H1N1 - Povijest promjena

WikiSysop: file->datoteka

2022-04-28T12:01:30Z

file->datoteka

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 28. travanj 2022. u 12:01
Redak 32:		Redak 32:
	== Galerija ==		== Galerija ==
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	~~File~~:H1N1 virus particles.jpg\|Širenje H1N1 virusa prikazano na elektromikrografku		Datoteka:H1N1 virus particles.jpg\|Širenje H1N1 virusa prikazano na elektromikrografku
	~~File~~:H1N1 virus particles II.jpg\|Obojeni elektromikrografski prikaz H1N1.		Datoteka:H1N1 virus particles II.jpg\|Obojeni elektromikrografski prikaz H1N1.
	~~File~~:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg\|Camp Fuston bolnica tokom Španjolske gripe.		Datoteka:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg\|Camp Fuston bolnica tokom Španjolske gripe.
	~~File~~:2009 Mexican military giving out swine flu masks.jpg\|Vojnici Meksika građanima daju zaštitne maske tokom pandemije svinjske gripe.		Datoteka:2009 Mexican military giving out swine flu masks.jpg\|Vojnici Meksika građanima daju zaštitne maske tokom pandemije svinjske gripe.
	</gallery>		</gallery>
	== Vidi još ==		== Vidi još ==

WikiSysop: brisanje nepotrebnog teksta

2022-03-06T19:15:26Z

brisanje nepotrebnog teksta

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 6. ožujak 2022. u 19:15
Redak 1:		Redak 1:
	~~<!--'''H1N1'''-->~~U [[Virologija\|virologiji]] '''H1N1''' ili '''podtip A/H1N1''' ([[Engleski jezik\|eng.]] ''Influenza A virus subtype H1N1'') je najčešći primjer za pandemije [[Pandemija svinjske gripe\|svinjske gripe]] ([[2009.]]) i [[Španjolska gripa\|španjolska gripe]] ([[1918.]] – [[1919.]]).		U [[Virologija\|virologiji]] '''H1N1''' ili '''podtip A/H1N1''' ([[Engleski jezik\|eng.]] ''Influenza A virus subtype H1N1'') je najčešći primjer za pandemije [[Pandemija svinjske gripe\|svinjske gripe]] ([[2009.]]) i [[Španjolska gripa\|španjolska gripe]] ([[1918.]] – [[1919.]]).

	To je [[Ortomiksovirus\|orhtomyxovirus]] koji sadrži glikoproteine [[Hemaglutinin\|hemaglutinin]] i neuraminidazu. Zbog toga su opisani kao H1N1, H1N2 itd., ovisno o vrsti H ili N antigena koje izražavaju metaboličkom sinergijom. Hemaglutinin uzrokuje skupljanje crvenih krvnih stanica i vezanje virusa za zaraženu stanicu. Neuraminidaza je vrsta enzima glikozida hidrolaze koji pomaže pri premještanju virusnih čestica kroz zaraženu stanicu i pomaže u izbacivanju stanica iz stanica domaćina.		To je [[Ortomiksovirus\|orhtomyxovirus]] koji sadrži glikoproteine [[Hemaglutinin\|hemaglutinin]] i neuraminidazu. Zbog toga su opisani kao H1N1, H1N2 itd., ovisno o vrsti H ili N antigena koje izražavaju metaboličkom sinergijom. Hemaglutinin uzrokuje skupljanje crvenih krvnih stanica i vezanje virusa za zaraženu stanicu. Neuraminidaza je vrsta enzima glikozida hidrolaze koji pomaže pri premještanju virusnih čestica kroz zaraženu stanicu i pomaže u izbacivanju stanica iz stanica domaćina.
Redak 23:		Redak 23:

	== U trudnoći ==		== U trudnoći ==
	[[Trudnoća\|Trudnice]] koje su zaražene H1N1 izložene su većem riziku od razvoja komplikacija zbog hormonskih promjena, fizičkih promjena i promjena [[Imunološki sustav\|imunološkog sustava]] kako bi se prilagodio rastućem fetusu.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Boon\|first=Lim\|title=Influenza A H1N1 2009 (Swine Flu) and Pregnancy\|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology\|date=23 September 2011\|volume=61\|issue=4\|pages=386–393\|doi=10.1007/s13224-011-0055-2\|pmid=22851818\|pmc=3295877}}~~<!--\|accessdate=31 January 2014-->~~</ref> Iz tog razloga Centar za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti preporučuje da se trudnice cijepe radi sprečavanja virusa gripe. Cjepivo ne trebaju uzimati osobe koje su imale ozbiljnu alergijsku reakciju na [[Cjepivo protiv gripe\|cjepivo protiv gripe]]. Uz to, oni koji su umjereno do teško bolesni, sa ili bez vrućice trebaju pričekati dok se ne oporave prije [[Cjepivo\|cijepljenja]].		[[Trudnoća\|Trudnice]] koje su zaražene H1N1 izložene su većem riziku od razvoja komplikacija zbog hormonskih promjena, fizičkih promjena i promjena [[Imunološki sustav\|imunološkog sustava]] kako bi se prilagodio rastućem fetusu.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Boon\|first=Lim\|title=Influenza A H1N1 2009 (Swine Flu) and Pregnancy\|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology\|date=23 September 2011\|volume=61\|issue=4\|pages=386–393\|doi=10.1007/s13224-011-0055-2\|pmid=22851818\|pmc=3295877}}</ref> Iz tog razloga Centar za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti preporučuje da se trudnice cijepe radi sprečavanja virusa gripe. Cjepivo ne trebaju uzimati osobe koje su imale ozbiljnu alergijsku reakciju na [[Cjepivo protiv gripe\|cjepivo protiv gripe]]. Uz to, oni koji su umjereno do teško bolesni, sa ili bez vrućice trebaju pričekati dok se ne oporave prije [[Cjepivo\|cijepljenja]].

	== Cjepivo ==		== Cjepivo ==
	{{glavni\|Cjepivo protiv gripe\|Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.\|Španjolska gripa}}		{{glavni\|Cjepivo protiv gripe\|Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.\|Španjolska gripa}}

	U istraživanjima se cjepivo činilo i učinkovitim i sigurnim, pružajući snažan zaštitni imuni odgovor i imajući sličan sigurnosni profil kao i uobičajeni sezonski cjepivo protiv gripe.<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Wu \| first1 = J. \| last2 = Xu \| first2 = F. \| last3 = Lu \| first3 = L. \| last4 = Lu \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Miao \| first5 = L. \| last6 = Gao \| first6 = T. \| last7 = Ji \| first7 = W. \| last8 = Suo \| first8 = L. \| last9 = Liu \| first9 = D. \| last10 = Ma \| first10 = R. \| last11 = Yu \| first11 = R. \| last12 = Zhangzhu \| first12 = J. \| last13 = Liu \| first13 = W. \| last14 = Zeng \| first14 = Y. \| last15 = Li \| first15 = X. \| last16 = Zhang \| first16 = X. \| last17 = Pang \| first17 = X. \| last18 = Deng \| first18 = Y. \| title = Safety and Effectiveness of a 2009 H1N1 Vaccine in Beijing \| journal = New England Journal of Medicine \| volume = 363 \| issue = 25 \| pages = 2416–2423 \| year = 2010 \| pmid = 21158658 \| doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1006736\| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/763b194858d53a446f237ca098b33b35dc168805 }}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| author1 = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) \| title = Safety of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines - United States, October 1-November 24, 2009 \| journal = [[MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.]]\| volume = 58 \| issue = 48 \| pages = 1351–1356 \| date=December 2009 \| pmid = 20010511\| url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5848.pdf\| issn = 0149-2195}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Van Der Vliet \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Pepin \| first2 = S. \| last3 = Lambert \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Fauchoux \| first4 = N. \| last5 = Donazzolo \| first5 = Y. \| last6 = Dupuy \| first6 = M. \| last7 = Dakowski \| first7 = C. \| last8 = Denis \| first8 = M. \| title = Similar immunogenicity and safety of the A/H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza strain when used as a monovalent or a trivalent vaccine \| journal = Human Vaccines \| volume = 6 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 823–828 \| year = 2010 \| pmid = 20935517 \| doi=10.4161/hv.6.10.13600}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Simpson \| first1 = C. R. \| last2 = Ritchie \| first2 = L. D. \| last3 = Robertson \| first3 = C. \| last4 = Sheikh \| first4 = A. \| last5 = McMenamin \| first5 = J. \| title = Effectiveness of H1N1 vaccine for the prevention of pandemic influenza in Scotland, UK: A retrospective observational cohort study \| doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70133-0 \| journal = The Lancet Infectious Diseases \| year = 2012 \| pmid = 22738894 \| volume=12 \| issue=9 \| pages=696–702}}</ref><ref name="I-MOVE">{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Simonsen \| first1 = L. \| last2 = Kissling \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Cohen \| first3 = E. \| last4 = Oroszi \| first4 = J. M. \| last5 = Barret \| first5 = B. \| last6 = Rizzo \| first6 = A. S. \| last7 = Nunes \| first7 = C. \| last8 = Pitigoi \| first8 = B. \| last9 = Larrauri Cámara \| first9 = D. \| last10 = Mosnier \| first10 = A. \| last11 = Horvath \| first11 = J. K. \| last12 = O'Donnell \| first12 = J. \| last13 = Bella \| first13 = A. \| last14 = Guiomar \| first14 = R. \| last15 = Lupulescu \| first15 = E. \| last16 = Savulescu \| first16 = C. \| last17 = Ciancio \| first17 = B. C. \| last18 = Kramarz \| first18 = P. \| last19 = Moren \| first19 = A. \| editor1-last = Simonsen \| editor1-first = Lone \| title = Estimates of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe, 2009–2010: Results of Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe (I-MOVE) Multicentre Case-Control Study \| doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000388 \| journal = PLOS Medicine \| volume = 8 \| issue = 1 \| pages = e1000388 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21379316\| pmc = 3019108}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release\|url=http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2010/niaid-13.htm \|title=2009 H1N1 vaccine safe and induces robust immune response in people with asthma \|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) \|date=13 December 2010 \|accessdate=29 January 2011 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104050001/http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2010/niaid-13.htm \|archivedate=4 January 2011 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Busse \| first1 = W. W. \| last2 = Peters \| first2 = S. P. \| last3 = Fenton \| first3 = M. J. \| last4 = Mitchell \| first4 = H. \| last5 = Bleecker \| first5 = E. R. \| last6 = Castro \| first6 = M. \| last7 = Wenzel \| first7 = S. \| last8 = Erzurum \| first8 = S. C. \| last9 = Fitzpatrick \| first9 = A. M. \| last10 = Teague \| doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.014 \| first10 = W. G. \| last11 = Jarjour \| first11 = N. \| last12 = Moore \| first12 = W. C. \| last13 = Sumino \| first13 = K. \| last14 = Simeone \| first14 = S. \| last15 = Ratanamaneechat \| first15 = S. \| last16 = Penugonda \| first16 = M. \| last17 = Gaston \| first17 = B. \| last18 = Ross \| first18 = T. M. \| last19 = Sigelman \| first19 = S. \| last20 = Schiepan \| first20 = J. R. \| last21 = Zaccaro \| first21 = D. J. \| last22 = Crevar \| first22 = C. J. \| last23 = Carter \| first23 = D. M. \| last24 = Togias \| first24 = A. \| title = Vaccination of patients with mild and severe asthma with a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus vaccine \| journal = Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology \| volume = 127 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 130–137, 137.137–3 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21145578\| pmc =3017653 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21288090">{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Liang \| first1 = X. F. \| last2 = Li \| first2 = L. \| last3 = Liu \| first3 = D. W. \| last4 = Li \| first4 = K. L. \| last5 = Wu \| first5 = W. D. \| last6 = Zhu \| first6 = B. P. \| last7 = Wang \| first7 = H. Q. \| last8 = Luo \| first8 = H. M. \| last9 = Cao \| first9 = L. S. \| last10 = Zheng \| first10 = J. S. \| last11 = Yin \| first11 = D. P. \| last12 = Cao \| first12 = L. \| last13 = Wu \| first13 = B. B. \| last14 = Bao \| first14 = H. H. \| last15 = Xu \| first15 = D. S. \| last16 = Yang \| first16 = W. Z. \| last17 = Wang \| first17 = Y. \| title = Safety of Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine in Postmarketing Surveillance in China \| doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1008553 \| journal = New England Journal of Medicine \| volume = 364 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 638–647 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21288090\| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7bb6abf56f4045cecf9c3df21a83eb3f9454d19f }}</ref> providing a strong protective immune response and having similar safety profile to the usual seasonal influenza vaccine.<ref name=NYT_GRADY>{{cite news \| title = Review Shows Safety of H1N1 Vaccine, Officials Say \| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/05/health/05flu.html \| author = Denise Grady \| newspaper = [[The New York Times]] \| date = 5 December 2009 \| quote = No substantial differences between H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccines were noted in the proportion or types of serious adverse events reported.\| accessdate=23 December 2010 ~~<!--DASHBot-->~~}}</ref> Međutim, oko 30% ljudi već je imalo neki imunitet na virus, pri čemu cjepivo najviše koristi mladima, jer su mnogi stariji ljudi već imuni na izloženost sličnim virusima u prošlosti. Cjepivo je također osiguralo i neku unakrsnu zaštitu protiv pandemijskog soja gripe 1918. godine.		U istraživanjima se cjepivo činilo i učinkovitim i sigurnim, pružajući snažan zaštitni imuni odgovor i imajući sličan sigurnosni profil kao i uobičajeni sezonski cjepivo protiv gripe.<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Wu \| first1 = J. \| last2 = Xu \| first2 = F. \| last3 = Lu \| first3 = L. \| last4 = Lu \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Miao \| first5 = L. \| last6 = Gao \| first6 = T. \| last7 = Ji \| first7 = W. \| last8 = Suo \| first8 = L. \| last9 = Liu \| first9 = D. \| last10 = Ma \| first10 = R. \| last11 = Yu \| first11 = R. \| last12 = Zhangzhu \| first12 = J. \| last13 = Liu \| first13 = W. \| last14 = Zeng \| first14 = Y. \| last15 = Li \| first15 = X. \| last16 = Zhang \| first16 = X. \| last17 = Pang \| first17 = X. \| last18 = Deng \| first18 = Y. \| title = Safety and Effectiveness of a 2009 H1N1 Vaccine in Beijing \| journal = New England Journal of Medicine \| volume = 363 \| issue = 25 \| pages = 2416–2423 \| year = 2010 \| pmid = 21158658 \| doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1006736\| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/763b194858d53a446f237ca098b33b35dc168805 }}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| author1 = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) \| title = Safety of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines - United States, October 1-November 24, 2009 \| journal = [[MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.]]\| volume = 58 \| issue = 48 \| pages = 1351–1356 \| date=December 2009 \| pmid = 20010511\| url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5848.pdf\| issn = 0149-2195}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Van Der Vliet \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Pepin \| first2 = S. \| last3 = Lambert \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Fauchoux \| first4 = N. \| last5 = Donazzolo \| first5 = Y. \| last6 = Dupuy \| first6 = M. \| last7 = Dakowski \| first7 = C. \| last8 = Denis \| first8 = M. \| title = Similar immunogenicity and safety of the A/H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza strain when used as a monovalent or a trivalent vaccine \| journal = Human Vaccines \| volume = 6 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 823–828 \| year = 2010 \| pmid = 20935517 \| doi=10.4161/hv.6.10.13600}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Simpson \| first1 = C. R. \| last2 = Ritchie \| first2 = L. D. \| last3 = Robertson \| first3 = C. \| last4 = Sheikh \| first4 = A. \| last5 = McMenamin \| first5 = J. \| title = Effectiveness of H1N1 vaccine for the prevention of pandemic influenza in Scotland, UK: A retrospective observational cohort study \| doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70133-0 \| journal = The Lancet Infectious Diseases \| year = 2012 \| pmid = 22738894 \| volume=12 \| issue=9 \| pages=696–702}}</ref><ref name="I-MOVE">{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Simonsen \| first1 = L. \| last2 = Kissling \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Cohen \| first3 = E. \| last4 = Oroszi \| first4 = J. M. \| last5 = Barret \| first5 = B. \| last6 = Rizzo \| first6 = A. S. \| last7 = Nunes \| first7 = C. \| last8 = Pitigoi \| first8 = B. \| last9 = Larrauri Cámara \| first9 = D. \| last10 = Mosnier \| first10 = A. \| last11 = Horvath \| first11 = J. K. \| last12 = O'Donnell \| first12 = J. \| last13 = Bella \| first13 = A. \| last14 = Guiomar \| first14 = R. \| last15 = Lupulescu \| first15 = E. \| last16 = Savulescu \| first16 = C. \| last17 = Ciancio \| first17 = B. C. \| last18 = Kramarz \| first18 = P. \| last19 = Moren \| first19 = A. \| editor1-last = Simonsen \| editor1-first = Lone \| title = Estimates of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe, 2009–2010: Results of Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe (I-MOVE) Multicentre Case-Control Study \| doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000388 \| journal = PLOS Medicine \| volume = 8 \| issue = 1 \| pages = e1000388 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21379316\| pmc = 3019108}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release\|url=http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2010/niaid-13.htm \|title=2009 H1N1 vaccine safe and induces robust immune response in people with asthma \|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) \|date=13 December 2010 \|accessdate=29 January 2011 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104050001/http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2010/niaid-13.htm \|archivedate=4 January 2011 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Busse \| first1 = W. W. \| last2 = Peters \| first2 = S. P. \| last3 = Fenton \| first3 = M. J. \| last4 = Mitchell \| first4 = H. \| last5 = Bleecker \| first5 = E. R. \| last6 = Castro \| first6 = M. \| last7 = Wenzel \| first7 = S. \| last8 = Erzurum \| first8 = S. C. \| last9 = Fitzpatrick \| first9 = A. M. \| last10 = Teague \| doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.014 \| first10 = W. G. \| last11 = Jarjour \| first11 = N. \| last12 = Moore \| first12 = W. C. \| last13 = Sumino \| first13 = K. \| last14 = Simeone \| first14 = S. \| last15 = Ratanamaneechat \| first15 = S. \| last16 = Penugonda \| first16 = M. \| last17 = Gaston \| first17 = B. \| last18 = Ross \| first18 = T. M. \| last19 = Sigelman \| first19 = S. \| last20 = Schiepan \| first20 = J. R. \| last21 = Zaccaro \| first21 = D. J. \| last22 = Crevar \| first22 = C. J. \| last23 = Carter \| first23 = D. M. \| last24 = Togias \| first24 = A. \| title = Vaccination of patients with mild and severe asthma with a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus vaccine \| journal = Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology \| volume = 127 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 130–137, 137.137–3 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21145578\| pmc =3017653 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21288090">{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Liang \| first1 = X. F. \| last2 = Li \| first2 = L. \| last3 = Liu \| first3 = D. W. \| last4 = Li \| first4 = K. L. \| last5 = Wu \| first5 = W. D. \| last6 = Zhu \| first6 = B. P. \| last7 = Wang \| first7 = H. Q. \| last8 = Luo \| first8 = H. M. \| last9 = Cao \| first9 = L. S. \| last10 = Zheng \| first10 = J. S. \| last11 = Yin \| first11 = D. P. \| last12 = Cao \| first12 = L. \| last13 = Wu \| first13 = B. B. \| last14 = Bao \| first14 = H. H. \| last15 = Xu \| first15 = D. S. \| last16 = Yang \| first16 = W. Z. \| last17 = Wang \| first17 = Y. \| title = Safety of Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine in Postmarketing Surveillance in China \| doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1008553 \| journal = New England Journal of Medicine \| volume = 364 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 638–647 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21288090\| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7bb6abf56f4045cecf9c3df21a83eb3f9454d19f }}</ref> providing a strong protective immune response and having similar safety profile to the usual seasonal influenza vaccine.<ref name=NYT_GRADY>{{cite news \| title = Review Shows Safety of H1N1 Vaccine, Officials Say \| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/05/health/05flu.html \| author = Denise Grady \| newspaper = [[The New York Times]] \| date = 5 December 2009 \| quote = No substantial differences between H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccines were noted in the proportion or types of serious adverse events reported.\| accessdate=23 December 2010 }}</ref> Međutim, oko 30% ljudi već je imalo neki imunitet na virus, pri čemu cjepivo najviše koristi mladima, jer su mnogi stariji ljudi već imuni na izloženost sličnim virusima u prošlosti. Cjepivo je također osiguralo i neku unakrsnu zaštitu protiv pandemijskog soja gripe 1918. godine.

	== Galerija ==		== Galerija ==

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

2022-01-02T10:51:34Z

Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 2. siječanj 2022. u 10:51
Redak 20:		Redak 20:
	[[Gripa]] iz 1918. godine prouzročila je neobičan broj smrtnih slučajeva, vjerojatno zbog toga što je uzrokovala oluju citokina u tijelu.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K, etal \|title=Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus \|journal=Nature \|volume=445 \|issue=7125 \|pages=319–23 \|date=January 2007 \|pmid=17230189 \|doi=10.1038/nature05495 \|last12=Alimonti \|first12=JB \|last13=Fernando \|first13=L \|last14=Li \|first14=Y \|last15=Katze \|first15=MG \|last16=Feldmann \|first16=H \|last17=Kawaoka \|first17=Y\|bibcode=2007Natur.445..319K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC, etal \|title=Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus \|journal=Nature \|volume=443 \|issue=7111 \|pages=578–81 \|date=October 2006 \|pmid=17006449 \|pmc=2615558 \|doi=10.1038/nature05181 \|last12=Katze \|first12=MG\|bibcode=2006Natur.443..578K }}</ref> (Sličan učinak ima i trenutna ptičja gripa H5N1, koja također ima virus gripe A.)<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS, etal \|title=Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? \|journal=Lancet \|volume=360 \|issue=9348 \|pages=1831–37 \|date=December 2002 \|pmid=12480361 \|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7}}</ref> plućne stanice zaražene virusom gripe dovode do prekomjerne stimulacije imunološkog sustava otpuštanjem citokina u [[Plućno tkivo\|plućno tkivo]]. To dovodi do opsežne migracije leukocita prema plućima, uzrokujući uništavanje plućnog tkiva i izlučivanje tekućine u organ. To pacijentu [[Pneumonija\|otežava disanje]].		[[Gripa]] iz 1918. godine prouzročila je neobičan broj smrtnih slučajeva, vjerojatno zbog toga što je uzrokovala oluju citokina u tijelu.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K, etal \|title=Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus \|journal=Nature \|volume=445 \|issue=7125 \|pages=319–23 \|date=January 2007 \|pmid=17230189 \|doi=10.1038/nature05495 \|last12=Alimonti \|first12=JB \|last13=Fernando \|first13=L \|last14=Li \|first14=Y \|last15=Katze \|first15=MG \|last16=Feldmann \|first16=H \|last17=Kawaoka \|first17=Y\|bibcode=2007Natur.445..319K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC, etal \|title=Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus \|journal=Nature \|volume=443 \|issue=7111 \|pages=578–81 \|date=October 2006 \|pmid=17006449 \|pmc=2615558 \|doi=10.1038/nature05181 \|last12=Katze \|first12=MG\|bibcode=2006Natur.443..578K }}</ref> (Sličan učinak ima i trenutna ptičja gripa H5N1, koja također ima virus gripe A.)<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS, etal \|title=Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? \|journal=Lancet \|volume=360 \|issue=9348 \|pages=1831–37 \|date=December 2002 \|pmid=12480361 \|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7}}</ref> plućne stanice zaražene virusom gripe dovode do prekomjerne stimulacije imunološkog sustava otpuštanjem citokina u [[Plućno tkivo\|plućno tkivo]]. To dovodi do opsežne migracije leukocita prema plućima, uzrokujući uništavanje plućnog tkiva i izlučivanje tekućine u organ. To pacijentu [[Pneumonija\|otežava disanje]].

	Izraz "španjolska" gripa skovan je zato što je [[Španjolska]] u to vrijeme bila jedina europska zemlja u kojoj su tisak izvještavali o izbijanju napada, a ubili su tisuće u vojskama koje su se borile u [[Prvi svjetski rat\|Prvom svjetskom ratu (1914-1918)]]. Druge su zemlje potisnule vijest da bi zaštitile moral.<ref name="Barry">{{~~cite book~~\|last=Barry\|first=John M.\|authorlink=John M. Barry \|title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYsW6qTP0pMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=The%20Great%20Influenza \|publisher=Viking Penguin \|year=2004 \|isbn=978-0-670-89473-4 }}</ref>		Izraz "španjolska" gripa skovan je zato što je [[Španjolska]] u to vrijeme bila jedina europska zemlja u kojoj su tisak izvještavali o izbijanju napada, a ubili su tisuće u vojskama koje su se borile u [[Prvi svjetski rat\|Prvom svjetskom ratu (1914-1918)]]. Druge su zemlje potisnule vijest da bi zaštitile moral.<ref name="Barry">{{Citiranje knjige\|last=Barry\|first=John M.\|authorlink=John M. Barry \|title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYsW6qTP0pMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=The%20Great%20Influenza \|publisher=Viking Penguin \|year=2004 \|isbn=978-0-670-89473-4 }}</ref>

	== U trudnoći ==		== U trudnoći ==

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{Cite web +{{Citiranje weba)

2022-01-02T05:10:06Z

Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{Cite web +{{Citiranje weba)

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 2. siječanj 2022. u 05:10
Redak 9:		Redak 9:
	{{glavni\|Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.}}		{{glavni\|Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.}}

	Zaraze su počele početkom [[2009.]] godine do [[Lipanj\|lipnja]] 2009. godine. [[11. lipnja]] 2009. [[SZO\|Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO)]] proglasila je novi soj svinjskog porijekla H1N1 kao pandemiju. Ovaj se [[Novel virus\|novi virus]] proširio po cijelom svijetu i uzrokovao 18.500 laboratorijski potvrđenih smrti, a procijenjeno je ukupno 151.700 do 575.400 smrtnih slučajeva u oko 20 mjeseci.<ref>{{~~Cite web~~ \| url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html \| title=2009 H1N1 Pandemic\| date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70121-4/fulltext \|pmid = 22738893\|year = 2012\|last1 = Dawood\|first1 = F. S.\|last2 = Iuliano\|first2 = A. D.\|last3 = Reed\|first3 = C.\|last4 = Meltzer\|first4 = M. I.\|last5 = Shay\|first5 = D. K.\|last6 = Cheng\|first6 = P. Y.\|last7 = Bandaranayake\|first7 = D.\|last8 = Breiman\|first8 = R. F.\|last9 = Brooks\|first9 = W. A.\|last10 = Buchy\|first10 = P.\|last11 = Feikin\|first11 = D. R.\|last12 = Fowler\|first12 = K. B.\|last13 = Gordon\|first13 = A.\|last14 = Hien\|first14 = N. T.\|last15 = Horby\|first15 = P.\|last16 = Huang\|first16 = Q. S.\|last17 = Katz\|first17 = M. A.\|last18 = Krishnan\|first18 = A.\|last19 = Lal\|first19 = R.\|last20 = Montgomery\|first20 = J. M.\|last21 = Mølbak\|first21 = K.\|last22 = Pebody\|first22 = R.\|last23 = Presanis\|first23 = A. M.\|last24 = Razuri\|first24 = H.\|last25 = Steens\|first25 = A.\|last26 = Tinoco\|first26 = Y. O.\|last27 = Wallinga\|first27 = J.\|last28 = Yu\|first28 = H.\|last29 = Vong\|first29 = S.\|last30 = Bresee\|first30 = J.\|title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza a H1N1 virus circulation: A modelling study\|journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases\|volume = 12\|issue = 9\|pages = 687–95\|displayauthors = 29\|doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4}}</ref>		Zaraze su počele početkom [[2009.]] godine do [[Lipanj\|lipnja]] 2009. godine. [[11. lipnja]] 2009. [[SZO\|Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO)]] proglasila je novi soj svinjskog porijekla H1N1 kao pandemiju. Ovaj se [[Novel virus\|novi virus]] proširio po cijelom svijetu i uzrokovao 18.500 laboratorijski potvrđenih smrti, a procijenjeno je ukupno 151.700 do 575.400 smrtnih slučajeva u oko 20 mjeseci.<ref>{{Citiranje weba \| url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html \| title=2009 H1N1 Pandemic\| date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70121-4/fulltext \|pmid = 22738893\|year = 2012\|last1 = Dawood\|first1 = F. S.\|last2 = Iuliano\|first2 = A. D.\|last3 = Reed\|first3 = C.\|last4 = Meltzer\|first4 = M. I.\|last5 = Shay\|first5 = D. K.\|last6 = Cheng\|first6 = P. Y.\|last7 = Bandaranayake\|first7 = D.\|last8 = Breiman\|first8 = R. F.\|last9 = Brooks\|first9 = W. A.\|last10 = Buchy\|first10 = P.\|last11 = Feikin\|first11 = D. R.\|last12 = Fowler\|first12 = K. B.\|last13 = Gordon\|first13 = A.\|last14 = Hien\|first14 = N. T.\|last15 = Horby\|first15 = P.\|last16 = Huang\|first16 = Q. S.\|last17 = Katz\|first17 = M. A.\|last18 = Krishnan\|first18 = A.\|last19 = Lal\|first19 = R.\|last20 = Montgomery\|first20 = J. M.\|last21 = Mølbak\|first21 = K.\|last22 = Pebody\|first22 = R.\|last23 = Presanis\|first23 = A. M.\|last24 = Razuri\|first24 = H.\|last25 = Steens\|first25 = A.\|last26 = Tinoco\|first26 = Y. O.\|last27 = Wallinga\|first27 = J.\|last28 = Yu\|first28 = H.\|last29 = Vong\|first29 = S.\|last30 = Bresee\|first30 = J.\|title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza a H1N1 virus circulation: A modelling study\|journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases\|volume = 12\|issue = 9\|pages = 687–95\|displayauthors = 29\|doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4}}</ref>

	[[10. kolovoza]] [[2010.]] Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija proglasila je kraj pandemije gripe H1N1, rekavši da se svjetska aktivnost gripe vratila uobičajenim sezonskim obrascima.<ref>{{Citiranje weba \|author=Roos R \|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/swineflu/news/aug1010who.html \|title=WHO says H1N1 pandemic is over \|date=10 August 2010 \|work=CIDRAP \|publisher=[[Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy]], University of Minnesota}}</ref>		[[10. kolovoza]] [[2010.]] Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija proglasila je kraj pandemije gripe H1N1, rekavši da se svjetska aktivnost gripe vratila uobičajenim sezonskim obrascima.<ref>{{Citiranje weba \|author=Roos R \|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/swineflu/news/aug1010who.html \|title=WHO says H1N1 pandemic is over \|date=10 August 2010 \|work=CIDRAP \|publisher=[[Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy]], University of Minnesota}}</ref>

WikiSysop: \

2021-12-17T18:43:18Z

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 17. prosinac 2021. u 18:43
Redak 9:		Redak 9:
	{{glavni\|Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.}}		{{glavni\|Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.}}

	Zaraze su počele početkom [[2009.]] godine do [[Lipanj\|lipnja]] 2009. godine. [[11. lipnja]] 2009. [[SZO\|Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO)]] proglasila je novi soj svinjskog porijekla H1N1 kao pandemiju. Ovaj se [[Novel virus\|novi virus]] proširio po cijelom svijetu i uzrokovao 18.500 laboratorijski potvrđenih smrti, a procijenjeno je ukupno 151.700 do 575.400 smrtnih slučajeva u oko 20 mjeseci.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html \| title=2009 H1N1 Pandemic\| date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{~~Cite journal~~ \| url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70121-4/fulltext \|pmid = 22738893\|year = 2012\|last1 = Dawood\|first1 = F. S.\|last2 = Iuliano\|first2 = A. D.\|last3 = Reed\|first3 = C.\|last4 = Meltzer\|first4 = M. I.\|last5 = Shay\|first5 = D. K.\|last6 = Cheng\|first6 = P. Y.\|last7 = Bandaranayake\|first7 = D.\|last8 = Breiman\|first8 = R. F.\|last9 = Brooks\|first9 = W. A.\|last10 = Buchy\|first10 = P.\|last11 = Feikin\|first11 = D. R.\|last12 = Fowler\|first12 = K. B.\|last13 = Gordon\|first13 = A.\|last14 = Hien\|first14 = N. T.\|last15 = Horby\|first15 = P.\|last16 = Huang\|first16 = Q. S.\|last17 = Katz\|first17 = M. A.\|last18 = Krishnan\|first18 = A.\|last19 = Lal\|first19 = R.\|last20 = Montgomery\|first20 = J. M.\|last21 = Mølbak\|first21 = K.\|last22 = Pebody\|first22 = R.\|last23 = Presanis\|first23 = A. M.\|last24 = Razuri\|first24 = H.\|last25 = Steens\|first25 = A.\|last26 = Tinoco\|first26 = Y. O.\|last27 = Wallinga\|first27 = J.\|last28 = Yu\|first28 = H.\|last29 = Vong\|first29 = S.\|last30 = Bresee\|first30 = J.\|title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza a H1N1 virus circulation: A modelling study\|journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases\|volume = 12\|issue = 9\|pages = 687–95\|displayauthors = 29\|doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4}}</ref>		Zaraze su počele početkom [[2009.]] godine do [[Lipanj\|lipnja]] 2009. godine. [[11. lipnja]] 2009. [[SZO\|Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO)]] proglasila je novi soj svinjskog porijekla H1N1 kao pandemiju. Ovaj se [[Novel virus\|novi virus]] proširio po cijelom svijetu i uzrokovao 18.500 laboratorijski potvrđenih smrti, a procijenjeno je ukupno 151.700 do 575.400 smrtnih slučajeva u oko 20 mjeseci.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html \| title=2009 H1N1 Pandemic\| date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70121-4/fulltext \|pmid = 22738893\|year = 2012\|last1 = Dawood\|first1 = F. S.\|last2 = Iuliano\|first2 = A. D.\|last3 = Reed\|first3 = C.\|last4 = Meltzer\|first4 = M. I.\|last5 = Shay\|first5 = D. K.\|last6 = Cheng\|first6 = P. Y.\|last7 = Bandaranayake\|first7 = D.\|last8 = Breiman\|first8 = R. F.\|last9 = Brooks\|first9 = W. A.\|last10 = Buchy\|first10 = P.\|last11 = Feikin\|first11 = D. R.\|last12 = Fowler\|first12 = K. B.\|last13 = Gordon\|first13 = A.\|last14 = Hien\|first14 = N. T.\|last15 = Horby\|first15 = P.\|last16 = Huang\|first16 = Q. S.\|last17 = Katz\|first17 = M. A.\|last18 = Krishnan\|first18 = A.\|last19 = Lal\|first19 = R.\|last20 = Montgomery\|first20 = J. M.\|last21 = Mølbak\|first21 = K.\|last22 = Pebody\|first22 = R.\|last23 = Presanis\|first23 = A. M.\|last24 = Razuri\|first24 = H.\|last25 = Steens\|first25 = A.\|last26 = Tinoco\|first26 = Y. O.\|last27 = Wallinga\|first27 = J.\|last28 = Yu\|first28 = H.\|last29 = Vong\|first29 = S.\|last30 = Bresee\|first30 = J.\|title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza a H1N1 virus circulation: A modelling study\|journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases\|volume = 12\|issue = 9\|pages = 687–95\|displayauthors = 29\|doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4}}</ref>

	[[10. kolovoza]] [[2010.]] Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija proglasila je kraj pandemije gripe H1N1, rekavši da se svjetska aktivnost gripe vratila uobičajenim sezonskim obrascima.<ref>{{Citiranje weba \|author=Roos R \|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/swineflu/news/aug1010who.html \|title=WHO says H1N1 pandemic is over \|date=10 August 2010 \|work=CIDRAP \|publisher=[[Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy]], University of Minnesota}}</ref>		[[10. kolovoza]] [[2010.]] Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija proglasila je kraj pandemije gripe H1N1, rekavši da se svjetska aktivnost gripe vratila uobičajenim sezonskim obrascima.<ref>{{Citiranje weba \|author=Roos R \|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/swineflu/news/aug1010who.html \|title=WHO says H1N1 pandemic is over \|date=10 August 2010 \|work=CIDRAP \|publisher=[[Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy]], University of Minnesota}}</ref>
Redak 28:		Redak 28:
	{{glavni\|Cjepivo protiv gripe\|Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.\|Španjolska gripa}}		{{glavni\|Cjepivo protiv gripe\|Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.\|Španjolska gripa}}

	U istraživanjima se cjepivo činilo i učinkovitim i sigurnim, pružajući snažan zaštitni imuni odgovor i imajući sličan sigurnosni profil kao i uobičajeni sezonski cjepivo protiv gripe.<ref>{{~~Cite journal~~ \| last1 = Wu \| first1 = J. \| last2 = Xu \| first2 = F. \| last3 = Lu \| first3 = L. \| last4 = Lu \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Miao \| first5 = L. \| last6 = Gao \| first6 = T. \| last7 = Ji \| first7 = W. \| last8 = Suo \| first8 = L. \| last9 = Liu \| first9 = D. \| last10 = Ma \| first10 = R. \| last11 = Yu \| first11 = R. \| last12 = Zhangzhu \| first12 = J. \| last13 = Liu \| first13 = W. \| last14 = Zeng \| first14 = Y. \| last15 = Li \| first15 = X. \| last16 = Zhang \| first16 = X. \| last17 = Pang \| first17 = X. \| last18 = Deng \| first18 = Y. \| title = Safety and Effectiveness of a 2009 H1N1 Vaccine in Beijing \| journal = New England Journal of Medicine \| volume = 363 \| issue = 25 \| pages = 2416–2423 \| year = 2010 \| pmid = 21158658 \| doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1006736\| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/763b194858d53a446f237ca098b33b35dc168805 }}</ref><ref>{{~~Cite journal~~ \| author1 = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) \| title = Safety of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines - United States, October 1-November 24, 2009 \| journal = [[MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.]]\| volume = 58 \| issue = 48 \| pages = 1351–1356 \| date=December 2009 \| pmid = 20010511\| url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5848.pdf\| issn = 0149-2195}}</ref><ref>{{~~Cite journal~~ \| last1 = Van Der Vliet \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Pepin \| first2 = S. \| last3 = Lambert \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Fauchoux \| first4 = N. \| last5 = Donazzolo \| first5 = Y. \| last6 = Dupuy \| first6 = M. \| last7 = Dakowski \| first7 = C. \| last8 = Denis \| first8 = M. \| title = Similar immunogenicity and safety of the A/H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza strain when used as a monovalent or a trivalent vaccine \| journal = Human Vaccines \| volume = 6 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 823–828 \| year = 2010 \| pmid = 20935517 \| doi=10.4161/hv.6.10.13600}}</ref><ref>{{~~Cite journal~~ \| last1 = Simpson \| first1 = C. R. \| last2 = Ritchie \| first2 = L. D. \| last3 = Robertson \| first3 = C. \| last4 = Sheikh \| first4 = A. \| last5 = McMenamin \| first5 = J. \| title = Effectiveness of H1N1 vaccine for the prevention of pandemic influenza in Scotland, UK: A retrospective observational cohort study \| doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70133-0 \| journal = The Lancet Infectious Diseases \| year = 2012 \| pmid = 22738894 \| volume=12 \| issue=9 \| pages=696–702}}</ref><ref name="I-MOVE">{{~~Cite journal~~ \| last1 = Simonsen \| first1 = L. \| last2 = Kissling \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Cohen \| first3 = E. \| last4 = Oroszi \| first4 = J. M. \| last5 = Barret \| first5 = B. \| last6 = Rizzo \| first6 = A. S. \| last7 = Nunes \| first7 = C. \| last8 = Pitigoi \| first8 = B. \| last9 = Larrauri Cámara \| first9 = D. \| last10 = Mosnier \| first10 = A. \| last11 = Horvath \| first11 = J. K. \| last12 = O'Donnell \| first12 = J. \| last13 = Bella \| first13 = A. \| last14 = Guiomar \| first14 = R. \| last15 = Lupulescu \| first15 = E. \| last16 = Savulescu \| first16 = C. \| last17 = Ciancio \| first17 = B. C. \| last18 = Kramarz \| first18 = P. \| last19 = Moren \| first19 = A. \| editor1-last = Simonsen \| editor1-first = Lone \| title = Estimates of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe, 2009–2010: Results of Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe (I-MOVE) Multicentre Case-Control Study \| doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000388 \| journal = PLOS Medicine \| volume = 8 \| issue = 1 \| pages = e1000388 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21379316\| pmc = 3019108}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release\|url=http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2010/niaid-13.htm \|title=2009 H1N1 vaccine safe and induces robust immune response in people with asthma \|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) \|date=13 December 2010 \|accessdate=29 January 2011 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104050001/http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2010/niaid-13.htm \|archivedate=4 January 2011 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{~~Cite journal~~ \| last1 = Busse \| first1 = W. W. \| last2 = Peters \| first2 = S. P. \| last3 = Fenton \| first3 = M. J. \| last4 = Mitchell \| first4 = H. \| last5 = Bleecker \| first5 = E. R. \| last6 = Castro \| first6 = M. \| last7 = Wenzel \| first7 = S. \| last8 = Erzurum \| first8 = S. C. \| last9 = Fitzpatrick \| first9 = A. M. \| last10 = Teague \| doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.014 \| first10 = W. G. \| last11 = Jarjour \| first11 = N. \| last12 = Moore \| first12 = W. C. \| last13 = Sumino \| first13 = K. \| last14 = Simeone \| first14 = S. \| last15 = Ratanamaneechat \| first15 = S. \| last16 = Penugonda \| first16 = M. \| last17 = Gaston \| first17 = B. \| last18 = Ross \| first18 = T. M. \| last19 = Sigelman \| first19 = S. \| last20 = Schiepan \| first20 = J. R. \| last21 = Zaccaro \| first21 = D. J. \| last22 = Crevar \| first22 = C. J. \| last23 = Carter \| first23 = D. M. \| last24 = Togias \| first24 = A. \| title = Vaccination of patients with mild and severe asthma with a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus vaccine \| journal = Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology \| volume = 127 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 130–137, 137.137–3 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21145578\| pmc =3017653 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21288090">{{~~Cite journal~~ \| last1 = Liang \| first1 = X. F. \| last2 = Li \| first2 = L. \| last3 = Liu \| first3 = D. W. \| last4 = Li \| first4 = K. L. \| last5 = Wu \| first5 = W. D. \| last6 = Zhu \| first6 = B. P. \| last7 = Wang \| first7 = H. Q. \| last8 = Luo \| first8 = H. M. \| last9 = Cao \| first9 = L. S. \| last10 = Zheng \| first10 = J. S. \| last11 = Yin \| first11 = D. P. \| last12 = Cao \| first12 = L. \| last13 = Wu \| first13 = B. B. \| last14 = Bao \| first14 = H. H. \| last15 = Xu \| first15 = D. S. \| last16 = Yang \| first16 = W. Z. \| last17 = Wang \| first17 = Y. \| title = Safety of Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine in Postmarketing Surveillance in China \| doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1008553 \| journal = New England Journal of Medicine \| volume = 364 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 638–647 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21288090\| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7bb6abf56f4045cecf9c3df21a83eb3f9454d19f }}</ref> providing a strong protective immune response and having similar safety profile to the usual seasonal influenza vaccine.<ref name=NYT_GRADY>{{cite news \| title = Review Shows Safety of H1N1 Vaccine, Officials Say \| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/05/health/05flu.html \| author = Denise Grady \| newspaper = [[The New York Times]] \| date = 5 December 2009 \| quote = No substantial differences between H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccines were noted in the proportion or types of serious adverse events reported.\| accessdate=23 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Međutim, oko 30% ljudi već je imalo neki imunitet na virus, pri čemu cjepivo najviše koristi mladima, jer su mnogi stariji ljudi već imuni na izloženost sličnim virusima u prošlosti. Cjepivo je također osiguralo i neku unakrsnu zaštitu protiv pandemijskog soja gripe 1918. godine.		U istraživanjima se cjepivo činilo i učinkovitim i sigurnim, pružajući snažan zaštitni imuni odgovor i imajući sličan sigurnosni profil kao i uobičajeni sezonski cjepivo protiv gripe.<ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Wu \| first1 = J. \| last2 = Xu \| first2 = F. \| last3 = Lu \| first3 = L. \| last4 = Lu \| first4 = M. \| last5 = Miao \| first5 = L. \| last6 = Gao \| first6 = T. \| last7 = Ji \| first7 = W. \| last8 = Suo \| first8 = L. \| last9 = Liu \| first9 = D. \| last10 = Ma \| first10 = R. \| last11 = Yu \| first11 = R. \| last12 = Zhangzhu \| first12 = J. \| last13 = Liu \| first13 = W. \| last14 = Zeng \| first14 = Y. \| last15 = Li \| first15 = X. \| last16 = Zhang \| first16 = X. \| last17 = Pang \| first17 = X. \| last18 = Deng \| first18 = Y. \| title = Safety and Effectiveness of a 2009 H1N1 Vaccine in Beijing \| journal = New England Journal of Medicine \| volume = 363 \| issue = 25 \| pages = 2416–2423 \| year = 2010 \| pmid = 21158658 \| doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1006736\| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/763b194858d53a446f237ca098b33b35dc168805 }}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| author1 = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) \| title = Safety of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines - United States, October 1-November 24, 2009 \| journal = [[MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.]]\| volume = 58 \| issue = 48 \| pages = 1351–1356 \| date=December 2009 \| pmid = 20010511\| url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5848.pdf\| issn = 0149-2195}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Van Der Vliet \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Pepin \| first2 = S. \| last3 = Lambert \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Fauchoux \| first4 = N. \| last5 = Donazzolo \| first5 = Y. \| last6 = Dupuy \| first6 = M. \| last7 = Dakowski \| first7 = C. \| last8 = Denis \| first8 = M. \| title = Similar immunogenicity and safety of the A/H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza strain when used as a monovalent or a trivalent vaccine \| journal = Human Vaccines \| volume = 6 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 823–828 \| year = 2010 \| pmid = 20935517 \| doi=10.4161/hv.6.10.13600}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Simpson \| first1 = C. R. \| last2 = Ritchie \| first2 = L. D. \| last3 = Robertson \| first3 = C. \| last4 = Sheikh \| first4 = A. \| last5 = McMenamin \| first5 = J. \| title = Effectiveness of H1N1 vaccine for the prevention of pandemic influenza in Scotland, UK: A retrospective observational cohort study \| doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70133-0 \| journal = The Lancet Infectious Diseases \| year = 2012 \| pmid = 22738894 \| volume=12 \| issue=9 \| pages=696–702}}</ref><ref name="I-MOVE">{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Simonsen \| first1 = L. \| last2 = Kissling \| first2 = M. \| last3 = Cohen \| first3 = E. \| last4 = Oroszi \| first4 = J. M. \| last5 = Barret \| first5 = B. \| last6 = Rizzo \| first6 = A. S. \| last7 = Nunes \| first7 = C. \| last8 = Pitigoi \| first8 = B. \| last9 = Larrauri Cámara \| first9 = D. \| last10 = Mosnier \| first10 = A. \| last11 = Horvath \| first11 = J. K. \| last12 = O'Donnell \| first12 = J. \| last13 = Bella \| first13 = A. \| last14 = Guiomar \| first14 = R. \| last15 = Lupulescu \| first15 = E. \| last16 = Savulescu \| first16 = C. \| last17 = Ciancio \| first17 = B. C. \| last18 = Kramarz \| first18 = P. \| last19 = Moren \| first19 = A. \| editor1-last = Simonsen \| editor1-first = Lone \| title = Estimates of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe, 2009–2010: Results of Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe (I-MOVE) Multicentre Case-Control Study \| doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000388 \| journal = PLOS Medicine \| volume = 8 \| issue = 1 \| pages = e1000388 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21379316\| pmc = 3019108}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release\|url=http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2010/niaid-13.htm \|title=2009 H1N1 vaccine safe and induces robust immune response in people with asthma \|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) \|date=13 December 2010 \|accessdate=29 January 2011 \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104050001/http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2010/niaid-13.htm \|archivedate=4 January 2011 \|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Busse \| first1 = W. W. \| last2 = Peters \| first2 = S. P. \| last3 = Fenton \| first3 = M. J. \| last4 = Mitchell \| first4 = H. \| last5 = Bleecker \| first5 = E. R. \| last6 = Castro \| first6 = M. \| last7 = Wenzel \| first7 = S. \| last8 = Erzurum \| first8 = S. C. \| last9 = Fitzpatrick \| first9 = A. M. \| last10 = Teague \| doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.014 \| first10 = W. G. \| last11 = Jarjour \| first11 = N. \| last12 = Moore \| first12 = W. C. \| last13 = Sumino \| first13 = K. \| last14 = Simeone \| first14 = S. \| last15 = Ratanamaneechat \| first15 = S. \| last16 = Penugonda \| first16 = M. \| last17 = Gaston \| first17 = B. \| last18 = Ross \| first18 = T. M. \| last19 = Sigelman \| first19 = S. \| last20 = Schiepan \| first20 = J. R. \| last21 = Zaccaro \| first21 = D. J. \| last22 = Crevar \| first22 = C. J. \| last23 = Carter \| first23 = D. M. \| last24 = Togias \| first24 = A. \| title = Vaccination of patients with mild and severe asthma with a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus vaccine \| journal = Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology \| volume = 127 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 130–137, 137.137–3 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21145578\| pmc =3017653 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21288090">{{Citiranje časopisa \| last1 = Liang \| first1 = X. F. \| last2 = Li \| first2 = L. \| last3 = Liu \| first3 = D. W. \| last4 = Li \| first4 = K. L. \| last5 = Wu \| first5 = W. D. \| last6 = Zhu \| first6 = B. P. \| last7 = Wang \| first7 = H. Q. \| last8 = Luo \| first8 = H. M. \| last9 = Cao \| first9 = L. S. \| last10 = Zheng \| first10 = J. S. \| last11 = Yin \| first11 = D. P. \| last12 = Cao \| first12 = L. \| last13 = Wu \| first13 = B. B. \| last14 = Bao \| first14 = H. H. \| last15 = Xu \| first15 = D. S. \| last16 = Yang \| first16 = W. Z. \| last17 = Wang \| first17 = Y. \| title = Safety of Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine in Postmarketing Surveillance in China \| doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1008553 \| journal = New England Journal of Medicine \| volume = 364 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 638–647 \| year = 2011 \| pmid = 21288090\| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7bb6abf56f4045cecf9c3df21a83eb3f9454d19f }}</ref> providing a strong protective immune response and having similar safety profile to the usual seasonal influenza vaccine.<ref name=NYT_GRADY>{{cite news \| title = Review Shows Safety of H1N1 Vaccine, Officials Say \| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/05/health/05flu.html \| author = Denise Grady \| newspaper = [[The New York Times]] \| date = 5 December 2009 \| quote = No substantial differences between H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccines were noted in the proportion or types of serious adverse events reported.\| accessdate=23 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Međutim, oko 30% ljudi već je imalo neki imunitet na virus, pri čemu cjepivo najviše koristi mladima, jer su mnogi stariji ljudi već imuni na izloženost sličnim virusima u prošlosti. Cjepivo je također osiguralo i neku unakrsnu zaštitu protiv pandemijskog soja gripe 1918. godine.

	== Galerija ==		== Galerija ==

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite web +{{Citiranje weba)

2021-12-09T18:44:10Z

Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite web +{{Citiranje weba)

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 9. prosinac 2021. u 18:44
Redak 3:		Redak 3:
	To je [[Ortomiksovirus\|orhtomyxovirus]] koji sadrži glikoproteine [[Hemaglutinin\|hemaglutinin]] i neuraminidazu. Zbog toga su opisani kao H1N1, H1N2 itd., ovisno o vrsti H ili N antigena koje izražavaju metaboličkom sinergijom. Hemaglutinin uzrokuje skupljanje crvenih krvnih stanica i vezanje virusa za zaraženu stanicu. Neuraminidaza je vrsta enzima glikozida hidrolaze koji pomaže pri premještanju virusnih čestica kroz zaraženu stanicu i pomaže u izbacivanju stanica iz stanica domaćina.		To je [[Ortomiksovirus\|orhtomyxovirus]] koji sadrži glikoproteine [[Hemaglutinin\|hemaglutinin]] i neuraminidazu. Zbog toga su opisani kao H1N1, H1N2 itd., ovisno o vrsti H ili N antigena koje izražavaju metaboličkom sinergijom. Hemaglutinin uzrokuje skupljanje crvenih krvnih stanica i vezanje virusa za zaraženu stanicu. Neuraminidaza je vrsta enzima glikozida hidrolaze koji pomaže pri premještanju virusnih čestica kroz zaraženu stanicu i pomaže u izbacivanju stanica iz stanica domaćina.

	Neki sojevi H1N1 [[Endemija\|endemični]] su kod ljudi i uzrokuju mali dio svih bolesti sličnih gripi i mali dio cijele [[Sezonska gripa\|sezonske gripe]]. Sojevi H1N1 uzrokovali su mali postotak svih infekcija ljudskom gripom u [[2004.]] do [[2005.]]<ref>{{~~cite web~~ \|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/weeklyarchives2005-2006/05-06summary.htm \|title=Influenza Summary Update 20, 2004–2005 Season \|work=FluView: A Weekly Influenza Surveillance Report \|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ostali sojevi H1N1 endemični su kod svinja (svinjska gripa) i ptica ([[H5N1\|ptičja gripa]]).		Neki sojevi H1N1 [[Endemija\|endemični]] su kod ljudi i uzrokuju mali dio svih bolesti sličnih gripi i mali dio cijele [[Sezonska gripa\|sezonske gripe]]. Sojevi H1N1 uzrokovali su mali postotak svih infekcija ljudskom gripom u [[2004.]] do [[2005.]]<ref>{{Citiranje weba \|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/weeklyarchives2005-2006/05-06summary.htm \|title=Influenza Summary Update 20, 2004–2005 Season \|work=FluView: A Weekly Influenza Surveillance Report \|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ostali sojevi H1N1 endemični su kod svinja (svinjska gripa) i ptica ([[H5N1\|ptičja gripa]]).

	== Pandemije uzrokovane virusom ==		== Pandemije uzrokovane virusom ==
Redak 11:		Redak 11:
	Zaraze su počele početkom [[2009.]] godine do [[Lipanj\|lipnja]] 2009. godine. [[11. lipnja]] 2009. [[SZO\|Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO)]] proglasila je novi soj svinjskog porijekla H1N1 kao pandemiju. Ovaj se [[Novel virus\|novi virus]] proširio po cijelom svijetu i uzrokovao 18.500 laboratorijski potvrđenih smrti, a procijenjeno je ukupno 151.700 do 575.400 smrtnih slučajeva u oko 20 mjeseci.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html \| title=2009 H1N1 Pandemic\| date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70121-4/fulltext \|pmid = 22738893\|year = 2012\|last1 = Dawood\|first1 = F. S.\|last2 = Iuliano\|first2 = A. D.\|last3 = Reed\|first3 = C.\|last4 = Meltzer\|first4 = M. I.\|last5 = Shay\|first5 = D. K.\|last6 = Cheng\|first6 = P. Y.\|last7 = Bandaranayake\|first7 = D.\|last8 = Breiman\|first8 = R. F.\|last9 = Brooks\|first9 = W. A.\|last10 = Buchy\|first10 = P.\|last11 = Feikin\|first11 = D. R.\|last12 = Fowler\|first12 = K. B.\|last13 = Gordon\|first13 = A.\|last14 = Hien\|first14 = N. T.\|last15 = Horby\|first15 = P.\|last16 = Huang\|first16 = Q. S.\|last17 = Katz\|first17 = M. A.\|last18 = Krishnan\|first18 = A.\|last19 = Lal\|first19 = R.\|last20 = Montgomery\|first20 = J. M.\|last21 = Mølbak\|first21 = K.\|last22 = Pebody\|first22 = R.\|last23 = Presanis\|first23 = A. M.\|last24 = Razuri\|first24 = H.\|last25 = Steens\|first25 = A.\|last26 = Tinoco\|first26 = Y. O.\|last27 = Wallinga\|first27 = J.\|last28 = Yu\|first28 = H.\|last29 = Vong\|first29 = S.\|last30 = Bresee\|first30 = J.\|title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza a H1N1 virus circulation: A modelling study\|journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases\|volume = 12\|issue = 9\|pages = 687–95\|displayauthors = 29\|doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4}}</ref>		Zaraze su počele početkom [[2009.]] godine do [[Lipanj\|lipnja]] 2009. godine. [[11. lipnja]] 2009. [[SZO\|Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO)]] proglasila je novi soj svinjskog porijekla H1N1 kao pandemiju. Ovaj se [[Novel virus\|novi virus]] proširio po cijelom svijetu i uzrokovao 18.500 laboratorijski potvrđenih smrti, a procijenjeno je ukupno 151.700 do 575.400 smrtnih slučajeva u oko 20 mjeseci.<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html \| title=2009 H1N1 Pandemic\| date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70121-4/fulltext \|pmid = 22738893\|year = 2012\|last1 = Dawood\|first1 = F. S.\|last2 = Iuliano\|first2 = A. D.\|last3 = Reed\|first3 = C.\|last4 = Meltzer\|first4 = M. I.\|last5 = Shay\|first5 = D. K.\|last6 = Cheng\|first6 = P. Y.\|last7 = Bandaranayake\|first7 = D.\|last8 = Breiman\|first8 = R. F.\|last9 = Brooks\|first9 = W. A.\|last10 = Buchy\|first10 = P.\|last11 = Feikin\|first11 = D. R.\|last12 = Fowler\|first12 = K. B.\|last13 = Gordon\|first13 = A.\|last14 = Hien\|first14 = N. T.\|last15 = Horby\|first15 = P.\|last16 = Huang\|first16 = Q. S.\|last17 = Katz\|first17 = M. A.\|last18 = Krishnan\|first18 = A.\|last19 = Lal\|first19 = R.\|last20 = Montgomery\|first20 = J. M.\|last21 = Mølbak\|first21 = K.\|last22 = Pebody\|first22 = R.\|last23 = Presanis\|first23 = A. M.\|last24 = Razuri\|first24 = H.\|last25 = Steens\|first25 = A.\|last26 = Tinoco\|first26 = Y. O.\|last27 = Wallinga\|first27 = J.\|last28 = Yu\|first28 = H.\|last29 = Vong\|first29 = S.\|last30 = Bresee\|first30 = J.\|title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza a H1N1 virus circulation: A modelling study\|journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases\|volume = 12\|issue = 9\|pages = 687–95\|displayauthors = 29\|doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4}}</ref>

	[[10. kolovoza]] [[2010.]] Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija proglasila je kraj pandemije gripe H1N1, rekavši da se svjetska aktivnost gripe vratila uobičajenim sezonskim obrascima.<ref>{{~~cite web~~ \|author=Roos R \|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/swineflu/news/aug1010who.html \|title=WHO says H1N1 pandemic is over \|date=10 August 2010 \|work=CIDRAP \|publisher=[[Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy]], University of Minnesota}}</ref>		[[10. kolovoza]] [[2010.]] Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija proglasila je kraj pandemije gripe H1N1, rekavši da se svjetska aktivnost gripe vratila uobičajenim sezonskim obrascima.<ref>{{Citiranje weba \|author=Roos R \|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/swineflu/news/aug1010who.html \|title=WHO says H1N1 pandemic is over \|date=10 August 2010 \|work=CIDRAP \|publisher=[[Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy]], University of Minnesota}}</ref>

	=== Španjolska gripa 1918.-19. ===		=== Španjolska gripa 1918.-19. ===

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatski unos stranica

2021-12-09T17:43:29Z

Bot: Automatski unos stranica

Nova stranica

U [[Virologija|virologiji]] '''H1N1''' ili '''podtip A/H1N1''' ([[Engleski jezik|eng.]] ''Influenza A virus subtype H1N1'') je najčešći primjer za pandemije [[Pandemija svinjske gripe|svinjske gripe]] ([[2009.]]) i [[Španjolska gripa|španjolska gripe]] ([[1918.]] – [[1919.]]).

To je [[Ortomiksovirus|orhtomyxovirus]] koji sadrži glikoproteine [[Hemaglutinin|hemaglutinin]] i neuraminidazu. Zbog toga su opisani kao H1N1, H1N2 itd., ovisno o vrsti H ili N antigena koje izražavaju metaboličkom sinergijom. Hemaglutinin uzrokuje skupljanje crvenih krvnih stanica i vezanje virusa za zaraženu stanicu. Neuraminidaza je vrsta enzima glikozida hidrolaze koji pomaže pri premještanju virusnih čestica kroz zaraženu stanicu i pomaže u izbacivanju stanica iz stanica domaćina.

Neki sojevi H1N1 [[Endemija|endemični]] su kod ljudi i uzrokuju mali dio svih bolesti sličnih gripi i mali dio cijele [[Sezonska gripa|sezonske gripe]]. Sojevi H1N1 uzrokovali su mali postotak svih infekcija ljudskom gripom u [[2004.]] do [[2005.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/weeklyarchives2005-2006/05-06summary.htm |title=Influenza Summary Update 20, 2004–2005 Season |work=FluView: A Weekly Influenza Surveillance Report |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ostali sojevi H1N1 endemični su kod svinja (svinjska gripa) i ptica ([[H5N1|ptičja gripa]]).

== Pandemije uzrokovane virusom ==
=== Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009. ===
{{glavni|Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.}}

Zaraze su počele početkom [[2009.]] godine do [[Lipanj|lipnja]] 2009. godine. [[11. lipnja]] 2009. [[SZO|Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO)]] proglasila je novi soj svinjskog porijekla H1N1 kao pandemiju. Ovaj se [[Novel virus|novi virus]] proširio po cijelom svijetu i uzrokovao 18.500 laboratorijski potvrđenih smrti, a procijenjeno je ukupno 151.700 do 575.400 smrtnih slučajeva u oko 20 mjeseci.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html | title=2009 H1N1 Pandemic| date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(12)70121-4/fulltext |pmid = 22738893|year = 2012|last1 = Dawood|first1 = F. S.|last2 = Iuliano|first2 = A. D.|last3 = Reed|first3 = C.|last4 = Meltzer|first4 = M. I.|last5 = Shay|first5 = D. K.|last6 = Cheng|first6 = P. Y.|last7 = Bandaranayake|first7 = D.|last8 = Breiman|first8 = R. F.|last9 = Brooks|first9 = W. A.|last10 = Buchy|first10 = P.|last11 = Feikin|first11 = D. R.|last12 = Fowler|first12 = K. B.|last13 = Gordon|first13 = A.|last14 = Hien|first14 = N. T.|last15 = Horby|first15 = P.|last16 = Huang|first16 = Q. S.|last17 = Katz|first17 = M. A.|last18 = Krishnan|first18 = A.|last19 = Lal|first19 = R.|last20 = Montgomery|first20 = J. M.|last21 = Mølbak|first21 = K.|last22 = Pebody|first22 = R.|last23 = Presanis|first23 = A. M.|last24 = Razuri|first24 = H.|last25 = Steens|first25 = A.|last26 = Tinoco|first26 = Y. O.|last27 = Wallinga|first27 = J.|last28 = Yu|first28 = H.|last29 = Vong|first29 = S.|last30 = Bresee|first30 = J.|title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza a H1N1 virus circulation: A modelling study|journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume = 12|issue = 9|pages = 687–95|displayauthors = 29|doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4}}</ref>

[[10. kolovoza]] [[2010.]] Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija proglasila je kraj pandemije gripe H1N1, rekavši da se svjetska aktivnost gripe vratila uobičajenim sezonskim obrascima.<ref>{{cite web |author=Roos R |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/swineflu/news/aug1010who.html |title=WHO says H1N1 pandemic is over |date=10 August 2010 |work=CIDRAP |publisher=[[Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy]], University of Minnesota}}</ref>

=== Španjolska gripa 1918.-19. ===
{{glavni|Španjolska gripa}}

Španjolska gripa bila je neobično težak i smrtonosan soj [[H5N1|ptičje gripe]], virusne zarazne bolesti, koja je ubila oko 17 do 50 ili više [[Milijun|milijuna]] ljudi širom svijeta tijekom otprilike godinu dana [[1918.]] i [[1919.]] Bila je to jedna od najsmrtonosnijih pandemija u ljudska povijest.

[[Gripa]] iz 1918. godine prouzročila je neobičan broj smrtnih slučajeva, vjerojatno zbog toga što je uzrokovala oluju citokina u tijelu.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K, etal |title=Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus |journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7125 |pages=319–23 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17230189 |doi=10.1038/nature05495 |last12=Alimonti |first12=JB |last13=Fernando |first13=L |last14=Li |first14=Y |last15=Katze |first15=MG |last16=Feldmann |first16=H |last17=Kawaoka |first17=Y|bibcode=2007Natur.445..319K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC, etal |title=Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7111 |pages=578–81 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17006449 |pmc=2615558 |doi=10.1038/nature05181 |last12=Katze |first12=MG|bibcode=2006Natur.443..578K }}</ref> (Sličan učinak ima i trenutna ptičja gripa H5N1, koja također ima virus gripe A.)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS, etal |title=Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9348 |pages=1831–37 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12480361 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7}}</ref> plućne stanice zaražene virusom gripe dovode do prekomjerne stimulacije imunološkog sustava otpuštanjem citokina u [[Plućno tkivo|plućno tkivo]]. To dovodi do opsežne migracije leukocita prema plućima, uzrokujući uništavanje plućnog tkiva i izlučivanje tekućine u organ. To pacijentu [[Pneumonija|otežava disanje]].

Izraz "španjolska" gripa skovan je zato što je [[Španjolska]] u to vrijeme bila jedina europska zemlja u kojoj su tisak izvještavali o izbijanju napada, a ubili su tisuće u vojskama koje su se borile u [[Prvi svjetski rat|Prvom svjetskom ratu (1914-1918)]]. Druge su zemlje potisnule vijest da bi zaštitile moral.<ref name="Barry">{{cite book|last=Barry|first=John M.|authorlink=John M. Barry |title=The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYsW6qTP0pMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=The%20Great%20Influenza |publisher=Viking Penguin |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-670-89473-4 }}</ref>

== U trudnoći ==
[[Trudnoća|Trudnice]] koje su zaražene H1N1 izložene su većem riziku od razvoja komplikacija zbog hormonskih promjena, fizičkih promjena i promjena [[Imunološki sustav|imunološkog sustava]] kako bi se prilagodio rastućem fetusu.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boon|first=Lim|title=Influenza A H1N1 2009 (Swine Flu) and Pregnancy|journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology|date=23 September 2011|volume=61|issue=4|pages=386–393|doi=10.1007/s13224-011-0055-2|pmid=22851818|pmc=3295877}}</ref> Iz tog razloga Centar za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti preporučuje da se trudnice cijepe radi sprečavanja virusa gripe. Cjepivo ne trebaju uzimati osobe koje su imale ozbiljnu alergijsku reakciju na [[Cjepivo protiv gripe|cjepivo protiv gripe]]. Uz to, oni koji su umjereno do teško bolesni, sa ili bez vrućice trebaju pričekati dok se ne oporave prije [[Cjepivo|cijepljenja]].

== Cjepivo ==
{{glavni|Cjepivo protiv gripe|Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.|Španjolska gripa}}

U istraživanjima se cjepivo činilo i učinkovitim i sigurnim, pružajući snažan zaštitni imuni odgovor i imajući sličan sigurnosni profil kao i uobičajeni sezonski cjepivo protiv gripe.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Wu | first1 = J. | last2 = Xu | first2 = F. | last3 = Lu | first3 = L. | last4 = Lu | first4 = M. | last5 = Miao | first5 = L. | last6 = Gao | first6 = T. | last7 = Ji | first7 = W. | last8 = Suo | first8 = L. | last9 = Liu | first9 = D. | last10 = Ma | first10 = R. | last11 = Yu | first11 = R. | last12 = Zhangzhu | first12 = J. | last13 = Liu | first13 = W. | last14 = Zeng | first14 = Y. | last15 = Li | first15 = X. | last16 = Zhang | first16 = X. | last17 = Pang | first17 = X. | last18 = Deng | first18 = Y. | title = Safety and Effectiveness of a 2009 H1N1 Vaccine in Beijing | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 363 | issue = 25 | pages = 2416–2423 | year = 2010 | pmid = 21158658 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1006736| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/763b194858d53a446f237ca098b33b35dc168805 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | author1 = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | title = Safety of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines - United States, October 1-November 24, 2009 | journal = [[MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.]]| volume = 58 | issue = 48 | pages = 1351–1356 | date=December 2009 | pmid = 20010511| url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5848.pdf| issn = 0149-2195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Van Der Vliet | first1 = D. | last2 = Pepin | first2 = S. | last3 = Lambert | first3 = M. | last4 = Fauchoux | first4 = N. | last5 = Donazzolo | first5 = Y. | last6 = Dupuy | first6 = M. | last7 = Dakowski | first7 = C. | last8 = Denis | first8 = M. | title = Similar immunogenicity and safety of the A/H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza strain when used as a monovalent or a trivalent vaccine | journal = Human Vaccines | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = 823–828 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20935517 | doi=10.4161/hv.6.10.13600}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Simpson | first1 = C. R. | last2 = Ritchie | first2 = L. D. | last3 = Robertson | first3 = C. | last4 = Sheikh | first4 = A. | last5 = McMenamin | first5 = J. | title = Effectiveness of H1N1 vaccine for the prevention of pandemic influenza in Scotland, UK: A retrospective observational cohort study | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70133-0 | journal = The Lancet Infectious Diseases | year = 2012 | pmid = 22738894 | volume=12 | issue=9 | pages=696–702}}</ref><ref name="I-MOVE">{{Cite journal | last1 = Simonsen | first1 = L. | last2 = Kissling | first2 = M. | last3 = Cohen | first3 = E. | last4 = Oroszi | first4 = J. M. | last5 = Barret | first5 = B. | last6 = Rizzo | first6 = A. S. | last7 = Nunes | first7 = C. | last8 = Pitigoi | first8 = B. | last9 = Larrauri Cámara | first9 = D. | last10 = Mosnier | first10 = A. | last11 = Horvath | first11 = J. K. | last12 = O'Donnell | first12 = J. | last13 = Bella | first13 = A. | last14 = Guiomar | first14 = R. | last15 = Lupulescu | first15 = E. | last16 = Savulescu | first16 = C. | last17 = Ciancio | first17 = B. C. | last18 = Kramarz | first18 = P. | last19 = Moren | first19 = A. | editor1-last = Simonsen | editor1-first = Lone | title = Estimates of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe, 2009–2010: Results of Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe (I-MOVE) Multicentre Case-Control Study | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000388 | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = e1000388 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21379316| pmc = 3019108}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2010/niaid-13.htm |title=2009 H1N1 vaccine safe and induces robust immune response in people with asthma |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) |date=13 December 2010 |accessdate=29 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104050001/http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2010/niaid-13.htm |archivedate=4 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Busse | first1 = W. W. | last2 = Peters | first2 = S. P. | last3 = Fenton | first3 = M. J. | last4 = Mitchell | first4 = H. | last5 = Bleecker | first5 = E. R. | last6 = Castro | first6 = M. | last7 = Wenzel | first7 = S. | last8 = Erzurum | first8 = S. C. | last9 = Fitzpatrick | first9 = A. M. | last10 = Teague | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.014 | first10 = W. G. | last11 = Jarjour | first11 = N. | last12 = Moore | first12 = W. C. | last13 = Sumino | first13 = K. | last14 = Simeone | first14 = S. | last15 = Ratanamaneechat | first15 = S. | last16 = Penugonda | first16 = M. | last17 = Gaston | first17 = B. | last18 = Ross | first18 = T. M. | last19 = Sigelman | first19 = S. | last20 = Schiepan | first20 = J. R. | last21 = Zaccaro | first21 = D. J. | last22 = Crevar | first22 = C. J. | last23 = Carter | first23 = D. M. | last24 = Togias | first24 = A. | title = Vaccination of patients with mild and severe asthma with a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus vaccine | journal = Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 127 | issue = 1 | pages = 130–137, 137.137–3 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21145578| pmc =3017653 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21288090">{{Cite journal | last1 = Liang | first1 = X. F. | last2 = Li | first2 = L. | last3 = Liu | first3 = D. W. | last4 = Li | first4 = K. L. | last5 = Wu | first5 = W. D. | last6 = Zhu | first6 = B. P. | last7 = Wang | first7 = H. Q. | last8 = Luo | first8 = H. M. | last9 = Cao | first9 = L. S. | last10 = Zheng | first10 = J. S. | last11 = Yin | first11 = D. P. | last12 = Cao | first12 = L. | last13 = Wu | first13 = B. B. | last14 = Bao | first14 = H. H. | last15 = Xu | first15 = D. S. | last16 = Yang | first16 = W. Z. | last17 = Wang | first17 = Y. | title = Safety of Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine in Postmarketing Surveillance in China | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1008553 | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 364 | issue = 7 | pages = 638–647 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21288090| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7bb6abf56f4045cecf9c3df21a83eb3f9454d19f }}</ref> providing a strong protective immune response and having similar safety profile to the usual seasonal influenza vaccine.<ref name=NYT_GRADY>{{cite news | title = Review Shows Safety of H1N1 Vaccine, Officials Say | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/05/health/05flu.html | author = Denise Grady | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = 5 December 2009 | quote = No substantial differences between H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccines were noted in the proportion or types of serious adverse events reported.| accessdate=23 December 2010 }}</ref> Međutim, oko 30% ljudi već je imalo neki imunitet na virus, pri čemu cjepivo najviše koristi mladima, jer su mnogi stariji ljudi već imuni na izloženost sličnim virusima u prošlosti. Cjepivo je također osiguralo i neku unakrsnu zaštitu protiv pandemijskog soja gripe 1918. godine.

== Galerija ==
<gallery>
File:H1N1 virus particles.jpg|Širenje H1N1 virusa prikazano na elektromikrografku
File:H1N1 virus particles II.jpg|Obojeni elektromikrografski prikaz H1N1.
File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|Camp Fuston bolnica tokom Španjolske gripe.
File:2009 Mexican military giving out swine flu masks.jpg|Vojnici Meksika građanima daju zaštitne maske tokom pandemije svinjske gripe.
</gallery>
== Vidi još ==
*[[Gripa]]
*[[Španjolska gripa]]
*[[Pandemija svinjske gripe 2009.]]
*[[Cjepivo protiv gripe]]

== Izvori ==
{{izvori}}

== Vanjske poveznice ==
*[http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_threats/com/Influenza/novelflu_en.htm European Commission – Public Health] EU Kordinacija na pandemiju (H1N1) 2009.
*[http://ec.europa.eu/health-eu/health_problems/avian_influenza/index_en.htm Health-EU Portal] Rad za pripremu globalno uzvraćanje gripne pandemije.

[[Kategorija:Virusi]]
[[Kategorija:Gripa]]