Naseljavanje Amerika - Povijest promjena

WikiSysop: bmz

2022-03-20T07:44:00Z

bmz

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 20. ožujak 2022. u 07:44
Redak 1:		Redak 1:
	~~<!--'''Naseljavanje Amerika'''-->'''~~Naseljavanje Amerika''' počelo je kad su [[lovci-sakupljači]] [[Gornji paleolitik\|gornjeg paleolitika]] dospjeli u [[Sjeverna Amerika\|Sjevernu Ameriku]] iz [[Sjeverna Azija\|sjevernoazijske]] [[Mamutska stepa\|Mamutske stepe]] preko [[Beringija\|Beringije]] koja se formirala između sjeveroistočnog [[Sibir]]a i zapadne [[Aljaska\|Aljaske]] zbog snižavanja [[Morska razina\|razine mora]] tijekom [[Posljednji glacijalni maksimum\|posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news \|last=Pringle \|first=Heather \|authorlink=Heather Pringle \|title=What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking? \|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jacques-cinq-mars-bluefish-caves-scientific-progress-180962410 \|date=8 March 2017 \|work=[[Smithsonian]] \|access-date=13 October 2019 }}</ref> Ove populacije proširile su se južno od [[Laurentide ledena ploča\|Laurentide ledene ploče]] i brzo se raširile na područje [[Amerika\|Sjeverne i Južne Amerike]], prije oko 14.000 godina.<ref name="FaganDurrani2016">{{Citiranje knjige \|author= Fagan, Brian M. & Durrani, Nadia \|title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 \|year=2016 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 \|pages=124}}</ref><ref name=Goebel /><ref name="NYT-20180103">{{cite news \|last=Zimmer \|first=Carl \|authorlink=Carl Zimmer \|title=In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/science/native-americans-beringia-siberia.html \|date=3 January 2018 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=3 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180103">{{cite journal \|author=Moreno-Mayer, J. Victor \|display-authors=etal \|title=Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans \|journal=[[Nature (journal)\|Nature]] \|doi= \|pmid= \|volume=553 \|issue=7687 \|year=2018 \|pages=203–07}}, [[Bibcode]]: [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.553..203M 2018Natur.553..203M]. [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173 10.1038/nature25173]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29323294/ 29323294]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Terminal-Pleistocene-Alaskan-genome-reveals-first-Moreno-Mayar-Potter/8636e6f3f948fdc490f9c2845d1365f617a501c0 4454580].</ref> Najranije populacije u Americi, prije otprilike 10.000 godina, poznate su kao [[Paleoindijanci]].		Naseljavanje Amerika''' počelo je kad su [[lovci-sakupljači]] [[Gornji paleolitik\|gornjeg paleolitika]] dospjeli u [[Sjeverna Amerika\|Sjevernu Ameriku]] iz [[Sjeverna Azija\|sjevernoazijske]] [[Mamutska stepa\|Mamutske stepe]] preko [[Beringija\|Beringije]] koja se formirala između sjeveroistočnog [[Sibir]]a i zapadne [[Aljaska\|Aljaske]] zbog snižavanja [[Morska razina\|razine mora]] tijekom [[Posljednji glacijalni maksimum\|posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news \|last=Pringle \|first=Heather \|authorlink=Heather Pringle \|title=What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking? \|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jacques-cinq-mars-bluefish-caves-scientific-progress-180962410 \|date=8 March 2017 \|work=[[Smithsonian]] \|access-date=13 October 2019 }}</ref> Ove populacije proširile su se južno od [[Laurentide ledena ploča\|Laurentide ledene ploče]] i brzo se raširile na područje [[Amerika\|Sjeverne i Južne Amerike]], prije oko 14.000 godina.<ref name="FaganDurrani2016">{{Citiranje knjige \|author= Fagan, Brian M. & Durrani, Nadia \|title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 \|year=2016 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 \|pages=124}}</ref><ref name=Goebel /><ref name="NYT-20180103">{{cite news \|last=Zimmer \|first=Carl \|authorlink=Carl Zimmer \|title=In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/science/native-americans-beringia-siberia.html \|date=3 January 2018 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=3 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180103">{{cite journal \|author=Moreno-Mayer, J. Victor \|display-authors=etal \|title=Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans \|journal=[[Nature (journal)\|Nature]] \|doi= \|pmid= \|volume=553 \|issue=7687 \|year=2018 \|pages=203–07}}, [[Bibcode]]: [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.553..203M 2018Natur.553..203M]. [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173 10.1038/nature25173]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29323294/ 29323294]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Terminal-Pleistocene-Alaskan-genome-reveals-first-Moreno-Mayar-Potter/8636e6f3f948fdc490f9c2845d1365f617a501c0 4454580].</ref> Najranije populacije u Americi, prije otprilike 10.000 godina, poznate su kao [[Paleoindijanci]].

	Naseljavanje Amerika dugogodišnje je otvoreno pitanje, i dok napredak u [[arheologija\|arheologiji]], [[Pleistocen\|pleistocenskoj]] [[geologija\|geologiji]], [[Fizička antropologija\|fizičkoj antropologiji]] i [[Genetičko testiranje\|DNA analizi]] postupno bacaju sve više svijetla na ovu temu, bitna pitanja i dalje su neriješena.<ref name="Pauketat2012">{{Citiranje knjige \|editor=[[Timothy R. Pauketat]] \|title=The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf8j0b7gLvUC&pg=PA86 \|year=2012 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-538011-8 \|chapter=Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom \| last = Waguespack \| first = Nicole \| pages = 86–95 }}</ref> Iako postoji opća suglasnost oko toga da su Amerike prvo naseljene iz Azije, ne postoji suglasnost oko puta i vremena migracija, niti o mjestu/mjestima podrijetla ljudi koji su migrirali iz Euroazije u Amerike.<ref name=Goebel>{{cite journal \|title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas \| last = Goebel \| first = Ted \| last2 = Waters \| first2 = Michael R. \|author3=O'Rourke, Dennis H. \|url=http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf \|journal=Science \|volume=319 \|issue=5869 \|year=2008 \|pmid=18339930 \|doi=10.1126/science.1153569 \|access-date=5 February 2010 \|url-status=bot: unknown \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf \|archive-date=2 January 2014 \|citeseerx=10.1.1.398.9315 \| pages = 1497–1502 }}</ref>		Naseljavanje Amerika dugogodišnje je otvoreno pitanje, i dok napredak u [[arheologija\|arheologiji]], [[Pleistocen\|pleistocenskoj]] [[geologija\|geologiji]], [[Fizička antropologija\|fizičkoj antropologiji]] i [[Genetičko testiranje\|DNA analizi]] postupno bacaju sve više svijetla na ovu temu, bitna pitanja i dalje su neriješena.<ref name="Pauketat2012">{{Citiranje knjige \|editor=[[Timothy R. Pauketat]] \|title=The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf8j0b7gLvUC&pg=PA86 \|year=2012 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-538011-8 \|chapter=Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom \| last = Waguespack \| first = Nicole \| pages = 86–95 }}</ref> Iako postoji opća suglasnost oko toga da su Amerike prvo naseljene iz Azije, ne postoji suglasnost oko puta i vremena migracija, niti o mjestu/mjestima podrijetla ljudi koji su migrirali iz Euroazije u Amerike.<ref name=Goebel>{{cite journal \|title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas \| last = Goebel \| first = Ted \| last2 = Waters \| first2 = Michael R. \|author3=O'Rourke, Dennis H. \|url=http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf \|journal=Science \|volume=319 \|issue=5869 \|year=2008 \|pmid=18339930 \|doi=10.1126/science.1153569 \|access-date=5 February 2010 \|url-status=bot: unknown \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf \|archive-date=2 January 2014 \|citeseerx=10.1.1.398.9315 \| pages = 1497–1502 }}</ref>

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

2022-01-02T18:46:56Z

Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 2. siječanj 2022. u 18:46
Redak 1:		Redak 1:
	<!--'''Naseljavanje Amerika'''-->'''Naseljavanje Amerika''' počelo je kad su [[lovci-sakupljači]] [[Gornji paleolitik\|gornjeg paleolitika]] dospjeli u [[Sjeverna Amerika\|Sjevernu Ameriku]] iz [[Sjeverna Azija\|sjevernoazijske]] [[Mamutska stepa\|Mamutske stepe]] preko [[Beringija\|Beringije]] koja se formirala između sjeveroistočnog [[Sibir]]a i zapadne [[Aljaska\|Aljaske]] zbog snižavanja [[Morska razina\|razine mora]] tijekom [[Posljednji glacijalni maksimum\|posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news \|last=Pringle \|first=Heather \|authorlink=Heather Pringle \|title=What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking? \|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jacques-cinq-mars-bluefish-caves-scientific-progress-180962410 \|date=8 March 2017 \|work=[[Smithsonian]] \|access-date=13 October 2019 }}</ref> Ove populacije proširile su se južno od [[Laurentide ledena ploča\|Laurentide ledene ploče]] i brzo se raširile na područje [[Amerika\|Sjeverne i Južne Amerike]], prije oko 14.000 godina.<ref name="FaganDurrani2016">{{~~cite book~~ \|author= Fagan, Brian M. & Durrani, Nadia \|title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 \|year=2016 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 \|pages=124}}</ref><ref name=Goebel /><ref name="NYT-20180103">{{cite news \|last=Zimmer \|first=Carl \|authorlink=Carl Zimmer \|title=In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/science/native-americans-beringia-siberia.html \|date=3 January 2018 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=3 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180103">{{cite journal \|author=Moreno-Mayer, J. Victor \|display-authors=etal \|title=Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans \|journal=[[Nature (journal)\|Nature]] \|doi= \|pmid= \|volume=553 \|issue=7687 \|year=2018 \|pages=203–07}}, [[Bibcode]]: [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.553..203M 2018Natur.553..203M]. [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173 10.1038/nature25173]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29323294/ 29323294]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Terminal-Pleistocene-Alaskan-genome-reveals-first-Moreno-Mayar-Potter/8636e6f3f948fdc490f9c2845d1365f617a501c0 4454580].</ref> Najranije populacije u Americi, prije otprilike 10.000 godina, poznate su kao [[Paleoindijanci]].		<!--'''Naseljavanje Amerika'''-->'''Naseljavanje Amerika''' počelo je kad su [[lovci-sakupljači]] [[Gornji paleolitik\|gornjeg paleolitika]] dospjeli u [[Sjeverna Amerika\|Sjevernu Ameriku]] iz [[Sjeverna Azija\|sjevernoazijske]] [[Mamutska stepa\|Mamutske stepe]] preko [[Beringija\|Beringije]] koja se formirala između sjeveroistočnog [[Sibir]]a i zapadne [[Aljaska\|Aljaske]] zbog snižavanja [[Morska razina\|razine mora]] tijekom [[Posljednji glacijalni maksimum\|posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news \|last=Pringle \|first=Heather \|authorlink=Heather Pringle \|title=What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking? \|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jacques-cinq-mars-bluefish-caves-scientific-progress-180962410 \|date=8 March 2017 \|work=[[Smithsonian]] \|access-date=13 October 2019 }}</ref> Ove populacije proširile su se južno od [[Laurentide ledena ploča\|Laurentide ledene ploče]] i brzo se raširile na područje [[Amerika\|Sjeverne i Južne Amerike]], prije oko 14.000 godina.<ref name="FaganDurrani2016">{{Citiranje knjige \|author= Fagan, Brian M. & Durrani, Nadia \|title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 \|year=2016 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 \|pages=124}}</ref><ref name=Goebel /><ref name="NYT-20180103">{{cite news \|last=Zimmer \|first=Carl \|authorlink=Carl Zimmer \|title=In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/science/native-americans-beringia-siberia.html \|date=3 January 2018 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|access-date=3 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180103">{{cite journal \|author=Moreno-Mayer, J. Victor \|display-authors=etal \|title=Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans \|journal=[[Nature (journal)\|Nature]] \|doi= \|pmid= \|volume=553 \|issue=7687 \|year=2018 \|pages=203–07}}, [[Bibcode]]: [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.553..203M 2018Natur.553..203M]. [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173 10.1038/nature25173]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29323294/ 29323294]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Terminal-Pleistocene-Alaskan-genome-reveals-first-Moreno-Mayar-Potter/8636e6f3f948fdc490f9c2845d1365f617a501c0 4454580].</ref> Najranije populacije u Americi, prije otprilike 10.000 godina, poznate su kao [[Paleoindijanci]].

	Naseljavanje Amerika dugogodišnje je otvoreno pitanje, i dok napredak u [[arheologija\|arheologiji]], [[Pleistocen\|pleistocenskoj]] [[geologija\|geologiji]], [[Fizička antropologija\|fizičkoj antropologiji]] i [[Genetičko testiranje\|DNA analizi]] postupno bacaju sve više svijetla na ovu temu, bitna pitanja i dalje su neriješena.<ref name="Pauketat2012">{{~~cite book~~ \|editor=[[Timothy R. Pauketat]] \|title=The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf8j0b7gLvUC&pg=PA86 \|year=2012 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-538011-8 \|chapter=Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom \| last = Waguespack \| first = Nicole \| pages = 86–95 }}</ref> Iako postoji opća suglasnost oko toga da su Amerike prvo naseljene iz Azije, ne postoji suglasnost oko puta i vremena migracija, niti o mjestu/mjestima podrijetla ljudi koji su migrirali iz Euroazije u Amerike.<ref name=Goebel>{{cite journal \|title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas \| last = Goebel \| first = Ted \| last2 = Waters \| first2 = Michael R. \|author3=O'Rourke, Dennis H. \|url=http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf \|journal=Science \|volume=319 \|issue=5869 \|year=2008 \|pmid=18339930 \|doi=10.1126/science.1153569 \|access-date=5 February 2010 \|url-status=bot: unknown \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf \|archive-date=2 January 2014 \|citeseerx=10.1.1.398.9315 \| pages = 1497–1502 }}</ref>		Naseljavanje Amerika dugogodišnje je otvoreno pitanje, i dok napredak u [[arheologija\|arheologiji]], [[Pleistocen\|pleistocenskoj]] [[geologija\|geologiji]], [[Fizička antropologija\|fizičkoj antropologiji]] i [[Genetičko testiranje\|DNA analizi]] postupno bacaju sve više svijetla na ovu temu, bitna pitanja i dalje su neriješena.<ref name="Pauketat2012">{{Citiranje knjige \|editor=[[Timothy R. Pauketat]] \|title=The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf8j0b7gLvUC&pg=PA86 \|year=2012 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-538011-8 \|chapter=Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom \| last = Waguespack \| first = Nicole \| pages = 86–95 }}</ref> Iako postoji opća suglasnost oko toga da su Amerike prvo naseljene iz Azije, ne postoji suglasnost oko puta i vremena migracija, niti o mjestu/mjestima podrijetla ljudi koji su migrirali iz Euroazije u Amerike.<ref name=Goebel>{{cite journal \|title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas \| last = Goebel \| first = Ted \| last2 = Waters \| first2 = Michael R. \|author3=O'Rourke, Dennis H. \|url=http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf \|journal=Science \|volume=319 \|issue=5869 \|year=2008 \|pmid=18339930 \|doi=10.1126/science.1153569 \|access-date=5 February 2010 \|url-status=bot: unknown \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf \|archive-date=2 January 2014 \|citeseerx=10.1.1.398.9315 \| pages = 1497–1502 }}</ref>

	Prevladavajući modeli migracija ocrtavaju različite vremenske okvire za azijsku migraciju od [[Beringov prolaz\|Beringovog prolaza]] i daljnje širenje osnivačke populacije širom kontinenta.<ref name="CummingsJordan2014">Kornfeld, Marcel & Politis, Gustavo G. (2014). [https://books.google.hr/books?id=M4lSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false "Into the Americas: The Earliest Hunter-Gatherers in an Empty Continent"]. In Vicki Cummings; Peter Jordan & Marek Zvelebil (eds.). ''The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers''. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-19-102526-6.</ref> Domorodački narodi Amerika povezani su sa sibirskim populacijama preko [[Indijanski jezici\|lingvističkih faktora]], raspodjelom [[Krvne grupe\|krvnih grupa]] i [[Genetička povijest domorodačkih naroda Amerika\|genetskom kompozicijom]], kao što je prikazano [[molekula]]rnim podatcima, poput [[DNA]].<ref name="AshRobinson2011">{{~~cite book~~ \|author=Ash, Patricia J. & Robinson, David J. \|title=The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUlSYsyC-NQC&pg=PT289 \|year=2011 \|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] \|isbn=978-1-119-96424-7 \|pages=289}}</ref><ref name="Roberts2010">{{~~cite book~~\| last = Roberts \| first = Alice \|title=The Incredible Human Journey\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101\|year=2010\|publisher=A&C Black\|isbn=978-1-4088-1091-0\|pages=101–03}}</ref>		Prevladavajući modeli migracija ocrtavaju različite vremenske okvire za azijsku migraciju od [[Beringov prolaz\|Beringovog prolaza]] i daljnje širenje osnivačke populacije širom kontinenta.<ref name="CummingsJordan2014">Kornfeld, Marcel & Politis, Gustavo G. (2014). [https://books.google.hr/books?id=M4lSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false "Into the Americas: The Earliest Hunter-Gatherers in an Empty Continent"]. In Vicki Cummings; Peter Jordan & Marek Zvelebil (eds.). ''The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers''. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-19-102526-6.</ref> Domorodački narodi Amerika povezani su sa sibirskim populacijama preko [[Indijanski jezici\|lingvističkih faktora]], raspodjelom [[Krvne grupe\|krvnih grupa]] i [[Genetička povijest domorodačkih naroda Amerika\|genetskom kompozicijom]], kao što je prikazano [[molekula]]rnim podatcima, poput [[DNA]].<ref name="AshRobinson2011">{{Citiranje knjige \|author=Ash, Patricia J. & Robinson, David J. \|title=The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUlSYsyC-NQC&pg=PT289 \|year=2011 \|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] \|isbn=978-1-119-96424-7 \|pages=289}}</ref><ref name="Roberts2010">{{Citiranje knjige\| last = Roberts \| first = Alice \|title=The Incredible Human Journey\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101\|year=2010\|publisher=A&C Black\|isbn=978-1-4088-1091-0\|pages=101–03}}</ref>

	„Kloviška prva teorija” odnosi se na hipotezu iz [[1950-ih]] kojom [[kloviška kultura]] predstavlja najranije ljudsko prisustvo u Amerikama, počevši od prije oko 13.000 godina; dokazi o postojanju kultura prije kloviške kulture prikupljeni su od 2000. godine, gurnuvši nazad moguće vrijeme prvog dolaska ljudi u Amerike na prije 33.000 godina.<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0\|title=Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum\|year=2020\|author= Ardelean, Ciprian F.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc; Oviatt, Charles G.; Macías-Quintero, Juan I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Sikora, Martin; Ocampo-Díaz, Yam Zul E.; Rubio-Cisneros, Igor I.; Watling, Jennifer G.; De Medeiros, Vanda B.; De Oliveira, Paulo E.; Barba-Pingarón, Luis; Ortiz-Butrón, Agustín; Blancas-Vázquez, Jorge; Rivera-González, Irán; Solís-Rosales, Corina; Rodríguez-Ceja, María; Gandy, Devlin A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, Zamara; de la Rosa-Díaz, Jesús J.; Huerta-Arellano, Vladimir; Marroquín-Fernández, Marco B.; Martínez-Riojas, L. Martin; López-Jiménez, Alejandro; Higham, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske\|journal=Nature\|volume=584\|issue=7819\|pages=87–92}}, [[doi]]: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0 10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699412/ 32699412]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-of-human-occupation-in-Mexico-around-the-Ardelean-Becerra-Valdivia/57c079c6ad466b39d484fe8a7bb8b80d9338a632 220697089].</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6\|title=The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America\|year=2020\|author=Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Higham, Thomas\|journal=Nature\|volume=584\|issue=7819\|pages=93–97\|pmid=\|s2cid=}}, [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2491-6 10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699413/ 32699413]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-timing-and-effect-of-the-earliest-human-in-Becerra-Valdivia-Higham/440b75526bf09fb25273d126cbe961662f65c8fb 220715918].</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Gruhn \|first=Ruth \|title=Evidence grows that peopling of the Americas began more than 20,000 years ago \|journal=Nature \|date=22 July 2020 \|volume=584 \|issue=7819 \|pages=47–48 \|doi= \|pmid= \|s2cid= \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 \|accessdate=}}, [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 10.1038/d41586-020-02137-3]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699366/ 32699366]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-grows-that-peopling-of-the-Americas-began-Gruhn/edf91544f8ebab1753d1bdd54e96ccc6f0f0cfbc 220717778].</ref>		„Kloviška prva teorija” odnosi se na hipotezu iz [[1950-ih]] kojom [[kloviška kultura]] predstavlja najranije ljudsko prisustvo u Amerikama, počevši od prije oko 13.000 godina; dokazi o postojanju kultura prije kloviške kulture prikupljeni su od 2000. godine, gurnuvši nazad moguće vrijeme prvog dolaska ljudi u Amerike na prije 33.000 godina.<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0\|title=Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum\|year=2020\|author= Ardelean, Ciprian F.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc; Oviatt, Charles G.; Macías-Quintero, Juan I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Sikora, Martin; Ocampo-Díaz, Yam Zul E.; Rubio-Cisneros, Igor I.; Watling, Jennifer G.; De Medeiros, Vanda B.; De Oliveira, Paulo E.; Barba-Pingarón, Luis; Ortiz-Butrón, Agustín; Blancas-Vázquez, Jorge; Rivera-González, Irán; Solís-Rosales, Corina; Rodríguez-Ceja, María; Gandy, Devlin A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, Zamara; de la Rosa-Díaz, Jesús J.; Huerta-Arellano, Vladimir; Marroquín-Fernández, Marco B.; Martínez-Riojas, L. Martin; López-Jiménez, Alejandro; Higham, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske\|journal=Nature\|volume=584\|issue=7819\|pages=87–92}}, [[doi]]: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0 10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699412/ 32699412]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-of-human-occupation-in-Mexico-around-the-Ardelean-Becerra-Valdivia/57c079c6ad466b39d484fe8a7bb8b80d9338a632 220697089].</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6\|title=The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America\|year=2020\|author=Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Higham, Thomas\|journal=Nature\|volume=584\|issue=7819\|pages=93–97\|pmid=\|s2cid=}}, [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2491-6 10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699413/ 32699413]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-timing-and-effect-of-the-earliest-human-in-Becerra-Valdivia-Higham/440b75526bf09fb25273d126cbe961662f65c8fb 220715918].</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Gruhn \|first=Ruth \|title=Evidence grows that peopling of the Americas began more than 20,000 years ago \|journal=Nature \|date=22 July 2020 \|volume=584 \|issue=7819 \|pages=47–48 \|doi= \|pmid= \|s2cid= \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 \|accessdate=}}, [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 10.1038/d41586-020-02137-3]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699366/ 32699366]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-grows-that-peopling-of-the-Americas-began-Gruhn/edf91544f8ebab1753d1bdd54e96ccc6f0f0cfbc 220717778].</ref>

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{Commonscat(.*?)}} +)

2022-01-02T13:45:31Z

Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{Commonscat(.*?)}} +)

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 2. siječanj 2022. u 13:45
Redak 11:		Redak 11:

	== Vanjske poveznice ==		== Vanjske poveznice ==
	~~{{Commonscat\|Settlement of the Americas}}~~
	*[http://pidba.utk.edu/main.htm The Paleoindian Database] – [[Sveučilište Tennessee\|The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology]].		*[http://pidba.utk.edu/main.htm The Paleoindian Database] – [[Sveučilište Tennessee\|The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology]].
	* [http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/first-americans-how-and-when-were-americas-populated "The first Americans: How and when were the Americas populated?"], [[American Geosciences Institute\|''Earth'']], January 2016		* [http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/first-americans-how-and-when-were-americas-populated "The first Americans: How and when were the Americas populated?"], [[American Geosciences Institute\|''Earth'']], January 2016

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatski unos stranica

2021-12-10T10:57:12Z

Bot: Automatski unos stranica

Nova stranica

'''Naseljavanje Amerika''' počelo je kad su [[lovci-sakupljači]] [[Gornji paleolitik|gornjeg paleolitika]] dospjeli u [[Sjeverna Amerika|Sjevernu Ameriku]] iz [[Sjeverna Azija|sjevernoazijske]] [[Mamutska stepa|Mamutske stepe]] preko [[Beringija|Beringije]] koja se formirala između sjeveroistočnog [[Sibir]]a i zapadne [[Aljaska|Aljaske]] zbog snižavanja [[Morska razina|razine mora]] tijekom [[Posljednji glacijalni maksimum|posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news |last=Pringle |first=Heather |authorlink=Heather Pringle |title=What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jacques-cinq-mars-bluefish-caves-scientific-progress-180962410 |date=8 March 2017 |work=[[Smithsonian]] |access-date=13 October 2019 }}</ref> Ove populacije proširile su se južno od [[Laurentide ledena ploča|Laurentide ledene ploče]] i brzo se raširile na područje [[Amerika|Sjeverne i Južne Amerike]], prije oko 14.000 godina.<ref name="FaganDurrani2016">{{cite book |author= Fagan, Brian M. & Durrani, Nadia |title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 |pages=124}}</ref><ref name=Goebel /><ref name="NYT-20180103">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/science/native-americans-beringia-siberia.html |date=3 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=3 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20180103">{{cite journal |author=Moreno-Mayer, J. Victor |display-authors=etal |title=Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi= |pmid= |volume=553 |issue=7687 |year=2018 |pages=203–07}}, [[Bibcode]]: [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.553..203M 2018Natur.553..203M]. [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25173 10.1038/nature25173]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29323294/ 29323294]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Terminal-Pleistocene-Alaskan-genome-reveals-first-Moreno-Mayar-Potter/8636e6f3f948fdc490f9c2845d1365f617a501c0 4454580].</ref> Najranije populacije u Americi, prije otprilike 10.000 godina, poznate su kao [[Paleoindijanci]].

Naseljavanje Amerika dugogodišnje je otvoreno pitanje, i dok napredak u [[arheologija|arheologiji]], [[Pleistocen|pleistocenskoj]] [[geologija|geologiji]], [[Fizička antropologija|fizičkoj antropologiji]] i [[Genetičko testiranje|DNA analizi]] postupno bacaju sve više svijetla na ovu temu, bitna pitanja i dalje su neriješena.<ref name="Pauketat2012">{{cite book |editor=[[Timothy R. Pauketat]] |title=The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf8j0b7gLvUC&pg=PA86 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538011-8 |chapter=Early Paleoindians, from Colonization to Folsom | last = Waguespack | first = Nicole | pages = 86–95 }}</ref> Iako postoji opća suglasnost oko toga da su Amerike prvo naseljene iz Azije, ne postoji suglasnost oko puta i vremena migracija, niti o mjestu/mjestima podrijetla ljudi koji su migrirali iz Euroazije u Amerike.<ref name=Goebel>{{cite journal |title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas | last = Goebel | first = Ted | last2 = Waters | first2 = Michael R. |author3=O'Rourke, Dennis H. |url=http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |journal=Science |volume=319 |issue=5869 |year=2008 |pmid=18339930 |doi=10.1126/science.1153569 |access-date=5 February 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2014 |citeseerx=10.1.1.398.9315 | pages = 1497–1502 }}</ref>

Prevladavajući modeli migracija ocrtavaju različite vremenske okvire za azijsku migraciju od [[Beringov prolaz|Beringovog prolaza]] i daljnje širenje osnivačke populacije širom kontinenta.<ref name="CummingsJordan2014">Kornfeld, Marcel & Politis, Gustavo G. (2014). [https://books.google.hr/books?id=M4lSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false "Into the Americas: The Earliest Hunter-Gatherers in an Empty Continent"]. In Vicki Cummings; Peter Jordan & Marek Zvelebil (eds.). ''The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers''. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-19-102526-6.</ref> Domorodački narodi Amerika povezani su sa sibirskim populacijama preko [[Indijanski jezici|lingvističkih faktora]], raspodjelom [[Krvne grupe|krvnih grupa]] i [[Genetička povijest domorodačkih naroda Amerika|genetskom kompozicijom]], kao što je prikazano [[molekula]]rnim podatcima, poput [[DNA]].<ref name="AshRobinson2011">{{cite book |author=Ash, Patricia J. & Robinson, David J. |title=The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUlSYsyC-NQC&pg=PT289 |year=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-96424-7 |pages=289}}</ref><ref name="Roberts2010">{{cite book| last = Roberts | first = Alice |title=The Incredible Human Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4088-1091-0|pages=101–03}}</ref>

„Kloviška prva teorija” odnosi se na hipotezu iz [[1950-ih]] kojom [[kloviška kultura]] predstavlja najranije ljudsko prisustvo u Amerikama, počevši od prije oko 13.000 godina; dokazi o postojanju kultura prije kloviške kulture prikupljeni su od 2000. godine, gurnuvši nazad moguće vrijeme prvog dolaska ljudi u Amerike na prije 33.000 godina.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0|title=Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum|year=2020|author= Ardelean, Ciprian F.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc; Oviatt, Charles G.; Macías-Quintero, Juan I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Sikora, Martin; Ocampo-Díaz, Yam Zul E.; Rubio-Cisneros, Igor I.; Watling, Jennifer G.; De Medeiros, Vanda B.; De Oliveira, Paulo E.; Barba-Pingarón, Luis; Ortiz-Butrón, Agustín; Blancas-Vázquez, Jorge; Rivera-González, Irán; Solís-Rosales, Corina; Rodríguez-Ceja, María; Gandy, Devlin A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, Zamara; de la Rosa-Díaz, Jesús J.; Huerta-Arellano, Vladimir; Marroquín-Fernández, Marco B.; Martínez-Riojas, L. Martin; López-Jiménez, Alejandro; Higham, Thomas; Willerslev, Eske|journal=Nature|volume=584|issue=7819|pages=87–92}}, [[doi]]: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2509-0 10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699412/ 32699412]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-of-human-occupation-in-Mexico-around-the-Ardelean-Becerra-Valdivia/57c079c6ad466b39d484fe8a7bb8b80d9338a632 220697089].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6|title=The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America|year=2020|author=Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Higham, Thomas|journal=Nature|volume=584|issue=7819|pages=93–97|pmid=|s2cid=}}, [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2491-6 10.1038/s41586-020-2491-6]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699413/ 32699413]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-timing-and-effect-of-the-earliest-human-in-Becerra-Valdivia-Higham/440b75526bf09fb25273d126cbe961662f65c8fb 220715918].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gruhn |first=Ruth |title=Evidence grows that peopling of the Americas began more than 20,000 years ago |journal=Nature |date=22 July 2020 |volume=584 |issue=7819 |pages=47–48 |doi= |pmid= |s2cid= |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 |accessdate=}}, [[doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02137-3 10.1038/d41586-020-02137-3]. [[PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32699366/ 32699366]. [[S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-grows-that-peopling-of-the-Americas-began-Gruhn/edf91544f8ebab1753d1bdd54e96ccc6f0f0cfbc 220717778].</ref>

== Izvori ==
{{izvori}}

== Vanjske poveznice ==
{{Commonscat|Settlement of the Americas}}
*[http://pidba.utk.edu/main.htm The Paleoindian Database] – [[Sveučilište Tennessee|The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology]].
* [http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/first-americans-how-and-when-were-americas-populated "The first Americans: How and when were the Americas populated?"], [[American Geosciences Institute|''Earth'']], January 2016
*[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/When-Did-Humans-Come-to-the-Americas-187951111.html?c=y&page=1 "When Did Humans Come to the Americas?" – ''Smithsonian Magazine'' February 2013]
*[http://www.nps.gov/history/seac/outline/02-paleoindian/index.htm The Paleoindian Period] – [[National Park Service|United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service]]
*Shepard Krech III, [http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/pleistocene.htm Paleoindians and the Great Pleistocene Die-Off] – [[National Humanities Center|American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Humanities Center]], 2008.
*{{YouTube|OV6A8oGtPc4|Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey (movie)}} – by [[Spencer Wells]] – [[PBS]] and [[National Geographic Channel]], 2003 – 120 Minutes, UPC/EAN: 841887001267

[[Kategorija:Povijest Amerika]]