Orban (inženjer) - Povijest promjena

WikiSysop: bmz

2022-03-20T18:15:26Z

bmz

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 20. ožujak 2022. u 18:15
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	~~<!--'''Orban (inženjer)'''-->'''~~Orban''', također poznat kao '''Urban''' ( - 1453.), bio je lijevač željeza i [[inženjer]] iz grada Brassó, [[Transilvanija]], u [[Pad Carigrada\|kraljevini Ugarskoj]] (sada [[Brașov (grad)\|Brasov]], [[Rumunjska]]), koji je izrađivao velike topove za [[Pad Carigrada\|Osmansku opsadu Carigrada]] 1453. godine.		Orban''', također poznat kao '''Urban''' ( - 1453.), bio je lijevač željeza i [[inženjer]] iz grada Brassó, [[Transilvanija]], u [[Pad Carigrada\|kraljevini Ugarskoj]] (sada [[Brașov (grad)\|Brasov]], [[Rumunjska]]), koji je izrađivao velike topove za [[Pad Carigrada\|Osmansku opsadu Carigrada]] 1453. godine.
	[[Datoteka:Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png\|desno\|mini\|Dardanelski top, izliven 1464. godine na temelju Orbanove bombarde koju su Osmanlije koristili pri opsadi Carigrada 1453. godine; britanska Royal Armouries zbirka.]]		[[Datoteka:Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png\|desno\|mini\|Dardanelski top, izliven 1464. godine na temelju Orbanove bombarde koju su Osmanlije koristili pri opsadi Carigrada 1453. godine; britanska Royal Armouries zbirka.]]
	Orban je bio [[Mađari\|Mađar]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century - Hans-Henning Kortüm\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2007-01-01\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9783050041315}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... - Gábor Ágoston\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2005-03-24\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780521843133}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jdcrsCOB-VcC&pg=PA208&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact - Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9781851095261\|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT144&dq=urban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=urban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Asia: A Concise History - Arthur Cotterell\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2011-05-16\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780470829592}}</ref> prema većini suvremenih autora, dok neki znanstvenici također spominju njegovo potencijalno[[Nijemci\| njemačko]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=PA490&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780195334036\|year=2010}}</ref> podrijetlo. Alternativne teorije pretpostavljaju da je imao [[Dacija\|vlaške]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ikppAAAAMAAJ&q=orban++wallachian&dq=orban++wallachian\|title=Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey - Samuel Sullivan Cox\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|year=1893}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&pg=PA200&dq=orban++wallachian#v=onepage&q=orban%20%20wallachian&f=false\|title=The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 - Ion Grumeza\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780761851349\|year=2010}}</ref> korijene. [[Laonikos Chalkokondyles]] ga naziva [[Dacija\|Dačaninom]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GMDgAAAAMAAJ&q=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban&dq=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban\|title=Guns and Men in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500: Studies in Military History and ... - Kelly DeVries\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=2009-08-26\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780860788867}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qvvdVXckfqQC&pg=PA391&dq=orban+dacian+constantinopole#v=onepage&q=orban%20dacian%20constantinopole&f=false\|title=The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography ... - Marios Philippides, Walter K. Hanak\|publisher=Books.google.com\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9781409410645\|year=2011}}</ref>		Orban je bio [[Mađari\|Mađar]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century - Hans-Henning Kortüm\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2007-01-01\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9783050041315}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... - Gábor Ágoston\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2005-03-24\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780521843133}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jdcrsCOB-VcC&pg=PA208&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact - Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9781851095261\|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT144&dq=urban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=urban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Asia: A Concise History - Arthur Cotterell\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2011-05-16\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780470829592}}</ref> prema većini suvremenih autora, dok neki znanstvenici također spominju njegovo potencijalno[[Nijemci\| njemačko]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=PA490&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780195334036\|year=2010}}</ref> podrijetlo. Alternativne teorije pretpostavljaju da je imao [[Dacija\|vlaške]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ikppAAAAMAAJ&q=orban++wallachian&dq=orban++wallachian\|title=Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey - Samuel Sullivan Cox\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|year=1893}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&pg=PA200&dq=orban++wallachian#v=onepage&q=orban%20%20wallachian&f=false\|title=The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 - Ion Grumeza\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780761851349\|year=2010}}</ref> korijene. [[Laonikos Chalkokondyles]] ga naziva [[Dacija\|Dačaninom]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GMDgAAAAMAAJ&q=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban&dq=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban\|title=Guns and Men in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500: Studies in Military History and ... - Kelly DeVries\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=2009-08-26\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780860788867}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qvvdVXckfqQC&pg=PA391&dq=orban+dacian+constantinopole#v=onepage&q=orban%20dacian%20constantinopole&f=false\|title=The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography ... - Marios Philippides, Walter K. Hanak\|publisher=Books.google.com\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9781409410645\|year=2011}}</ref>

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2022-01-02T19:23:43Z

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←Starija inačica		Inačica od 2. siječanj 2022. u 19:23
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	* {{Citation\|last=Schmidtchen\|first=Volker\|title=Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit\|year=1977b\|journal=Technikgeschichte\|work=Technikgeschichte\|volume=44\|issue=3\|pages=213–237}}		* {{Citation\|last=Schmidtchen\|first=Volker\|title=Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit\|year=1977b\|journal=Technikgeschichte\|work=Technikgeschichte\|volume=44\|issue=3\|pages=213–237}}
	* {{Citation\|last=Crowley\|first=Roger\|title=In Our Time: Constantinople Siege and Fall\|year=2006}}		* {{Citation\|last=Crowley\|first=Roger\|title=In Our Time: Constantinople Siege and Fall\|year=2006}}
	* {{~~Cite book~~\|last=Vékony\|first=Gábor\|year=2000\|title=Dacians, Romans, Romanians\|publisher=Matthias Corvinus Publishing\|isbn=1-882785-13-4\|ref=harv}}		* {{Citiranje knjige\|last=Vékony\|first=Gábor\|year=2000\|title=Dacians, Romans, Romanians\|publisher=Matthias Corvinus Publishing\|isbn=1-882785-13-4\|ref=harv}}

	[[Kategorija:Životopisi, Rumunjska]]		[[Kategorija:Životopisi, Rumunjska]]

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

2021-11-17T22:21:45Z

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←Starija inačica		Inačica od 17. studeni 2021. u 22:21
Redak 1:		Redak 1:
	<!--'''Orban (inženjer)'''-->'''Orban''', također poznat kao '''Urban''' ( - 1453.), bio je lijevač željeza i [[inženjer]] iz grada Brassó, [[Transilvanija]], u [[Pad Carigrada\|kraljevini Ugarskoj]] (sada [[Brașov (grad)\|Brasov]], [[Rumunjska]]), koji je izrađivao velike topove za [[Pad Carigrada\|Osmansku opsadu Carigrada]] 1453. godine.		<!--'''Orban (inženjer)'''-->'''Orban''', također poznat kao '''Urban''' ( - 1453.), bio je lijevač željeza i [[inženjer]] iz grada Brassó, [[Transilvanija]], u [[Pad Carigrada\|kraljevini Ugarskoj]] (sada [[Brașov (grad)\|Brasov]], [[Rumunjska]]), koji je izrađivao velike topove za [[Pad Carigrada\|Osmansku opsadu Carigrada]] 1453. godine.
	[[Datoteka:Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png\|desno\|mini\|Dardanelski top, izliven 1464. godine na temelju Orbanove bombarde koju su Osmanlije koristili pri opsadi Carigrada 1453. godine; britanska Royal Armouries zbirka.]]		[[Datoteka:Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png\|desno\|mini\|Dardanelski top, izliven 1464. godine na temelju Orbanove bombarde koju su Osmanlije koristili pri opsadi Carigrada 1453. godine; britanska Royal Armouries zbirka.]]
	Orban je bio [[Mađari\|Mađar]]<ref>{{~~cite book~~\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century - Hans-Henning Kortüm\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2007-01-01\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9783050041315}}</ref><ref>{{~~cite book~~\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... - Gábor Ágoston\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2005-03-24\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780521843133}}</ref><ref>{{~~cite book~~\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jdcrsCOB-VcC&pg=PA208&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact - Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9781851095261\|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{~~cite book~~\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT144&dq=urban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=urban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Asia: A Concise History - Arthur Cotterell\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2011-05-16\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780470829592}}</ref> prema većini suvremenih autora, dok neki znanstvenici također spominju njegovo potencijalno[[Nijemci\| njemačko]]<ref>{{~~cite book~~\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=PA490&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780195334036\|year=2010}}</ref> podrijetlo. Alternativne teorije pretpostavljaju da je imao [[Dacija\|vlaške]]<ref>{{~~cite book~~\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ikppAAAAMAAJ&q=orban++wallachian&dq=orban++wallachian\|title=Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey - Samuel Sullivan Cox\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|year=1893}}</ref><ref>{{~~cite book~~\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&pg=PA200&dq=orban++wallachian#v=onepage&q=orban%20%20wallachian&f=false\|title=The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 - Ion Grumeza\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780761851349\|year=2010}}</ref> korijene. [[Laonikos Chalkokondyles]] ga naziva [[Dacija\|Dačaninom]].<ref>{{~~cite book~~\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GMDgAAAAMAAJ&q=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban&dq=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban\|title=Guns and Men in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500: Studies in Military History and ... - Kelly DeVries\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=2009-08-26\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780860788867}}</ref><ref>{{~~cite book~~\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qvvdVXckfqQC&pg=PA391&dq=orban+dacian+constantinopole#v=onepage&q=orban%20dacian%20constantinopole&f=false\|title=The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography ... - Marios Philippides, Walter K. Hanak\|publisher=Books.google.com\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9781409410645\|year=2011}}</ref>		Orban je bio [[Mađari\|Mađar]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century - Hans-Henning Kortüm\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2007-01-01\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9783050041315}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... - Gábor Ágoston\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2005-03-24\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780521843133}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jdcrsCOB-VcC&pg=PA208&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact - Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9781851095261\|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT144&dq=urban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=urban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=Asia: A Concise History - Arthur Cotterell\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=2011-05-16\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780470829592}}</ref> prema većini suvremenih autora, dok neki znanstvenici također spominju njegovo potencijalno[[Nijemci\| njemačko]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=PA490&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false\|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology\|publisher=Books.google.com.au\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780195334036\|year=2010}}</ref> podrijetlo. Alternativne teorije pretpostavljaju da je imao [[Dacija\|vlaške]]<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ikppAAAAMAAJ&q=orban++wallachian&dq=orban++wallachian\|title=Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey - Samuel Sullivan Cox\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|year=1893}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&pg=PA200&dq=orban++wallachian#v=onepage&q=orban%20%20wallachian&f=false\|title=The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 - Ion Grumeza\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780761851349\|year=2010}}</ref> korijene. [[Laonikos Chalkokondyles]] ga naziva [[Dacija\|Dačaninom]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GMDgAAAAMAAJ&q=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban&dq=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban\|title=Guns and Men in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500: Studies in Military History and ... - Kelly DeVries\|publisher=Books.google.ro\|date=2009-08-26\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9780860788867}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qvvdVXckfqQC&pg=PA391&dq=orban+dacian+constantinopole#v=onepage&q=orban%20dacian%20constantinopole&f=false\|title=The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography ... - Marios Philippides, Walter K. Hanak\|publisher=Books.google.com\|date=\|accessdate=2015-06-26\|isbn=9781409410645\|year=2011}}</ref>

	Orban je 1452. godine prvotno svoje usluge ponudio [[Edirne\|Bizantskom Carstvu]], kojem prijeti [[Osmansko Carstvo]] i koje ima malobrojno topništvo za obranu [[Carigradski drum\|Carigrada]]. Car [[Konstantin XI. Paleolog]] nema niti sredstava za visoku plaću koju Orban traži niti posjeduje materijale potrebne za izgradnju tako velikog opsadnog topa kakvog predlaže Orban. Nakon toga napušta Carigrad i odlazi osmanskom [[Sultanija Mahidevran\|sultanu]] [[Muhamed Pilav\|Mehmedu II.]]., koji se priprema za opsadu grada. Tvrdeći da njegova oružja mogu razoriti i zidove samog [[Babilon\|Babilona]], Orban dobiva sultanovo povjerenje. Sultan mu daje plaću veću od tražene i sav potreban materijal. Orban je uspio u roku od tri mjeseca napraviti impozantni top (cijev mu je duga oko osam metara) u ljevaonicama [[Edurne Pasaban\|Edirnea]] odakle ga je šezdeset volova odvuklo do Carigrada. U isto vrijeme, Orban je također proizveo i druge manje topove koje su koristile osmanlijske opsadne snage.<ref>{{harvnb\|Runciman\|1990\|pp=77–78}}</ref>		Orban je 1452. godine prvotno svoje usluge ponudio [[Edirne\|Bizantskom Carstvu]], kojem prijeti [[Osmansko Carstvo]] i koje ima malobrojno topništvo za obranu [[Carigradski drum\|Carigrada]]. Car [[Konstantin XI. Paleolog]] nema niti sredstava za visoku plaću koju Orban traži niti posjeduje materijale potrebne za izgradnju tako velikog opsadnog topa kakvog predlaže Orban. Nakon toga napušta Carigrad i odlazi osmanskom [[Sultanija Mahidevran\|sultanu]] [[Muhamed Pilav\|Mehmedu II.]]., koji se priprema za opsadu grada. Tvrdeći da njegova oružja mogu razoriti i zidove samog [[Babilon\|Babilona]], Orban dobiva sultanovo povjerenje. Sultan mu daje plaću veću od tražene i sav potreban materijal. Orban je uspio u roku od tri mjeseca napraviti impozantni top (cijev mu je duga oko osam metara) u ljevaonicama [[Edurne Pasaban\|Edirnea]] odakle ga je šezdeset volova odvuklo do Carigrada. U isto vrijeme, Orban je također proizveo i druge manje topove koje su koristile osmanlijske opsadne snage.<ref>{{harvnb\|Runciman\|1990\|pp=77–78}}</ref>

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2021-11-01T19:08:21Z

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'''Orban''', također poznat kao '''Urban''' ( - 1453.), bio je lijevač željeza i [[inženjer]] iz grada Brassó, [[Transilvanija]], u [[Pad Carigrada|kraljevini Ugarskoj]] (sada [[Brașov (grad)|Brasov]], [[Rumunjska]]), koji je izrađivao velike topove za [[Pad Carigrada|Osmansku opsadu Carigrada]] 1453. godine.
[[Datoteka:Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png|desno|mini|Dardanelski top, izliven 1464. godine na temelju Orbanove bombarde koju su Osmanlije koristili pri opsadi Carigrada 1453. godine; britanska Royal Armouries zbirka.]]
Orban je bio [[Mađari|Mađar]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century - Hans-Henning Kortüm|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=2007-01-01|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9783050041315}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... - Gábor Ágoston|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=2005-03-24|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780521843133}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jdcrsCOB-VcC&pg=PA208&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact - Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9781851095261|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT144&dq=urban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=urban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=Asia: A Concise History - Arthur Cotterell|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=2011-05-16|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780470829592}}</ref> prema većini suvremenih autora, dok neki znanstvenici također spominju njegovo potencijalno[[Nijemci| njemačko]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=PA490&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|publisher=Books.google.com.au|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780195334036|year=2010}}</ref> podrijetlo. Alternativne teorije pretpostavljaju da je imao [[Dacija|vlaške]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ikppAAAAMAAJ&q=orban++wallachian&dq=orban++wallachian|title=Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey - Samuel Sullivan Cox|publisher=Books.google.ro|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|year=1893}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&pg=PA200&dq=orban++wallachian#v=onepage&q=orban%20%20wallachian&f=false|title=The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500 - Ion Grumeza|publisher=Books.google.ro|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780761851349|year=2010}}</ref> korijene. [[Laonikos Chalkokondyles]] ga naziva [[Dacija|Dačaninom]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GMDgAAAAMAAJ&q=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban&dq=constantinopole+Dacian+Orban|title=Guns and Men in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500: Studies in Military History and ... - Kelly DeVries|publisher=Books.google.ro|date=2009-08-26|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9780860788867}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qvvdVXckfqQC&pg=PA391&dq=orban+dacian+constantinopole#v=onepage&q=orban%20dacian%20constantinopole&f=false|title=The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography ... - Marios Philippides, Walter K. Hanak|publisher=Books.google.com|date=|accessdate=2015-06-26|isbn=9781409410645|year=2011}}</ref>

Orban je 1452. godine prvotno svoje usluge ponudio [[Edirne|Bizantskom Carstvu]], kojem prijeti [[Osmansko Carstvo]] i koje ima malobrojno topništvo za obranu [[Carigradski drum|Carigrada]]. Car [[Konstantin XI. Paleolog]] nema niti sredstava za visoku plaću koju Orban traži niti posjeduje materijale potrebne za izgradnju tako velikog opsadnog topa kakvog predlaže Orban. Nakon toga napušta Carigrad i odlazi osmanskom [[Sultanija Mahidevran|sultanu]] [[Muhamed Pilav|Mehmedu II.]]., koji se priprema za opsadu grada. Tvrdeći da njegova oružja mogu razoriti i zidove samog [[Babilon|Babilona]], Orban dobiva sultanovo povjerenje. Sultan mu daje plaću veću od tražene i sav potreban materijal. Orban je uspio u roku od tri mjeseca napraviti impozantni top (cijev mu je duga oko osam metara) u ljevaonicama [[Edurne Pasaban|Edirnea]] odakle ga je šezdeset volova odvuklo do Carigrada. U isto vrijeme, Orban je također proizveo i druge manje topove koje su koristile osmanlijske opsadne snage.<ref>{{harvnb|Runciman|1990|pp=77–78}}</ref>

[[Bombarda|Bombarde]], tehnologija koju su uglavnom njemački stručnjaci<ref>The heirs of Archimedes: science and the art of war through the Age of Enlightenment, Brett D. Steele & Tamera Dorland, The MIT Press, 2005, p.128 & Roger Crowley, on In Our Time: Constantinople Siege & Fall, broadcast 2006</ref> dizajnirali prvo za ugarsku vojsku, je u razdoblju između 1400. i 1450. godine postala rasprostranjena u cijeloj zapadnoj Europi, mijenjajući opsadno ratovanje.<ref>{{harvnb|Schmidtchen|1977a|pp=153–157}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Schmidtchen|1977b|p=226}}</ref> Orban je, vjerojatno poginuo tijekom opsade, kada je eksplodirao jedan od njegovih topova, što u ono vrijeme nije bila neobična pojava.<ref>{{harvnb|Schmidtchen|1977b|p=237, Fn. 121}}</ref>

== U popularnim medijima ==

* Majstora Orbana je igrao Burhanettin Üskan u turskom filmu iz 1951., ''İstanbul'un Fethi''
* Erdoğan Aydemir je igrao Orbana u filmu iz 2012. ''Fetih 1453''.

== Izvori ==
{{izvori}}

* {{Citation|last=Nicolle|first=David|title=Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium|year=2000|author-link=David Nicolle|authorlink=David Nicolle|page=13|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-091-9|ISBN=1-84176-091-9}}
* {{Citation|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Fall of Constantinople: 1453|year=1990|author-link=Steven Runciman|authorlink=Steven Runciman|pages=77–78|place=London|location=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39832-9|ISBN=978-0-521-39832-9}}
* {{Citation|last=Schmidtchen|first=Volker|title=Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit|year=1977a|journal=Technikgeschichte|work=Technikgeschichte|volume=44|issue=2|pages=153–173}}
* {{Citation|last=Schmidtchen|first=Volker|title=Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit|year=1977b|journal=Technikgeschichte|work=Technikgeschichte|volume=44|issue=3|pages=213–237}}
* {{Citation|last=Crowley|first=Roger|title=In Our Time: Constantinople Siege and Fall|year=2006}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vékony|first=Gábor|year=2000|title=Dacians, Romans, Romanians|publisher=Matthias Corvinus Publishing|isbn=1-882785-13-4|ref=harv}}

[[Kategorija:Životopisi, Rumunjska]]