Kopitari - Povijest promjena

WikiSysop: file->datoteka

2022-04-29T22:33:41Z

file->datoteka

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 29. travanj 2022. u 22:33
Redak 89:		Redak 89:
	\|label1=[[Perissodactyla]]		\|label1=[[Perissodactyla]]
	\|1={{Clade/Modul		\|1={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Equidae]][[~~File~~:Equus quagga (white background).jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Equidae]][[Datoteka:Equus quagga (white background).jpg\|50 px]]
	\|label2=		\|label2=
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Tapiridae]][[~~File~~:Tapir white background.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Tapiridae]][[Datoteka:Tapir white background.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2=[[Rhinocerotidae]][[~~File~~:Rhino white background.jpg\|50 px]]		\|2=[[Rhinocerotidae]][[Datoteka:Rhino white background.jpg\|50 px]]
	}} }}		}} }}
	\|label2=[[Artiodactyla]]		\|label2=[[Artiodactyla]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|label1=[[Tylopoda]]		\|label1=[[Tylopoda]]
	\|1=[[Camelidae]][[~~File~~:Cladogram of Cetacea within Artiodactyla (Camelus bactrianus).png\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Camelidae]][[Datoteka:Cladogram of Cetacea within Artiodactyla (Camelus bactrianus).png\|50 px]]
	\|label2=[[Artiofabula]]		\|label2=[[Artiofabula]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|label1=[[Suina]]		\|label1=[[Suina]]
	\|1={{Clade/Modul		\|1={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Tayassuidae]][[~~File~~:Pecari tajacu white background.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Tayassuidae]][[Datoteka:Pecari tajacu white background.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2=[[Suidae]][[~~File~~:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 80) (white background).jpg\|50 px]]		\|2=[[Suidae]][[Datoteka:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 80) (white background).jpg\|50 px]]
	}}		}}
	\|label2=[[Cetruminantia]]		\|label2=[[Cetruminantia]]
Redak 110:		Redak 110:
	\|label1=[[Whippomorpha]]		\|label1=[[Whippomorpha]]
	\|1={{Clade/Modul		\|1={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Hippopotamidae]][[~~File~~:Hippopotamus-PSF-Oksmith.svg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Hippopotamidae]][[Datoteka:Hippopotamus-PSF-Oksmith.svg\|50 px]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|label1=[[Cetacea]]		\|label1=[[Cetacea]]
Redak 116:		Redak 116:
	\|label1=[[Mysticeti]]		\|label1=[[Mysticeti]]
	\|1={{Clade/Modul		\|1={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Balaenidae]][[~~File~~:Balaena mysticetus NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Balaenidae]][[Datoteka:Balaena mysticetus NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Cetotheriidae]][[~~File~~:Caperea marginata 3 flipped.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Cetotheriidae]][[Datoteka:Caperea marginata 3 flipped.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Eschrichtiidae]][[~~File~~:Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Eschrichtiidae]][[Datoteka:Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2=[[Balaenopteridae]] [[~~File~~:Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]}} }} }}		\|2=[[Balaenopteridae]] [[Datoteka:Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]}} }} }}
	\|label2=[[Odontoceti]]		\|label2=[[Odontoceti]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1={{Clade/Modul		\|1={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Kogiidae]]		\|1=[[Kogiidae]]
	\|2=[[Physeteridae]][[~~File~~:Physeter macrocephalus NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]		\|2=[[Physeteridae]][[Datoteka:Physeter macrocephalus NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]
	}}		}}
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Platanistidae]]		\|1=[[Platanistidae]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Ziphiidae]][[~~File~~:Ziphius cavirostris NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Ziphiidae]][[Datoteka:Ziphius cavirostris NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=†[[Lipotidae]][[~~File~~:Lipotes vexillifer.png\|50 px]]		\|1=†[[Lipotidae]][[Datoteka:Lipotes vexillifer.png\|50 px]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1={{Clade/Modul		\|1={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[La Plata riječni dupin\|Pontoporiidae]][[~~File~~:Pontoporia blainvillei.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[La Plata riječni dupin\|Pontoporiidae]][[Datoteka:Pontoporia blainvillei.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2=[[Iniidae]]		\|2=[[Iniidae]]
	}}		}}
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Delphinidae]] [[~~File~~:Orcinus orca NOAA 2.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Delphinidae]] [[Datoteka:Orcinus orca NOAA 2.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Monodontidae]] [[~~File~~:Delphinapterus leucas NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Monodontidae]] [[Datoteka:Delphinapterus leucas NOAA.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2=[[Phocoenidae]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}		\|2=[[Phocoenidae]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
	\|label2=[[Ruminantia]]		\|label2=[[Ruminantia]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Tragulidae]][[~~File~~:Kantschil-drawing white background.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Tragulidae]][[Datoteka:Kantschil-drawing white background.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Antilocapridae]][[~~File~~:Antilocapra white background.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Antilocapridae]][[Datoteka:Antilocapra white background.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Giraffidae]][[~~File~~:Giraffa camelopardalis Brockhaus white background.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Giraffidae]][[Datoteka:Giraffa camelopardalis Brockhaus white background.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Cervidae]][[~~File~~:The deer of all lands (1898) Hangul white background.png\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Cervidae]][[Datoteka:The deer of all lands (1898) Hangul white background.png\|50 px]]
	\|2={{Clade/Modul		\|2={{Clade/Modul
	\|1=[[Moschidae]][[~~File~~:Moschus chrysogaster white background.jpg\|50 px]]		\|1=[[Moschidae]][[Datoteka:Moschus chrysogaster white background.jpg\|50 px]]
	\|2=[[Bovidae]][[~~File~~:Birds and nature (1901) (14562088237) white background.jpg\|50 px]] }} }} }} }} }}		\|2=[[Bovidae]][[Datoteka:Birds and nature (1901) (14562088237) white background.jpg\|50 px]] }} }} }} }} }}
	}} }} }} }} }}		}} }} }} }} }}

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

2022-01-02T15:34:17Z

Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 2. siječanj 2022. u 15:34
Redak 26:		Redak 26:
	Za kopitare se prije smatralo da su red. Kopitari se dijele na [[Neparnoprstaši\|neparnoprstaše]] (''Perissodactyla''), [[Parnoprstaši\|parnoprstaše]] (''Cetartiodactyla'', ''Artiodactyla''), [[Cjevozupci\|cjevozupce]] (''Tubulidentata''), [[pećinari\|pećinare]] (''Hyracoidea''), [[Sirene (životinje)\|sirene]] (''Sirenia''), [[Surlaši\|surlaše]] (''Proboscidea'') i ponekad na [[Kitovi\|kitove]] (''Cetacea'').		Za kopitare se prije smatralo da su red. Kopitari se dijele na [[Neparnoprstaši\|neparnoprstaše]] (''Perissodactyla''), [[Parnoprstaši\|parnoprstaše]] (''Cetartiodactyla'', ''Artiodactyla''), [[Cjevozupci\|cjevozupce]] (''Tubulidentata''), [[pećinari\|pećinare]] (''Hyracoidea''), [[Sirene (životinje)\|sirene]] (''Sirenia''), [[Surlaši\|surlaše]] (''Proboscidea'') i ponekad na [[Kitovi\|kitove]] (''Cetacea'').

	No, morfološki<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Asher \| first1 = RJ \| last2 = Bennet \| first2 = N \| last3 = Lehmann \| first3 = T \| year = 2009 \| title = The new framework for understanding placental mammal evolution \| url = \| journal = BioEssays \| volume = 31 \| issue = 8\| pages = 853–864 \| doi=10.1002/bies.200900053 \| pmid=19582725}}</ref><ref name="Tabuce">{{cite journal \| last1 = Tabuce \| first1 = R. \| last2 = Marivaux \| first2 = L. \| last3 = Adaci \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Bensalah \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Hartenberger \| first5 = J. L. \| display-authors = etal \| year = 2007 \| title = Early tertiary mammals from north Africa reinforce the molecular afrotheria clade \| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B \| volume = 274 \| issue = 1614\| pages = 1159–1166 \| doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.0229 \| pmid=17329227 \| pmc=2189562}}</ref><ref name="Seiffert">{{cite journal \| last1 = Seiffert \| first1 = E \| year = 2007 \| title = A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence \| url = \| journal = BMC Evol Biol \| volume = 7 \| issue = \| page = 13 \| doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-224 \| pmid = 17999766 \| pmc = 2248600 }}</ref><ref name="SanchezVillagra">{{cite journal \| last1 = Sanchez-Villagra \| first1 = M. R. \| last2 = Narita \| first2 = Y. \| last3 = Kuratani \| first3 = S. \| year = 2007 \| title = Thoracolumbar vertebral number: the first skeletal synapomorphy for afrotherian mammals \| url = \| journal = Syst Biodivers \| volume = 5 \| issue = \| pages = 1–17 \| doi = 10.1017/S1477200006002258 }}</ref> i molekularni<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Springer \| first1 = MS \| last2 = Stanhope \| first2 = MJ \| last3 = Madsen \| first3 = O \| last4 = de Jong \| first4 = WW \| year = 2004 \| title = Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree \| url = \| journal = Trends Ecol Evol \| volume = 19 \| issue = 8\| pages = 430–438 \| doi=10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.006 \| pmid=16701301}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Robinson \| first1 = M. A. Yang \| last2 = Fu \| first2 = T. J. \| last3 = Ferguson-Smith \| first3 = B. \| year = 2004 \| title = Cross-species chromosome painting in the golden mole and elephant-shrew: support for the mammalian clades Afrotheria and Afroinsectiphillia but not Afroinsectivora \| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B \| volume = 271 \| issue = 1547\| pages = 1477–1484 \| doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2754 \| pmid=15306319 \| pmc=1691750}}</ref> znanstveni rad iz [[2009.]] godine otkrio je da su [[cjevozupci]], [[pećinari]], [[sirene (životinje)\|sirene]] i [[surlaši]] po srodstvu bliži [[sengiji]]ma, [[četinasti ježevi\|četinastima ježevima]] (''Tenrecidae'') i [[zlatokrtine\|zlatokrtinama]] (''Chrysochloridae'') nego [[neparnoprstaši]]ma i [[parnoprstaši]]ma. Surlaši, sirene i pećinari stavljeni su u [[klad]] ''[[Paenungulata]]'', dok se za cjevozupce smatra da su im bliski rođaci ili da su bliski rođaci [[sengiji\|sengijama]] [[klad]]a ''[[Afroinsectiphilia]]''.<ref name=Seiffert2007>{{cite journal \| author = Seiffert, E.R. \| year = 2007 \| title = A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence \| journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology \| volume = 7 \| pages = 13 \| url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-7-224.pdf \| accessdate = 2008-04-19 \| doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-224 \| pmid = 17999766 \| last2 = Guillon \| first2 = JM \| pmc=2248600 \| issue=1}}</ref> Ovo je izraziti primjer [[Konvergentna evolucija\|konvergentne evolucije]].<ref>{{~~cite book~~\|last=Dawkins\|first=Richard\|title=The Ancestor's Tale\|publisher=Mariner Books\|location=Boston\|year=2005\|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0/page/195 195]\|isbn=978-0-618-61916-0\|url=https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0/page/195}}</ref>		No, morfološki<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Asher \| first1 = RJ \| last2 = Bennet \| first2 = N \| last3 = Lehmann \| first3 = T \| year = 2009 \| title = The new framework for understanding placental mammal evolution \| url = \| journal = BioEssays \| volume = 31 \| issue = 8\| pages = 853–864 \| doi=10.1002/bies.200900053 \| pmid=19582725}}</ref><ref name="Tabuce">{{cite journal \| last1 = Tabuce \| first1 = R. \| last2 = Marivaux \| first2 = L. \| last3 = Adaci \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Bensalah \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Hartenberger \| first5 = J. L. \| display-authors = etal \| year = 2007 \| title = Early tertiary mammals from north Africa reinforce the molecular afrotheria clade \| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B \| volume = 274 \| issue = 1614\| pages = 1159–1166 \| doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.0229 \| pmid=17329227 \| pmc=2189562}}</ref><ref name="Seiffert">{{cite journal \| last1 = Seiffert \| first1 = E \| year = 2007 \| title = A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence \| url = \| journal = BMC Evol Biol \| volume = 7 \| issue = \| page = 13 \| doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-224 \| pmid = 17999766 \| pmc = 2248600 }}</ref><ref name="SanchezVillagra">{{cite journal \| last1 = Sanchez-Villagra \| first1 = M. R. \| last2 = Narita \| first2 = Y. \| last3 = Kuratani \| first3 = S. \| year = 2007 \| title = Thoracolumbar vertebral number: the first skeletal synapomorphy for afrotherian mammals \| url = \| journal = Syst Biodivers \| volume = 5 \| issue = \| pages = 1–17 \| doi = 10.1017/S1477200006002258 }}</ref> i molekularni<ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Springer \| first1 = MS \| last2 = Stanhope \| first2 = MJ \| last3 = Madsen \| first3 = O \| last4 = de Jong \| first4 = WW \| year = 2004 \| title = Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree \| url = \| journal = Trends Ecol Evol \| volume = 19 \| issue = 8\| pages = 430–438 \| doi=10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.006 \| pmid=16701301}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Robinson \| first1 = M. A. Yang \| last2 = Fu \| first2 = T. J. \| last3 = Ferguson-Smith \| first3 = B. \| year = 2004 \| title = Cross-species chromosome painting in the golden mole and elephant-shrew: support for the mammalian clades Afrotheria and Afroinsectiphillia but not Afroinsectivora \| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B \| volume = 271 \| issue = 1547\| pages = 1477–1484 \| doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2754 \| pmid=15306319 \| pmc=1691750}}</ref> znanstveni rad iz [[2009.]] godine otkrio je da su [[cjevozupci]], [[pećinari]], [[sirene (životinje)\|sirene]] i [[surlaši]] po srodstvu bliži [[sengiji]]ma, [[četinasti ježevi\|četinastima ježevima]] (''Tenrecidae'') i [[zlatokrtine\|zlatokrtinama]] (''Chrysochloridae'') nego [[neparnoprstaši]]ma i [[parnoprstaši]]ma. Surlaši, sirene i pećinari stavljeni su u [[klad]] ''[[Paenungulata]]'', dok se za cjevozupce smatra da su im bliski rođaci ili da su bliski rođaci [[sengiji\|sengijama]] [[klad]]a ''[[Afroinsectiphilia]]''.<ref name=Seiffert2007>{{cite journal \| author = Seiffert, E.R. \| year = 2007 \| title = A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence \| journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology \| volume = 7 \| pages = 13 \| url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-7-224.pdf \| accessdate = 2008-04-19 \| doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-224 \| pmid = 17999766 \| last2 = Guillon \| first2 = JM \| pmc=2248600 \| issue=1}}</ref> Ovo je izraziti primjer [[Konvergentna evolucija\|konvergentne evolucije]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige\|last=Dawkins\|first=Richard\|title=The Ancestor's Tale\|publisher=Mariner Books\|location=Boston\|year=2005\|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0/page/195 195]\|isbn=978-0-618-61916-0\|url=https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0/page/195}}</ref>

	Trenutačno postoji spor oko toga je li ova manja skupina kopitara [[kladistika\|kladistička]] (zasnovana na [[evolucija\|evoluciji]]) skupina, samo [[fenetika\|fenetička]] skupina ili [[folklorna taksonomija\|folklorni takson]] (sličan, ali ne nužno povezan). Neka su istraživanja doista pronašla da kopitari klada ''[[Mesaxonia]]'' i ''[[Paraxonia]]'' stvaraju monofiletičku vezu<ref>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/102</ref><ref name=Spauldingetal2009>{{cite journal\|pmc=2740860 \| pmid=19774069 \| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 \| volume=4 \| issue=9 \| title=Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution \| year=2009 \| journal=PLOS ONE \| pages=e7062\|bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.7062S\|editor1-last=Farke\|editor1-first=Andrew Allen\|last1=Spaulding\|first1=Michelle\|last2=O'Leary\|first2=Maureen A.\|last3=Gatesy\|first3=John }}</ref><ref name= "Nery">{{Cite journal \| last1 = Nery \| first1 = M. F. \| last2 = González \| first2 = D. M. J. \| last3 = Hoffmann \| first3 = F. G. \| last4 = Opazo \| first4 = J. C. \| title = Resolution of the laurasiatherian phylogeny: Evidence from genomic data \| doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.04.012 \| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution \| volume = 64 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 685–689 \| year = 2012 \| pmid = 22560954\| pmc = }}</ref>, blisko srodnu kladu ''[[Ferae]]'' kojemu pripadaju [[zvijeri]] i [[ljuskavci]]<ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/6/93 BioMed Central \| Full text \| A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=Zhou, X. \|year=2011 \|title=Phylogenomic analysis resolves the interordinal relationships and rapid diversification of the Laurasiatherian mammals \|journal=[[Systematic Biology]] \|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr089 \|url= http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/09/03/sysbio.syr089.abstract \|accessdate=3 October 2011 \|volume=61 \|pages=150–64 \|pmid=21900649 \|pmc=3243735 \|issue=1 \|first2=S. \|last2=Xu \|first3=J. \|last3=Xu \|first4=B. \|last4=Chen \|first5=K. \|last5=Zhou \|first6=G. \|last6=Yang\|display-authors=etal}} (Advance Access; published online 7 September 2011)</ref> unutar klada ''[[Ferungulata]]'', ili [[šišmiši]]ma.<ref>Researchers Greatly Improve Evolutionary Tree of Life for Mammals http://newsroom.ucr.edu/2729</ref> Druga istraživanja pronašla su da ta dva reda nisu toliko usko povezana jer neki stavljaju neparnoprstaše kao bliske srodnike šišmišima i ''Ferae'' u ''[[Pegasoferae]]''<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Nishihara \| first1 = H.\| last2 = Hasegawa \| first2 = M.\| last3 = Okada \| first3 = N.\| title = Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions \| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0603797103 \| journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]\| volume = 103 \| issue = 26 \| pages = 9929–9934 \| year = 2006 \| pmid = 16785431\| pmc = 1479866\| bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.9929N}}</ref>, a drugi stavljaju parnoprstaše kao bliske srodnike šišmišima.<ref>{{cite journal \| url = \| doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012 \| volume=66 \| issue=2 \| title=A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale \| journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution \| pages=479–506 \| pmid=23103570 \| last1 = Gatesy \| first1 = J \| last2 = Geisler \| first2 = JH \| last3 = Chang \| first3 = J \| last4 = Buell \| first4 = C \| last5 = Berta \| first5 = A \| last6 = Meredith \| first6 = RW \| last7 = Springer \| first7 = MS \| last8 = McGowen \| first8 = MR\| date=February 2013 }}</ref>		Trenutačno postoji spor oko toga je li ova manja skupina kopitara [[kladistika\|kladistička]] (zasnovana na [[evolucija\|evoluciji]]) skupina, samo [[fenetika\|fenetička]] skupina ili [[folklorna taksonomija\|folklorni takson]] (sličan, ali ne nužno povezan). Neka su istraživanja doista pronašla da kopitari klada ''[[Mesaxonia]]'' i ''[[Paraxonia]]'' stvaraju monofiletičku vezu<ref>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/102</ref><ref name=Spauldingetal2009>{{cite journal\|pmc=2740860 \| pmid=19774069 \| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 \| volume=4 \| issue=9 \| title=Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution \| year=2009 \| journal=PLOS ONE \| pages=e7062\|bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.7062S\|editor1-last=Farke\|editor1-first=Andrew Allen\|last1=Spaulding\|first1=Michelle\|last2=O'Leary\|first2=Maureen A.\|last3=Gatesy\|first3=John }}</ref><ref name= "Nery">{{Cite journal \| last1 = Nery \| first1 = M. F. \| last2 = González \| first2 = D. M. J. \| last3 = Hoffmann \| first3 = F. G. \| last4 = Opazo \| first4 = J. C. \| title = Resolution of the laurasiatherian phylogeny: Evidence from genomic data \| doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.04.012 \| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution \| volume = 64 \| issue = 3 \| pages = 685–689 \| year = 2012 \| pmid = 22560954\| pmc = }}</ref>, blisko srodnu kladu ''[[Ferae]]'' kojemu pripadaju [[zvijeri]] i [[ljuskavci]]<ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/6/93 BioMed Central \| Full text \| A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=Zhou, X. \|year=2011 \|title=Phylogenomic analysis resolves the interordinal relationships and rapid diversification of the Laurasiatherian mammals \|journal=[[Systematic Biology]] \|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr089 \|url= http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/09/03/sysbio.syr089.abstract \|accessdate=3 October 2011 \|volume=61 \|pages=150–64 \|pmid=21900649 \|pmc=3243735 \|issue=1 \|first2=S. \|last2=Xu \|first3=J. \|last3=Xu \|first4=B. \|last4=Chen \|first5=K. \|last5=Zhou \|first6=G. \|last6=Yang\|display-authors=etal}} (Advance Access; published online 7 September 2011)</ref> unutar klada ''[[Ferungulata]]'', ili [[šišmiši]]ma.<ref>Researchers Greatly Improve Evolutionary Tree of Life for Mammals http://newsroom.ucr.edu/2729</ref> Druga istraživanja pronašla su da ta dva reda nisu toliko usko povezana jer neki stavljaju neparnoprstaše kao bliske srodnike šišmišima i ''Ferae'' u ''[[Pegasoferae]]''<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Nishihara \| first1 = H.\| last2 = Hasegawa \| first2 = M.\| last3 = Okada \| first3 = N.\| title = Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions \| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0603797103 \| journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]\| volume = 103 \| issue = 26 \| pages = 9929–9934 \| year = 2006 \| pmid = 16785431\| pmc = 1479866\| bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.9929N}}</ref>, a drugi stavljaju parnoprstaše kao bliske srodnike šišmišima.<ref>{{cite journal \| url = \| doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012 \| volume=66 \| issue=2 \| title=A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale \| journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution \| pages=479–506 \| pmid=23103570 \| last1 = Gatesy \| first1 = J \| last2 = Geisler \| first2 = JH \| last3 = Chang \| first3 = J \| last4 = Buell \| first4 = C \| last5 = Berta \| first5 = A \| last6 = Meredith \| first6 = RW \| last7 = Springer \| first7 = MS \| last8 = McGowen \| first8 = MR\| date=February 2013 }}</ref>

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{{Taksokvir
| boja = pink
| naziv = Kopitari
| slika = Donkey_in_Clovelly,_North_Devon,_England.jpg
| slika_širina = 200px
| slika_opis = [[Domaći magarac]] (''Equus africanus asinus'')
| status =
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo =
| familia =
| genus =
| species =
| dvoimeno = ''Ungulata''
| dvoimeno_autorstvo = <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766.</small>
| karta_raspon =
| razdioba_stupanj = Redovi i kladovi
| razdioba = {{bulleted list | [[Mesaxonia]] {{bulleted list || †[[Phenacodontidae]] || †[[Anthracobunidae]] || ?†[[Desmostylia]]<ref name="Cooper2014">{{Harvnb|Cooper|Seiffert|Clementz|Madar|2014}}</ref> ||†[[Meridiungulata]]<ref name="Welker2015">{{cite journal | title=Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates | doi=10.1038/nature14249 | date=18 March 2015 | volume=522 | issue=7554 | journal=Nature | pages=81–84 | pmid=25799987 | last1 = Welker | first1 = F | last2 = Collins | first2 = MJ | last3 = Thomas | first3 = JA | last4 = Wadsley | first4 = M | last5 = Brace | first5 = S | last6 = Cappellini | first6 = E | last7 = Turvey | first7 = ST | last8 = Reguero | first8 = M | last9 = Gelfo | first9 = JN | last10 = Kramarz | first10 = A | last11 = Burger | first11 = J | last12 = Thomas-Oates | first12 = J | last13 = Ashford | first13 = DA | last14 = Ashton | first14 = PD | last15 = Rowsell | first15 = K | last16 = Porter | first16 = DM | last17 = Kessler | first17 = B | last18 = Fischer | first18 = R | last19 = Baessmann | first19 = C | last20 = Kaspar | first20 = S | last21 = Olsen | first21 = JV | last22 = Kiley | first22 = P | last23 = Elliott | first23 = JA | last24 = Kelstrup | first24 = CD | last25 = Mullin | first25 = V | last26 = Hofreiter | first26 = M | last27 = Willerslev | first27 = E | last28 = Hublin | first28 = JJ | last29 = Orlando | first29 = L | last30 = Barnes | first30 = I | last31 = MacPhee | first31 = RD| bibcode = 2015Natur.522...81W | url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/91438/1/Welker_postprint.docx }}</ref> || [[Perissodactyla]] || †[[Dinocerata]]<ref name="Berger-Benjamin">{{cite conference |last=Burger |first=Benjamin J. |date=15 October 2015 |title=The Systematic Position of the Saber-Toothed and Horned Giants of the Eocene: The Uintatheres (Order Dinocerata) |url=http://www.benjamin-burger.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/SVP-Poster-Ben-Burger-2015.pdf |location=Dallas |conference=Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 75th Annual Meeting |access-date=20 February 2020}} [http://vertpaleo.org/PDFS/SVP-2015-Program-and-Abstract-Book-9-22-2015.aspx Conference abstract (p. 99)]. Explanation and conclusions: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6lmLo14Cc0 Episode 17: Systematic position of the Uintatheres (Order Dinocerata)] na [[YouTube]]u.</ref>}} | [[Paraxonia]] {{bulleted list || ?†[[Arctocyonia]] || ?†[[Mesonychia]] || [[Artiodactyla]] (uključujući [[Cetacea]])}}}}
}}

'''Kopitari''' ([[Latinski jezik|latinski]]: ''Ungulata'') skupina su [[sisavci|sisavaca]] kojima su razmjerno dugačke noge prilagođene brzu kretanju po tlu: stražnji su se članci na srednjemu ili na trećemu i četvrtome prstu pretvorili u trokutaste, okrugle ili lopataste rožnate tvorevine – [[kopito|kopita]]. Tijekom [[evolucija|evolucije]] kod tih se životinja, uz povećavanje tijela i produljivanje nogu, smanjivao broj prstiju, i to na dva načina: ili se na svakoj nozi razvijao samo srednji prst, na koji se onda oslanjalo cijelo tijelo ([[neparnoprstaši]]: [[tapiri]], [[nosorozi]] i [[konji]]), ili su se podjednako razvijali treći i četvrti prst, pa se tijelo oslanjalo na dva prsta svake noge ([[parnoprstaši]] ili [[papkari]]: [[svinje]], [[vodenkonji]], [[deve]], [[patuljasti moškavci]], [[jeleni]], [[šupljorošci]] i [[žirafe]]); ostali su prsti zakržljali. Kopitari imaju zajedničke pretke sa [[zvijeri]]ma u tzv. [[prazvijeri]]ma (''[[Creodonta]]''), a razvili su se izravno iz predaka s petoprstim nogama [[prakopitari|prakopitara]] (''[[Condylarthra]]''). Razvoj je tekao od početka [[tercijar]]a na kontinentima [[Sjeverna polutka|sjeverne polutke]]. Odatle su prešli u [[Južna Amerika|Južnu Ameriku]], gdje su se zbog dugotrajne izolacije dugo očuvali stari primitivni oblici, a u [[Afrika|Africi]] razvili su se u različitima smjerovima ([[slonovi]], [[pećinari]], [[Sirene (životinje)|sirene]]). Poslije (u predledeno doba) proširili su se i na [[Središnja Azija|središnju]], [[Južna Azija|južnu]] i [[Jugozapadna Azija|jugozapadnu Aziju]], gdje su se razvili [[šupljorošci]]. Kopitari su [[biljožderi]] (osim [[svinja|svinje]]), žive u različitima [[biotopi]]ma: u moru ([[Sirene (životinje)|sirene]]), u slatkima vodama ([[vodenkonji]]), na kopnu, od nizinskih područja do planinskih visočja. Prirodno su rašireni po svim kontinentima osim [[Australija|Australije]] s [[Polinezija|Polinezijom]], kamo ih je prenio čovjek u novije doba.<ref>[https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=33072 Kopitari], [[Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK)|Hrvatska enciklopedija]], pristupljeno 16. svibnja 2020.</ref>

== Klasikfikacija ==
=== Povijest ===
Za kopitare se prije smatralo da su red. Kopitari se dijele na [[Neparnoprstaši|neparnoprstaše]] (''Perissodactyla''), [[Parnoprstaši|parnoprstaše]] (''Cetartiodactyla'', ''Artiodactyla''), [[Cjevozupci|cjevozupce]] (''Tubulidentata''), [[pećinari|pećinare]] (''Hyracoidea''), [[Sirene (životinje)|sirene]] (''Sirenia''), [[Surlaši|surlaše]] (''Proboscidea'') i ponekad na [[Kitovi|kitove]] (''Cetacea'').

No, morfološki<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Asher | first1 = RJ | last2 = Bennet | first2 = N | last3 = Lehmann | first3 = T | year = 2009 | title = The new framework for understanding placental mammal evolution | url = | journal = BioEssays | volume = 31 | issue = 8| pages = 853–864 | doi=10.1002/bies.200900053 | pmid=19582725}}</ref><ref name="Tabuce">{{cite journal | last1 = Tabuce | first1 = R. | last2 = Marivaux | first2 = L. | last3 = Adaci | first3 = M. | last4 = Bensalah | first4 = M. | last5 = Hartenberger | first5 = J. L. | display-authors = etal | year = 2007 | title = Early tertiary mammals from north Africa reinforce the molecular afrotheria clade | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume = 274 | issue = 1614| pages = 1159–1166 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.0229 | pmid=17329227 | pmc=2189562}}</ref><ref name="Seiffert">{{cite journal | last1 = Seiffert | first1 = E | year = 2007 | title = A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence | url = | journal = BMC Evol Biol | volume = 7 | issue = | page = 13 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-224 | pmid = 17999766 | pmc = 2248600 }}</ref><ref name="SanchezVillagra">{{cite journal | last1 = Sanchez-Villagra | first1 = M. R. | last2 = Narita | first2 = Y. | last3 = Kuratani | first3 = S. | year = 2007 | title = Thoracolumbar vertebral number: the first skeletal synapomorphy for afrotherian mammals | url = | journal = Syst Biodivers | volume = 5 | issue = | pages = 1–17 | doi = 10.1017/S1477200006002258 }}</ref> i molekularni<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Springer | first1 = MS | last2 = Stanhope | first2 = MJ | last3 = Madsen | first3 = O | last4 = de Jong | first4 = WW | year = 2004 | title = Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree | url = | journal = Trends Ecol Evol | volume = 19 | issue = 8| pages = 430–438 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.006 | pmid=16701301}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Robinson | first1 = M. A. Yang | last2 = Fu | first2 = T. J. | last3 = Ferguson-Smith | first3 = B. | year = 2004 | title = Cross-species chromosome painting in the golden mole and elephant-shrew: support for the mammalian clades Afrotheria and Afroinsectiphillia but not Afroinsectivora | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B | volume = 271 | issue = 1547| pages = 1477–1484 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2754 | pmid=15306319 | pmc=1691750}}</ref> znanstveni rad iz [[2009.]] godine otkrio je da su [[cjevozupci]], [[pećinari]], [[sirene (životinje)|sirene]] i [[surlaši]] po srodstvu bliži [[sengiji]]ma, [[četinasti ježevi|četinastima ježevima]] (''Tenrecidae'') i [[zlatokrtine|zlatokrtinama]] (''Chrysochloridae'') nego [[neparnoprstaši]]ma i [[parnoprstaši]]ma. Surlaši, sirene i pećinari stavljeni su u [[klad]] ''[[Paenungulata]]'', dok se za cjevozupce smatra da su im bliski rođaci ili da su bliski rođaci [[sengiji|sengijama]] [[klad]]a ''[[Afroinsectiphilia]]''.<ref name=Seiffert2007>{{cite journal | author = Seiffert, E.R. | year = 2007 | title = A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 13 | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-7-224.pdf | accessdate = 2008-04-19 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-224 | pmid = 17999766 | last2 = Guillon | first2 = JM | pmc=2248600 | issue=1}}</ref> Ovo je izraziti primjer [[Konvergentna evolucija|konvergentne evolucije]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dawkins|first=Richard|title=The Ancestor's Tale|publisher=Mariner Books|location=Boston|year=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0/page/195 195]|isbn=978-0-618-61916-0|url=https://archive.org/details/ancestorstale00rich_0/page/195}}</ref>

Trenutačno postoji spor oko toga je li ova manja skupina kopitara [[kladistika|kladistička]] (zasnovana na [[evolucija|evoluciji]]) skupina, samo [[fenetika|fenetička]] skupina ili [[folklorna taksonomija|folklorni takson]] (sličan, ali ne nužno povezan). Neka su istraživanja doista pronašla da kopitari klada ''[[Mesaxonia]]'' i ''[[Paraxonia]]'' stvaraju monofiletičku vezu<ref>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/102</ref><ref name=Spauldingetal2009>{{cite journal|pmc=2740860 | pmid=19774069 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 | volume=4 | issue=9 | title=Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution | year=2009 | journal=PLOS ONE | pages=e7062|bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.7062S|editor1-last=Farke|editor1-first=Andrew Allen|last1=Spaulding|first1=Michelle|last2=O'Leary|first2=Maureen A.|last3=Gatesy|first3=John }}</ref><ref name= "Nery">{{Cite journal | last1 = Nery | first1 = M. F. | last2 = González | first2 = D. M. J. | last3 = Hoffmann | first3 = F. G. | last4 = Opazo | first4 = J. C. | title = Resolution of the laurasiatherian phylogeny: Evidence from genomic data | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.04.012 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 64 | issue = 3 | pages = 685–689 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22560954| pmc = }}</ref>, blisko srodnu kladu ''[[Ferae]]'' kojemu pripadaju [[zvijeri]] i [[ljuskavci]]<ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/6/93 BioMed Central | Full text | A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Zhou, X. |year=2011 |title=Phylogenomic analysis resolves the interordinal relationships and rapid diversification of the Laurasiatherian mammals |journal=[[Systematic Biology]] |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syr089 |url= http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/09/03/sysbio.syr089.abstract |accessdate=3 October 2011 |volume=61 |pages=150–64 |pmid=21900649 |pmc=3243735 |issue=1 |first2=S. |last2=Xu |first3=J. |last3=Xu |first4=B. |last4=Chen |first5=K. |last5=Zhou |first6=G. |last6=Yang|display-authors=etal}} (Advance Access; published online 7 September 2011)</ref> unutar klada ''[[Ferungulata]]'', ili [[šišmiši]]ma.<ref>Researchers Greatly Improve Evolutionary Tree of Life for Mammals http://newsroom.ucr.edu/2729</ref> Druga istraživanja pronašla su da ta dva reda nisu toliko usko povezana jer neki stavljaju neparnoprstaše kao bliske srodnike šišmišima i ''Ferae'' u ''[[Pegasoferae]]''<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nishihara | first1 = H.| last2 = Hasegawa | first2 = M.| last3 = Okada | first3 = N.| title = Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0603797103 | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]| volume = 103 | issue = 26 | pages = 9929–9934 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16785431| pmc = 1479866| bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.9929N}}</ref>, a drugi stavljaju parnoprstaše kao bliske srodnike šišmišima.<ref>{{cite journal | url = | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012 | volume=66 | issue=2 | title=A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | pages=479–506 | pmid=23103570 | last1 = Gatesy | first1 = J | last2 = Geisler | first2 = JH | last3 = Chang | first3 = J | last4 = Buell | first4 = C | last5 = Berta | first5 = A | last6 = Meredith | first6 = RW | last7 = Springer | first7 = MS | last8 = McGowen | first8 = MR| date=February 2013 }}</ref>

=== Taksonomija ===
Slijedi pojednostavljena taksonomija kopitara (pod pretpostavkom da kopitari čine prirodnu skupinu) s postojećima roodvima, prema redoslijedu odnosa. Treba imati na umu da i dalje postoju sporna područja, poput odnosa rodova [[Pravi preživači|pravih preživača]] (''[[Pecora]]'') i rodova [[kitovi usani|kitova usana]].
* '''Ungulata (= Euungulata<ref>Asher and Helgen http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/102</ref>)'''
** '''[[Neparnoprstaši|Perissodactyla]]''' (Neparnoprstaši)
*** '''Hippomorpha'''
**** [[Equidae]]: Konji
*** '''[[Ceratomorpha]]'''
**** [[Tapiridae]]: Tapiri
**** [[Rhinocerotidae]]: Nosorozi
** '''[[Artiodactyla]] (= [[Cetartiodactyla]])''' (Parnoprstaši)
*** '''[[Tylopoda]]'''
**** [[Camelidae]]: Deve
*** '''Artiofabula'''
**** '''[[Suina]]'''
***** [[Tayassuidae]]: Pekariji
***** [[Suidae]]: Svinje
**** '''[[Cetruminantia]]'''
***** '''[[Ruminantia]]'''
****** [[Tragulidae]]: Patuljasti moškavac
****** '''[[Pecora|Cervoidea]]'''
******* [[Antilocapridae]]: Rašljoroge antilope
******* [[Giraffidae]]: Žirafe
******* [[Cervidae]]: Jeleni
******* [[Moschidae]]: Mošusne jelene
******* [[Bovidae]]: Šupljorošci
***** '''[[Whippomorpha]]'''
****** [[Hippopotamidae]]: Vodenkonji
****** '''[[Cetacea]]'''
******* '''[[Mysticeti]]'''
******** [[Balaenidae]]: Glatki kitovi
******** [[Cetotheriidae]]: Patuljasti glatki kit
******** [[Eschrichtiidae]]: Sivi kitovi
******** [[Balaenopteridae]]: Brazdeni kitovi
******* '''[[Odontoceti]]'''
******** '''[[Physeteroidea]]'''
********* [[Physeteridae]]: Ulješure
********* [[Kogiidae]]:
******** '''[[Platanistoidea]]'''
********* [[Platanistidae]]: Indijski riječni dupin
******** '''[[Ziphioidea]]'''
********* [[Ziphiidae]]: Kljunasti kitovi
******** '''[[Lipotidae|Lipotoidea]]'''
********* [[Lipotidae]]: Baiji (izumrla vrsta)
******** '''[[Inioidea]]'''
********* [[Iniidae]]: Amazonski riječni dupini
********* [[Pontoporiidae]]: La Plata riječni dupin
******** '''[[Delphinoidea]]'''
********* [[Monodontidae]]: Bijeli kitovi
********* [[Phocoenidae]]: Pliskavice
********* [[Delphinidae]]: Oceanski dupini

=== Filogenija ===
Slijedi opći konsenzus [[filogenija|filogenije]] kopitara.<ref>Gatesy, J., Geisler, J. H., Chang, J., Buell, C., Berta, A., Meredith, R. W., ... & McGowen, M. R. (2013). A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66(2), 479-506.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = S. L. | last2 = Thewissen | first2 = J. G. | last3 = Churchill | first3 = M. M. | last4 = Suydam | first4 = R. S. | last5 = Ketten | first5 = D. R. | last6 = Clementz | first6 = M. T. | year = 2014 | title = Unique biochemical and mineral composition of whale ear bones | url = http://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/6709/1/Kim_2014_Physiol_Biochem_Zool.pdf| journal = Physiological and Biochemical Zoology | volume = 87 | issue = 4| pages = 576–584 | doi=10.1086/676309| pmid = 24940922 | hdl = 1912/6709 }}</ref>
{{Clade/Modul|style=font-size:100%
|label1='''Ungulata'''
|1={{Clade/Modul
|label1=[[Perissodactyla]]
|1={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Equidae]][[File:Equus quagga (white background).jpg|50 px]]
|label2=
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Tapiridae]][[File:Tapir white background.jpg|50 px]]
|2=[[Rhinocerotidae]][[File:Rhino white background.jpg|50 px]]
}} }}
|label2=[[Artiodactyla]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|label1=[[Tylopoda]]
|1=[[Camelidae]][[File:Cladogram of Cetacea within Artiodactyla (Camelus bactrianus).png|50 px]]
|label2=[[Artiofabula]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|label1=[[Suina]]
|1={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Tayassuidae]][[File:Pecari tajacu white background.jpg|50 px]]
|2=[[Suidae]][[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 80) (white background).jpg|50 px]]
}}
|label2=[[Cetruminantia]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|label1=[[Whippomorpha]]
|1={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Hippopotamidae]][[File:Hippopotamus-PSF-Oksmith.svg|50 px]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|label1=[[Cetacea]]
|1={{Clade/Modul
|label1=[[Mysticeti]]
|1={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Balaenidae]][[File:Balaena mysticetus NOAA.jpg|50 px]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Cetotheriidae]][[File:Caperea marginata 3 flipped.jpg|50 px]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Eschrichtiidae]][[File:Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg|50 px]]
|2=[[Balaenopteridae]] [[File:Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg|50 px]]}} }} }}
|label2=[[Odontoceti]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Kogiidae]]
|2=[[Physeteridae]][[File:Physeter macrocephalus NOAA.jpg|50 px]]
}}
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Platanistidae]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Ziphiidae]][[File:Ziphius cavirostris NOAA.jpg|50 px]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=†[[Lipotidae]][[File:Lipotes vexillifer.png|50 px]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[La Plata riječni dupin|Pontoporiidae]][[File:Pontoporia blainvillei.jpg|50 px]]
|2=[[Iniidae]]
}}
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Delphinidae]] [[File:Orcinus orca NOAA 2.jpg|50 px]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Monodontidae]] [[File:Delphinapterus leucas NOAA.jpg|50 px]]
|2=[[Phocoenidae]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2=[[Ruminantia]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Tragulidae]][[File:Kantschil-drawing white background.jpg|50 px]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Antilocapridae]][[File:Antilocapra white background.jpg|50 px]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Giraffidae]][[File:Giraffa camelopardalis Brockhaus white background.jpg|50 px]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Cervidae]][[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Hangul white background.png|50 px]]
|2={{Clade/Modul
|1=[[Moschidae]][[File:Moschus chrysogaster white background.jpg|50 px]]
|2=[[Bovidae]][[File:Birds and nature (1901) (14562088237) white background.jpg|50 px]] }} }} }} }} }}
}} }} }} }} }}

== Izvori ==
{{izvori}}

== Vanjske poveznice ==
* [http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=67570 Clade Ungulata Linnaeus 1766 (placental)], [[Fossilworks]]

[[Kategorija:Kopitari| ]]