &amp; I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Mcdadea]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;E.A.Tripp &amp; I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Phaulopsidinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;E.A.Tripp &amp; I.Darbysh.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Phaulopsis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Willd.&lt;/small&gt; (22 spp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Mimulopsidinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;E. A. Tripp&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Eremomastax]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Heteradelphia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Mellera]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;S. Moore&lt;/small&gt; (7 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Mimulopsis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Schweinf.&lt;/small&gt; (20 spp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;Ruellieae&#039;&#039; incertae sedis<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Stenothyrsus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;C.B.Clarke&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Xylacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Aver. &amp; K.S.Nguyen&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Diceratotheca]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;J.R.I. Wood &amp; Scotland&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Pseudosiphonium]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Tripp et al.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ### Tribus &#039;&#039;[[Justicieae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Dumort.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Graptophyllinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;T.Anderson&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Spathacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Chamaeranthemum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Pranceacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Wassh.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Herpetacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (21 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Isotheca]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Turrill&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Afrofittonia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Thysanostigma]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;J.B.Imlay&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Glossochilus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Asystasia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt; (59 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Phialacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benth.&lt;/small&gt; (5 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Filetia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Miq.&lt;/small&gt; (9 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Mackaya]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt; (6 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Cosmianthemum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Bremek.&lt;/small&gt; (14 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Codonacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Chileranthemum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Oerst.&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Pulchranthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;V.M.Baum, Reveal &amp; Nowicke&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Odontonema]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (32 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Sapphoa]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Oplonia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt; (21 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Psilanthele]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Linariantha]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;B.L.Burtt &amp; R.M.Sm.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Pseuderanthemum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Radlk.&lt;/small&gt; (133 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Graptophyllum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (15 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Wuacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Y.F.Deng, N.H.Xia &amp; H.Peng&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ruspolia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (5 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ballochia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ruttya]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Harv.&lt;/small&gt; (6 spp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Monotheciinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Champluviera]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh., T.F.Daniel &amp; Kiel&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Monothecium]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Hochst.&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Marcania]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;J. B. Imlay&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Jadunia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Calycacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;K. Schum.&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Cyclacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;S. Moore&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ptyssiglottis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;T. Anderson&lt;/small&gt; (40 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ambongia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Isoglossinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ichthyostoma]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Hedrén &amp; Vollesen&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Isoglossa]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Oerst.&lt;/small&gt; (81 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Sphacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Celerina]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Melittacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;S. Moore&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Brachystephanus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (21 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Stenostephanus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (97 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Sebastiano-schaueria]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Tetrameriinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;T.F.Daniel, Kiel &amp; McDade&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Chlamydocardia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Kudoacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Hosok.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Clinacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Angkalanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Chorisochora]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Vollesen&lt;/small&gt; (4 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ecbolium]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Kurz&lt;/small&gt; (22 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Populina]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Megalochlamys]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (10 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Trichaulax]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Vollesen&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Cephalophis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Vollesen&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Mirandea]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Rzed.&lt;/small&gt; (6 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Yeatesia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Small&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Hoverdenia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Thyrsacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (7 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Pachystachys]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (18 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Fittonia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Coem.&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Schaueria]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (16 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ancistranthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Aphanosperma]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;(Leonard &amp; Gentry) Daniel&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Chalarothyrsus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Henrya]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Gypsacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;E.J.Lott, V.Jaram. &amp; Rzed.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Carlowrightia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;A. Gray&lt;/small&gt; (26 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Tetramerium]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (29 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Anisacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (12 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Mexacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;T. F. Daniel&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Streblacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Dolichostachys]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;[[Justiciinae]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Justicia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (937 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Rostellularia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Rchb.&lt;/small&gt; (33 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Leptostachya]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Rhaphidospora]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (8 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Dianthera]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; (41 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Nicoteba]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (5 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Ascotheca]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Heine&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Rungia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (85 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Metarungia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Baden&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Anisotes]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (28 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Anisostachya]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (63 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Trichocalyx]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Balf.f.&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Meiosperma]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt; (6 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Pogonospermum]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Hochst.&lt;/small&gt; (34 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Kenyacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;I.Darbysh. &amp; Kiel&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Rhinacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (27 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Hypoestes]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Sol. ex R. Br.&lt;/small&gt; (139 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Dicliptera]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Juss.&lt;/small&gt; (222 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Vavara]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Benoist&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Xerothamnella]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;C. T. White&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Dicladanthera]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;F. Muell.&lt;/small&gt; (2 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Cephalacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Poikilacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (13 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Megaskepasma]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Lindau&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Clistax]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Mart.&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Harpochilus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Nees&lt;/small&gt; (3 spp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Dasytropis]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Urb.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> #### Subtribus &#039;&#039;Justicieae&#039;&#039; incertae sedis<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Samuelssonia]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Urb. &amp; Ekman&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> ##### &#039;&#039;[[Tessmanniacanthus]]&#039;&#039; &lt;small&gt;Mildbr.&lt;/small&gt; (1 sp.)<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Sinonimi ==<br /> * Avicenniaceae &lt;small&gt;Miq., nom. cons.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * Justiciaceae &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * Mendonciaceae &lt;small&gt;Bremek.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * Meyeniaceae &lt;small&gt;Sreem.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * Nelsoniaceae &lt;small&gt;Sreem.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> * Thunbergiaceae &lt;small&gt;Lilja&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> == Izvori ==<br /> {{izvori}}<br /> <br /> == Vanjske poveznice ==<br /> <br /> [[Kategorija:Primogovke| ]]<br /> [[Kategorija:Porodice medićolikih]]</div>

Suradnik10