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Keratin - Povijest promjena
2026-07-16T10:12:21Z
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WikiSysop u (test) 11:32, 2. lipanj 2025.
2025-06-02T11:32:49Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←Starija inačica</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Inačica od 2. lipanj 2025. u 11:32</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3">Redak 3:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Redak 3:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Određene podgrupe ovog [[protein]]a (tzv. trihocitični keratini) su glavni sastojak kose i [[dlaka|dlake]] [[sisavci|sisavaca]], [[Ljuska (zoologija)|ljusaka]] kod [[gmazovi|gmazova]], [[perje|perja]], [[nokat|noktiju]], [[kandža|kandži]], [[rog]]ova, [[usi]] kod [[kitovi usani|kitova usana]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Određene podgrupe ovog [[protein]]a (tzv. trihocitični keratini) su glavni sastojak kose i [[dlaka|dlake]] [[sisavci|sisavaca]], [[Ljuska (zoologija)|ljusaka]] kod [[gmazovi|gmazova]], [[perje|perja]], [[nokat|noktiju]], [[kandža|kandži]], [[rog]]ova, [[usi]] kod [[kitovi usani|kitova usana]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mrva</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biol</del>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Datoteka:KeratinF9.png|mini|Mikroskopija keratinskih niti unutar stanica ]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Uvod ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Keratin je skupina netopljivih citoskeletnih proteina koji pružaju strukturnu potporu epitelnim stanicama te djeluju kao važni markeri stanične diferencijacije. U jednostavnom epitelu, keratini su manje kompleksni, dok se u slojevitom epitelu javljaju u većoj raznolikosti i gustoći, pružajući dodatnu čvrstoću i otpornost.<ref></ins>{{<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Citiranje časopisa|last=Bragulla|first=Hermann H.|last2=Homberger|first2=Dominique G.|date=2009</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">04|title=Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01066.x|journal=Journal of Anatomy|language=en|volume=214|issue=4|pages=516–559|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01066.x|issn=0021-8782|pmc=PMC2736122|pmid=19422428}}</ref> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Klasifikacija ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Alfa-keratin (α-keratin) je specifična vrsta keratina koja čini ključan strukturni materijal u različitim dijelovima tijela kod [[Kralježnjaci|kralježnjaka]], uključujući [[Kosa|kosu]], [[Nokat|nokte]], [[perje]], [[Rog|rogove]], [[Kandža|kandže]], [[Kopito|kopita]] te [[Epiderma|epidermu]]. Beta-keratin (β-keratin) je član obitelji strukturnih proteina koji se nalazi u epidermisu gmazova i ptica. Obje vrste se nalaze u ''stratum corneum-u'' no alfa-keratini su bogati [[Alfa-zavojnica|alfa-spiralama]] dok su beta-keratini bogati [[Beta-ploča|beta-pločama]]. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Povijest ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nakon 1970-ih, istraživanja keratina proširila su se na proučavanje različitih oblika gela i filmova iz keratinskih otopina.<ref name=":0">{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Hill|first=Paulina|last2=Brantley|first2=Helen|last3=Van Dyke|first3=Mark|date=2010-02|title=Some properties of keratin biomaterials: Kerateines|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014296120901028X|journal=Biomaterials|language=en|volume=31|issue=4|pages=585–593|doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.076 |issn=0142-9612}}</ref> Prvi rad o keratinskim biomaterijalima opisuje uspješan implantat vaskularnog grafta obloženog keratinskim derivatom u modelu velike životinje tijekom 200 dana. Od tada, keratini se primjenjuju u širokom spektru [[in vitro]] i prekliničkih modela, uključujući zacjeljivanje rana, regeneraciju kostiju,<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Tachibana|first=Akira|last2=Kaneko|first2=Sumika|last3=Tanabe|first3=Toshizumi|last4=Yamauchi|first4=Kiyoshi|date=2005-01|title=Rapid fabrication of keratin–hydroxyapatite hybrid sponges toward osteoblast cultivation and differentiation|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014296120400170X|journal=Biomaterials|language=en|volume=26|issue=3|pages=297–302|doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.032}}</ref> i popravak perifernih [[Živčani sustav|živaca]].<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Apel|first=Peter J.|last2=Garrett|first2=Jeffrey P.|last3=Sierpinski|first3=Paulina|last4=Ma|first4=Jianjun|last5=Atala|first5=Anthony|last6=Smith|first6=Thomas L.|last7=Koman|first7=L. Andrew|last8=Van Dyke|first8=Mark E.|date=2008-11|title=Peripheral nerve regeneration using a keratin-based scaffold: long-term functional and histological outcomes in a mouse model|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18984336/|journal=The Journal of Hand Surgery|volume=33|issue=9|pages=1541–1547|doi=10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.05.034|issn=1531-6564|pmid=18984336}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Građa ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Keratini su [[Intermedijarni filament|intermedijarni filamenti]] promjera 10-12 nm koji zajedno s mikrofilamentima i [[Mikrotubuli|mikrotubulima]] čine [[citoskelet]] ljudskih stanica.<ref name=":1">{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Knöbel|first=Maria|last2=O'Toole|first2=Edel A.|last3=Smith|first3=Frances J. D.|date=2015-06|title=Keratins and skin disease|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25620412/|journal=Cell and Tissue Research|volume=360|issue=3|pages=583–589|doi=10.1007/s00441-014-2105-4|issn=1432-0878|pmid=25620412}}</ref> Oni se sastoje od obligatnih heterodimera koji se sastoje od keratina tipa I (kiseli) i tipa II (neutralni ili bazični) te se slažu u tetramere koji polimeriziraju da bi formirali protofilamente od 2 do 3 nm.<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Rouse|first=Jillian G.|last2=Van Dyke|first2=Mark E.|date=2010-02|title=A Review of Keratin-Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/3/2/999|journal=Materials|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=999–1014|doi=10.3390/ma3020999|issn=1996-1944}}</ref> Daljnja polimerizacija protofilamenta čini međusobno isprepletene protofibrile potpunih intermedijarnih filamenata. Keratin sadrži N-terminalnu domenu, zaduženu za regulaciju rasporeda filamenata i interakcije s ostalim staničnim komponentama. Također sadrži i C-terminalnu domenu koja igra uloge u interakcijama između intermedijarnih filamenata i post-translacijskim modifikacijama.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Lokacija ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Keratini su glavna komponenta epitelnog citoskeleta. Različiti tipovi keratina nalaze se u različitim slojevima epidermisa, a iznimno su bitni u vanjskom sloju kože ''(stratum corneum)'', gdje mrtve keratizirane stanice čine kožnu barijeru. Kod interfolikularnog epidermisa, KRT14-KRT15 je glavni ekspresionirani tip I-tip II keratin, dok je u suprabazalnim slojevima glavni keratinski par KRT10-KRT1.<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Zhang|first=Xiaowei|last2=Yin|first2=Meimei|last3=Zhang|first3=Ling-Juan|date=2019-08-01|title=Keratin 6, 16 and 17-Critical Barrier Alarmin Molecules in Skin Wounds and Psoriasis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31374826/|journal=Cells|volume=8|issue=8|pages=807|doi=10.3390/cells8080807|issn=2073-4409|pmc=6721482|pmid=31374826}}</ref> Osim toga, keratini oblažu vanjštinu organa i žlijezda, te su glavna komponenta tvorevina kao što su nokti i kosa.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Funkcija ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Strukturna potpora ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Glavna uloga keratina je strukturna potpora i stanična [[adhezija]] pomoću kojih se održava pravilna mehanička čvrstoća i elastičnost epitelnih slojeva. Keratin je povezan s [[Dezmosom|desmosomalnim]] i [[Hemidezmosom|hemidesmosomalnim]] proteinima te tvori keratinoznu mrežu kroz cijeli citosol stanice.<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Kim|first=Hyun Ji|last2=Choi|first2=Won Jun|last3=Lee|first3=Chang Hoon|date=2015-07-31|title=Phosphorylation and Reorganization of Keratin Networks: Implications for Carcinogenesis and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition|url=http://www.biomolther.org/journal/DOIx.php?id=10.4062/biomolther.2015.032|journal=Biomolecules & Therapeutics|language=en|volume=23|issue=4|pages=301–312|doi=10.4062/biomolther.2015.032|issn=2005-4483}}</ref> Uz stukturnu ulogu također služi za održavanje pravilne količine vode te tvori funkcionalnu barijeru za zaštitu od mehaničkog stresa.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Utjecaj na imunosni sustav ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Keratinski intermedijarni filamenti povezani su s aktivacijom primitivnog [[Imunosni sustav|urođenog imunosnog sustava]], što se očitava kroz djelomična otvaranja čvrtih spojnica, smanjenje barijerne funkcije, sekreciju anti-bakterijskih proteina te nakupljanje [[Makrofag|makrofaga]] i drugih bitnih citokina imunosnog sustava. Promjene u ekspresiji citokina također su u asocijaciji s gubitkom ekspresije citokina ili keratinskim mutacijama koje su povezane s određenim bolestima. Uz manjak keratina, događa se promjena u transkriptomu keratinocita pa tako određene keratinske deficijencije mogu oponašati gensku ekspresiju određenih bolesti. Na primjer, deficijencija K1 keratina dovodi do ekspresije genskog obrasca koji uvjetuje stvaranje psorijaze i ekcema.<ref name=":2">{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Salas|first=Pedro J.|last2=Forteza|first2=Radia|last3=Mashukova|first3=Anastasia|date=2016-07-02|title=Multiple roles for keratin intermediate filaments in the regulation of epithelial barrier function and apico-basal polarity|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21688370.2016.1178368|journal=Tissue Barriers|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=e1178368|doi=10.1080/21688370.2016.1178368|issn=2168-8370|pmc=PMC4993576|pmid=27583190}}</ref> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Keratin i stanična apoptoza ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Keratin ima tkivno specifičnu ulogu u borbi protiv apoptoze kod [[Jetra|jetre]], [[Posteljica|posteljice]] i kožnog epitelija. Kod keratinskog deficijenta dolazi do srednjogestacijskog [[Mortalitet|mortaliteta]] zbog apoptoze u [[Trofoblast|trofoblastu]].<ref name=":2" /> Ova karakteristika bitna je u istraživanjima utjecaja spojeva koji induciraju [[Fibroza|fibrozu]] na jetru kod miševa koji imaju keratinski deficijent ili [[Mutacija|mutaciju]] u keratinskim tipovima.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Post-translacijske modifikacije ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Fosforilacija keratina ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fosforilacija keratina inducira topljivost, održavajući ravnotežu između nitastih i topljivih keratina koja je iznimno bitna za očuvanje gipkosti citoskeleta. Keratin se ponaša kao „fosfatna spužva“, a [[Kofaktor|kofaktori]] u procesu fosforilacije su regulacijski proteini 14-3-3. Fosforilacija keratina aktivno dopridonosi mehanizmu obrane od različitih tipova stresa, a ima i bitan utjecaj u borbi protiv nastanka određenih bolesti i tumora.<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last=Sawant|first=M. S.|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1937644816301009|title=Chapter Five - Consequences of Keratin Phosphorylation for Cytoskeletal Organization and Epithelial Functions|last2=Leube|first2=R. E.|date=2017-01-01|publisher=Academic Press|editor-last=Galluzzi|editor-first=Lorenzo|volume=330|pages=171–225|doi=10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.005}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Keratin kod ljudi ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kod ljudi, poznato je 54 vrste keratina koje su izražene u određenim parovima ovisno o diferencijaciji tipa tkiva. Primjerice, primarni keratini kao što su K8/K18 u jednostavnim epitelnim tkivima i K5/K14 u slojevitim epitelnim tkivima redovito se sintetiziraju od strane epitelnih stanica.<ref name=":3">{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Bragulla|first=Hermann H.|last2=Homberger|first2=Dominique G.|date=2009-04|title=Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01066.x|journal=Journal of Anatomy|language=en|volume=214|issue=4|pages=516–559|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01066.x|issn=0021-8782}}</ref> Sekundarni keratini, poput K7/K19 u jednostavnim epitelnim tkivima ili K15 i K6/K16 u slojevitim epitelnim tkivima, mogu se također proizvoditi uz ili umjesto primarnih keratina. Ova raznolikost keratina izražena je u različitim epitelnim tkivima i vrstama, što ukazuje na njihovu sposobnost prilagodbe strukturnim zahtjevima različitih tkiva u tijelu. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Ekstrakcija]] keratina iz tkiva obično uključuje uporabu redukcijskih agenasa poput tioglikolata, ditiotretiola ili merkaptoetanola, koji razbijaju [[Disulfidna veza|disulfidne veze]].<ref name=":3" /> Produkt korištenja redukcijskog sredstva je protein koji sadrži [[cistein]] te se naziva „keratein“.<ref name=":0" /> Ukoliko se koristi oksidacijsko sredstvo (npr. vodikov peroksid),<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Perța-Crișan|first=Simona|last2=Ursachi|first2=Claudiu Ștefan|last3=Gavrilaș|first3=Simona|last4=Oancea|first4=Florin|last5=Munteanu|first5=Florentina-Daniela|date=2021-06-07|title=Closing the Loop with Keratin-Rich Fibrous Materials|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/11/1896|journal=Polymers|language=en|volume=13|issue=11|pages=1896|doi=10.3390/polym13111896|issn=2073-4360|pmc=PMC8201023|pmid=34200460}}</ref> derivati cisteinske kiseline se nazivaju „keratoze“. Najčešće korištene tehnike za analiziranje keratina uključuju SDS-PAGE,<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Mohamed|first=Jamal Moideen Muthu|last2=Alqahtani|first2=Ali|last3=Al Fatease|first3=Adel|last4=Alqahtani|first4=Taha|last5=Khan|first5=Barkat Ali|last6=Ashmitha|first6=B.|last7=Vijaya|first7=R.|date=2021-08-09|title=Human Hair Keratin Composite Scaffold: Characterisation and Biocompatibility Study on NIH 3T3 Fibroblast Cells|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/8/781|journal=Pharmaceuticals|language=en|volume=14|issue=8|pages=781|doi=10.3390/ph14080781|issn=1424-8247}}</ref> [[Masena spektrometrija|masenu spektrometriju]],<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last=Deb-Choudhury|first=Santanu|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S007668791500422X|title=Isolation and Analysis of Keratins and Keratin-Associated Proteins from Hair and Wool|last2=Plowman|first2=Jeffrey E.|last3=Harland|first3=Duane P.|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-803470-5|volume=568|pages=279–301|language=en|doi=10.1016/bs.mie.2015.07.018.}}</ref> rendgensku difrakciju<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Hatta|first=Ichiro|date=2022-08-30|title=Stratum Corneum Structure and Function Studied by X-ray Diffraction|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6179/2/3/9|journal=Dermato|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=79–108|doi=10.3390/dermato2030009|issn=2673-6179}}</ref> i kristalografiju te infracrvenu spektroskopiju s fourierovom transformacijom.<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa|last=Windt|first=Xinhua|last2=Scott|first2=Elinor L.|last3=Seeger|first3=Thorsten|last4=Schneider|first4=Oliver|last5=Asadi Tashvigh|first5=Akbar|last6=Bitter|first6=Johannes H.|date=2022-11-08|title=Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Assessing Structural and Enzymatic Reactivity Changes Induced during Feather Hydrolysis|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.2c04216|journal=ACS Omega|language=en|volume=7|issue=44|pages=39924–39930|doi=10.1021/acsomega.2c04216|issn=2470-1343|pmc=PMC9648064|pmid=36385893}}</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Bolesti ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mutacije gena za keratine povezane su s nekoliko kožnih bolesti te poremećaja kose i [[Sluznica|sluznice]]. Kožni poremećaji uključuju buloznu epidermolizu, palmoplantarno keratodermu, epidermolitičku ihtiozu i pachyonychia congenita.<ref name=":1" /> Ove bolesti rezultat su strukturne nestabilnosti epitelnih stanica. Mutacije u trihocitnim keratinima, keratinima koji se izražavaju u stanicama epidermalnih dodataka kao što su kosa, nokti i koža, dovode do bolesti poput monilethrixa i ektodermalne displazije. Osim toga, keratini igraju ključnu ulogu u karcinogenezi, gdje abnormalnosti i mutacije u genima mogu doprinijeti razvoju kožnih [[Karcinom|karcinoma]] narušavanjem normalne strukture i funkcije epitelnih stanica.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorija:Bjelančevine]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorija:Bjelančevine]]</div></td></tr>
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WikiSysop
https://enciklopedija.cc/index.php?title=Keratin&diff=433401&oldid=prev
WikiSysop: bnz
2022-03-18T15:43:57Z
<p>bnz</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">←Starija inačica</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Inačica od 18. ožujak 2022. u 15:43</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Redak 1:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><!--'''Keratin'''-->'''</del>Keratin''' (još i: rožnata supstanca, skleroprotein, citokeratin) je [[bjelančevina]] ([[strukturni protein]]) koja je odgovorna za stabilnost i oblik [[stanica|stanice]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Keratin''' (još i: rožnata supstanca, skleroprotein, citokeratin) je [[bjelančevina]] ([[strukturni protein]]) koja je odgovorna za stabilnost i oblik [[stanica|stanice]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Određene podgrupe ovog [[protein]]a (tzv. trihocitični keratini) su glavni sastojak kose i [[dlaka|dlake]] [[sisavci|sisavaca]], [[Ljuska (zoologija)|ljusaka]] kod [[gmazovi|gmazova]], [[perje|perja]], [[nokat|noktiju]], [[kandža|kandži]], [[rog]]ova, [[usi]] kod [[kitovi usani|kitova usana]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Određene podgrupe ovog [[protein]]a (tzv. trihocitični keratini) su glavni sastojak kose i [[dlaka|dlake]] [[sisavci|sisavaca]], [[Ljuska (zoologija)|ljusaka]] kod [[gmazovi|gmazova]], [[perje|perja]], [[nokat|noktiju]], [[kandža|kandži]], [[rog]]ova, [[usi]] kod [[kitovi usani|kitova usana]].</div></td></tr>
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WikiSysop
https://enciklopedija.cc/index.php?title=Keratin&diff=21119&oldid=prev
WikiSysop: Bot: Automatski unos stranica
2021-08-02T03:26:20Z
<p>Bot: Automatski unos stranica</p>
<p><b>Nova stranica</b></p><div><!--'''Keratin'''-->'''Keratin''' (još i: rožnata supstanca, skleroprotein, citokeratin) je [[bjelančevina]] ([[strukturni protein]]) koja je odgovorna za stabilnost i oblik [[stanica|stanice]].<br />
<br />
Određene podgrupe ovog [[protein]]a (tzv. trihocitični keratini) su glavni sastojak kose i [[dlaka|dlake]] [[sisavci|sisavaca]], [[Ljuska (zoologija)|ljusaka]] kod [[gmazovi|gmazova]], [[perje|perja]], [[nokat|noktiju]], [[kandža|kandži]], [[rog]]ova, [[usi]] kod [[kitovi usani|kitova usana]].<br />
<br />
{{Mrva-biol}}<br />
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[[Kategorija:Bjelančevine]]</div>
WikiSysop