Berdache - Povijest promjena

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2024-12-15T10:37:45Z

Zamjena teksta - '' u ''

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 15. prosinac 2024. u 10:37
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	~~<!--'''Berdache'''-->~~Pred kraj dvadesetog stoljeća, a ne-Indijanski [[Antropolog\|antropolozi]] koriste termin ''berdache'' u vrlo širokom značenju, da bi opisali indijanca koji zauzima jednu od mnogih [[Treći rod\|treće-rodnih]] uloga u svom plemenu. Često su u svojim spisima primjenjivali ovaj pojam na bilo kojeg muškarca za kojeg su smatrali da je [[Homoseksualnost\|homoseksualan]], [[Biseksualnost\|biseksualan]] ili [[Ženstvenost\|feminiziran]] prema zapadnim socijalnim standardima, što dovodi do toga da je širok spektar različitih pojedinaca kategoriziran pod ovim nepreciznim pojmom. Ponekad su pogrešno implicirali da su te osobe [[Interseksualnost\|interspolne]] (ili "hermafroditi").<ref name=AnthroGeneralizations>[http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm How to become a Berdache: Toward a unified analysis of gender diversity] Will Roscoe {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226235121/http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm \|date=February 26, 2009 \|quote=This pattern can be traced from the earliest accounts of the Spaniards to present-day ethnographies. What has been written about berdaches reflects more the influence of existing Western discourses on gender, sexuality and the Other than what observers actually witnessed.}}</ref> Pojam ''berdache'' autohtonim je ljudima uvijek bio odvratan. De Vries piše: "Berdache je pogrdan pojam koji su stvorili Europljani, a ovjekovječili su ga antropolozi i drugi kako bi definirali ljude Indijanaca / Prvih naroda koji su se razlikovali od zapadnih normi koje spol, spol i seksualnost doživljavaju kao binarne i nerazdvojne." <ref name="de Vries 2009">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref> Pojam je sada pao u nemilost i kod antropologa. [[Etimologija\|Potječe]] od [[Francuski jezik\|francuskog]] ''{{Jezik\|fr\|bardache}}'' (Engleski ekvivalent: " [[wiktionary:bardash\|bardash]]") što znači "pasivni homoseksualac", "[[katamit]]"<ref name=bardash>{{Citiranje weba\|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bardash\|title=Definition of "bardash" – Collins English Dictionary\|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref> ili čak "[[Dječja prostitucija\|dječak prostitutka]]".<ref name=NativeOut101>"[http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ Two Spirit 101] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ \|date=2014-12-10 }}" at ''NativeOut'': "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015</ref> ''Bardache,'' pak, proizlazi iz [[Perzijski jezik\|perzijskog]] برده ''Barda'' znači "ropstvo", "[[ratni zarobljenik]]", "[[Robovlasništvo\|rob]]".<ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|last=Steingass \|first=Francis Joseph \|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:8571.steingass \|title=A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature \|location=London \|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul \|date=1892 \|page=173}}</ref><ref name="Two Spirit People">{{Citiranje knjige \|title=Two Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality \|last1=Jacobs \|first1=Sue-Ellen \|last2=Thomas \|first2=Wesley \|last3=Lang \|first3=Sabine \|date=1997 \|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] \|isbn=9780252066450 \|oclc=421792266 \|ref=harv \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/uneasycareersint0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|last=Roscoe \|first=Will \|title=Changing ones: Third and fourth genders in native North America \|location=New York \|publisher=St. Martin's Press \|date=1998\|ref=harv}} Page 7.</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|chapter-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vulnerable \|chapter="vulnerable" \|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language \|edition=Fourth \|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company \|date=2004}}</ref> Španjolski istraživači koji su se susreli s tim osobama među [[Chumash Indijanci\|ljudima Chumash]] nazivali su ih ''{{Jezik\|es\|joyas}}'', [[Španjolski jezik\|španjolski]] za "dragulje". <ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|author1=Kent Flannery \|authorlink1=Kent V. Flannery \|author2=Joyce Marcus \|authorlink2=Joyce Marcus \|title=The Creation of Inequality \|date=15 May 2012 \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|isbn=978-0-674-06469-0 \|pages=70–71}}</ref>		Pred kraj dvadesetog stoljeća, a ne-Indijanski [[Antropolog\|antropolozi]] koriste termin ''berdache'' u vrlo širokom značenju, da bi opisali indijanca koji zauzima jednu od mnogih [[Treći rod\|treće-rodnih]] uloga u svom plemenu. Često su u svojim spisima primjenjivali ovaj pojam na bilo kojeg muškarca za kojeg su smatrali da je [[Homoseksualnost\|homoseksualan]], [[Biseksualnost\|biseksualan]] ili [[Ženstvenost\|feminiziran]] prema zapadnim socijalnim standardima, što dovodi do toga da je širok spektar različitih pojedinaca kategoriziran pod ovim nepreciznim pojmom. Ponekad su pogrešno implicirali da su te osobe [[Interseksualnost\|interspolne]] (ili "hermafroditi").<ref name=AnthroGeneralizations>[http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm How to become a Berdache: Toward a unified analysis of gender diversity] Will Roscoe {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226235121/http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm \|date=February 26, 2009 \|quote=This pattern can be traced from the earliest accounts of the Spaniards to present-day ethnographies. What has been written about berdaches reflects more the influence of existing Western discourses on gender, sexuality and the Other than what observers actually witnessed.}}</ref> Pojam ''berdache'' autohtonim je ljudima uvijek bio odvratan. De Vries piše: "Berdache je pogrdan pojam koji su stvorili Europljani, a ovjekovječili su ga antropolozi i drugi kako bi definirali ljude Indijanaca / Prvih naroda koji su se razlikovali od zapadnih normi koje spol, spol i seksualnost doživljavaju kao binarne i nerazdvojne." <ref name="de Vries 2009">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref> Pojam je sada pao u nemilost i kod antropologa. [[Etimologija\|Potječe]] od [[Francuski jezik\|francuskog]] ''{{Jezik\|fr\|bardache}}'' (Engleski ekvivalent: " [[wiktionary:bardash\|bardash]]") što znači "pasivni homoseksualac", "[[katamit]]"<ref name=bardash>{{Citiranje weba\|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bardash\|title=Definition of "bardash" – Collins English Dictionary\|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref> ili čak "[[Dječja prostitucija\|dječak prostitutka]]".<ref name=NativeOut101>"[http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ Two Spirit 101] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ \|date=2014-12-10 }}" at ''NativeOut'': "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015</ref> ''Bardache,'' pak, proizlazi iz [[Perzijski jezik\|perzijskog]] برده ''Barda'' znači "ropstvo", "[[ratni zarobljenik]]", "[[Robovlasništvo\|rob]]".<ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|last=Steingass \|first=Francis Joseph \|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:8571.steingass \|title=A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature \|location=London \|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul \|date=1892 \|page=173}}</ref><ref name="Two Spirit People">{{Citiranje knjige \|title=Two Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality \|last1=Jacobs \|first1=Sue-Ellen \|last2=Thomas \|first2=Wesley \|last3=Lang \|first3=Sabine \|date=1997 \|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] \|isbn=9780252066450 \|oclc=421792266 \|ref=harv \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/uneasycareersint0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|last=Roscoe \|first=Will \|title=Changing ones: Third and fourth genders in native North America \|location=New York \|publisher=St. Martin's Press \|date=1998\|ref=harv}} Page 7.</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|chapter-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vulnerable \|chapter="vulnerable" \|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language \|edition=Fourth \|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company \|date=2004}}</ref> Španjolski istraživači koji su se susreli s tim osobama među [[Chumash Indijanci\|ljudima Chumash]] nazivali su ih ''{{Jezik\|es\|joyas}}'', [[Španjolski jezik\|španjolski]] za "dragulje". <ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|author1=Kent Flannery \|authorlink1=Kent V. Flannery \|author2=Joyce Marcus \|authorlink2=Joyce Marcus \|title=The Creation of Inequality \|date=15 May 2012 \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|isbn=978-0-674-06469-0 \|pages=70–71}}</ref>

	Korištenje ''berdachea'' danas je u većini uobičajene i antropološke literature zamijenjeno s ''dva duha'', s mješovitim rezultatima. Međutim, sam izraz ''dvoduh'', na engleskom ili bilo kojem drugom jeziku, nije bio u upotrebi prije 1990. <ref name="de Vries 20092">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref>		Korištenje ''berdachea'' danas je u većini uobičajene i antropološke literature zamijenjeno s ''dva duha'', s mješovitim rezultatima. Međutim, sam izraz ''dvoduh'', na engleskom ili bilo kojem drugom jeziku, nije bio u upotrebi prije 1990. <ref name="de Vries 20092">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref>

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige, -{{Cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

2022-01-02T04:24:08Z

Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite book +{{Citiranje knjige, -{{Cite book +{{Citiranje knjige)

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 2. siječanj 2022. u 04:24
Redak 1:		Redak 1:
	<!--'''Berdache'''-->Pred kraj dvadesetog stoljeća, a ne-Indijanski [[Antropolog\|antropolozi]] koriste termin ''berdache'' u vrlo širokom značenju, da bi opisali indijanca koji zauzima jednu od mnogih [[Treći rod\|treće-rodnih]] uloga u svom plemenu. Često su u svojim spisima primjenjivali ovaj pojam na bilo kojeg muškarca za kojeg su smatrali da je [[Homoseksualnost\|homoseksualan]], [[Biseksualnost\|biseksualan]] ili [[Ženstvenost\|feminiziran]] prema zapadnim socijalnim standardima, što dovodi do toga da je širok spektar različitih pojedinaca kategoriziran pod ovim nepreciznim pojmom. Ponekad su pogrešno implicirali da su te osobe [[Interseksualnost\|interspolne]] (ili "hermafroditi").<ref name=AnthroGeneralizations>[http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm How to become a Berdache: Toward a unified analysis of gender diversity] Will Roscoe {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226235121/http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm \|date=February 26, 2009 \|quote=This pattern can be traced from the earliest accounts of the Spaniards to present-day ethnographies. What has been written about berdaches reflects more the influence of existing Western discourses on gender, sexuality and the Other than what observers actually witnessed.}}</ref> Pojam ''berdache'' autohtonim je ljudima uvijek bio odvratan. De Vries piše: "Berdache je pogrdan pojam koji su stvorili Europljani, a ovjekovječili su ga antropolozi i drugi kako bi definirali ljude Indijanaca / Prvih naroda koji su se razlikovali od zapadnih normi koje spol, spol i seksualnost doživljavaju kao binarne i nerazdvojne." <ref name="de Vries 2009">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref> Pojam je sada pao u nemilost i kod antropologa. [[Etimologija\|Potječe]] od [[Francuski jezik\|francuskog]] ''{{Jezik\|fr\|bardache}}'' (Engleski ekvivalent: " [[wiktionary:bardash\|bardash]]") što znači "pasivni homoseksualac", "[[katamit]]"<ref name=bardash>{{Citiranje weba\|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bardash\|title=Definition of "bardash" – Collins English Dictionary\|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref> ili čak "[[Dječja prostitucija\|dječak prostitutka]]".<ref name=NativeOut101>"[http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ Two Spirit 101] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ \|date=2014-12-10 }}" at ''NativeOut'': "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015</ref> ''Bardache,'' pak, proizlazi iz [[Perzijski jezik\|perzijskog]] برده ''Barda'' znači "ropstvo", "[[ratni zarobljenik]]", "[[Robovlasništvo\|rob]]".<ref>{{~~cite book~~ \|last=Steingass \|first=Francis Joseph \|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:8571.steingass \|title=A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature \|location=London \|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul \|date=1892 \|page=173}}</ref><ref name="Two Spirit People">{{~~Cite book~~ \|title=Two Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality \|last1=Jacobs \|first1=Sue-Ellen \|last2=Thomas \|first2=Wesley \|last3=Lang \|first3=Sabine \|date=1997 \|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] \|isbn=9780252066450 \|oclc=421792266 \|ref=harv \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/uneasycareersint0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{~~cite book~~ \|last=Roscoe \|first=Will \|title=Changing ones: Third and fourth genders in native North America \|location=New York \|publisher=St. Martin's Press \|date=1998\|ref=harv}} Page 7.</ref><ref>{{~~cite book~~ \|chapter-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vulnerable \|chapter="vulnerable" \|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language \|edition=Fourth \|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company \|date=2004}}</ref> Španjolski istraživači koji su se susreli s tim osobama među [[Chumash Indijanci\|ljudima Chumash]] nazivali su ih ''{{Jezik\|es\|joyas}}'', [[Španjolski jezik\|španjolski]] za "dragulje". <ref>{{~~cite book~~ \|author1=Kent Flannery \|authorlink1=Kent V. Flannery \|author2=Joyce Marcus \|authorlink2=Joyce Marcus \|title=The Creation of Inequality \|date=15 May 2012 \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|isbn=978-0-674-06469-0 \|pages=70–71}}</ref>		<!--'''Berdache'''-->Pred kraj dvadesetog stoljeća, a ne-Indijanski [[Antropolog\|antropolozi]] koriste termin ''berdache'' u vrlo širokom značenju, da bi opisali indijanca koji zauzima jednu od mnogih [[Treći rod\|treće-rodnih]] uloga u svom plemenu. Često su u svojim spisima primjenjivali ovaj pojam na bilo kojeg muškarca za kojeg su smatrali da je [[Homoseksualnost\|homoseksualan]], [[Biseksualnost\|biseksualan]] ili [[Ženstvenost\|feminiziran]] prema zapadnim socijalnim standardima, što dovodi do toga da je širok spektar različitih pojedinaca kategoriziran pod ovim nepreciznim pojmom. Ponekad su pogrešno implicirali da su te osobe [[Interseksualnost\|interspolne]] (ili "hermafroditi").<ref name=AnthroGeneralizations>[http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm How to become a Berdache: Toward a unified analysis of gender diversity] Will Roscoe {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226235121/http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm \|date=February 26, 2009 \|quote=This pattern can be traced from the earliest accounts of the Spaniards to present-day ethnographies. What has been written about berdaches reflects more the influence of existing Western discourses on gender, sexuality and the Other than what observers actually witnessed.}}</ref> Pojam ''berdache'' autohtonim je ljudima uvijek bio odvratan. De Vries piše: "Berdache je pogrdan pojam koji su stvorili Europljani, a ovjekovječili su ga antropolozi i drugi kako bi definirali ljude Indijanaca / Prvih naroda koji su se razlikovali od zapadnih normi koje spol, spol i seksualnost doživljavaju kao binarne i nerazdvojne." <ref name="de Vries 2009">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref> Pojam je sada pao u nemilost i kod antropologa. [[Etimologija\|Potječe]] od [[Francuski jezik\|francuskog]] ''{{Jezik\|fr\|bardache}}'' (Engleski ekvivalent: " [[wiktionary:bardash\|bardash]]") što znači "pasivni homoseksualac", "[[katamit]]"<ref name=bardash>{{Citiranje weba\|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bardash\|title=Definition of "bardash" – Collins English Dictionary\|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref> ili čak "[[Dječja prostitucija\|dječak prostitutka]]".<ref name=NativeOut101>"[http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ Two Spirit 101] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ \|date=2014-12-10 }}" at ''NativeOut'': "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015</ref> ''Bardache,'' pak, proizlazi iz [[Perzijski jezik\|perzijskog]] برده ''Barda'' znači "ropstvo", "[[ratni zarobljenik]]", "[[Robovlasništvo\|rob]]".<ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|last=Steingass \|first=Francis Joseph \|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:8571.steingass \|title=A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature \|location=London \|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul \|date=1892 \|page=173}}</ref><ref name="Two Spirit People">{{Citiranje knjige \|title=Two Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality \|last1=Jacobs \|first1=Sue-Ellen \|last2=Thomas \|first2=Wesley \|last3=Lang \|first3=Sabine \|date=1997 \|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] \|isbn=9780252066450 \|oclc=421792266 \|ref=harv \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/uneasycareersint0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|last=Roscoe \|first=Will \|title=Changing ones: Third and fourth genders in native North America \|location=New York \|publisher=St. Martin's Press \|date=1998\|ref=harv}} Page 7.</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|chapter-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vulnerable \|chapter="vulnerable" \|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language \|edition=Fourth \|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company \|date=2004}}</ref> Španjolski istraživači koji su se susreli s tim osobama među [[Chumash Indijanci\|ljudima Chumash]] nazivali su ih ''{{Jezik\|es\|joyas}}'', [[Španjolski jezik\|španjolski]] za "dragulje". <ref>{{Citiranje knjige \|author1=Kent Flannery \|authorlink1=Kent V. Flannery \|author2=Joyce Marcus \|authorlink2=Joyce Marcus \|title=The Creation of Inequality \|date=15 May 2012 \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|isbn=978-0-674-06469-0 \|pages=70–71}}</ref>

	Korištenje ''berdachea'' danas je u većini uobičajene i antropološke literature zamijenjeno s ''dva duha'', s mješovitim rezultatima. Međutim, sam izraz ''dvoduh'', na engleskom ili bilo kojem drugom jeziku, nije bio u upotrebi prije 1990. <ref name="de Vries 20092">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref>		Korištenje ''berdachea'' danas je u većini uobičajene i antropološke literature zamijenjeno s ''dva duha'', s mješovitim rezultatima. Međutim, sam izraz ''dvoduh'', na engleskom ili bilo kojem drugom jeziku, nije bio u upotrebi prije 1990. <ref name="de Vries 20092">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref>

WikiSysop: Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite web +{{Citiranje weba)

2021-12-21T23:51:30Z

Bot: Automatska zamjena teksta (-{{cite web +{{Citiranje weba)

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 21. prosinac 2021. u 23:51
Redak 1:		Redak 1:
	<!--'''Berdache'''-->Pred kraj dvadesetog stoljeća, a ne-Indijanski [[Antropolog\|antropolozi]] koriste termin ''berdache'' u vrlo širokom značenju, da bi opisali indijanca koji zauzima jednu od mnogih [[Treći rod\|treće-rodnih]] uloga u svom plemenu. Često su u svojim spisima primjenjivali ovaj pojam na bilo kojeg muškarca za kojeg su smatrali da je [[Homoseksualnost\|homoseksualan]], [[Biseksualnost\|biseksualan]] ili [[Ženstvenost\|feminiziran]] prema zapadnim socijalnim standardima, što dovodi do toga da je širok spektar različitih pojedinaca kategoriziran pod ovim nepreciznim pojmom. Ponekad su pogrešno implicirali da su te osobe [[Interseksualnost\|interspolne]] (ili "hermafroditi").<ref name=AnthroGeneralizations>[http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm How to become a Berdache: Toward a unified analysis of gender diversity] Will Roscoe {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226235121/http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm \|date=February 26, 2009 \|quote=This pattern can be traced from the earliest accounts of the Spaniards to present-day ethnographies. What has been written about berdaches reflects more the influence of existing Western discourses on gender, sexuality and the Other than what observers actually witnessed.}}</ref> Pojam ''berdache'' autohtonim je ljudima uvijek bio odvratan. De Vries piše: "Berdache je pogrdan pojam koji su stvorili Europljani, a ovjekovječili su ga antropolozi i drugi kako bi definirali ljude Indijanaca / Prvih naroda koji su se razlikovali od zapadnih normi koje spol, spol i seksualnost doživljavaju kao binarne i nerazdvojne." <ref name="de Vries 2009">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref> Pojam je sada pao u nemilost i kod antropologa. [[Etimologija\|Potječe]] od [[Francuski jezik\|francuskog]] ''{{Jezik\|fr\|bardache}}'' (Engleski ekvivalent: " [[wiktionary:bardash\|bardash]]") što znači "pasivni homoseksualac", "[[katamit]]"<ref name=bardash>{{~~cite web~~\|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bardash\|title=Definition of "bardash" – Collins English Dictionary\|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref> ili čak "[[Dječja prostitucija\|dječak prostitutka]]".<ref name=NativeOut101>"[http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ Two Spirit 101] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ \|date=2014-12-10 }}" at ''NativeOut'': "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015</ref> ''Bardache,'' pak, proizlazi iz [[Perzijski jezik\|perzijskog]] برده ''Barda'' znači "ropstvo", "[[ratni zarobljenik]]", "[[Robovlasništvo\|rob]]".<ref>{{cite book \|last=Steingass \|first=Francis Joseph \|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:8571.steingass \|title=A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature \|location=London \|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul \|date=1892 \|page=173}}</ref><ref name="Two Spirit People">{{Cite book \|title=Two Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality \|last1=Jacobs \|first1=Sue-Ellen \|last2=Thomas \|first2=Wesley \|last3=Lang \|first3=Sabine \|date=1997 \|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] \|isbn=9780252066450 \|oclc=421792266 \|ref=harv \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/uneasycareersint0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Roscoe \|first=Will \|title=Changing ones: Third and fourth genders in native North America \|location=New York \|publisher=St. Martin's Press \|date=1998\|ref=harv}} Page 7.</ref><ref>{{cite book \|chapter-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vulnerable \|chapter="vulnerable" \|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language \|edition=Fourth \|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company \|date=2004}}</ref> Španjolski istraživači koji su se susreli s tim osobama među [[Chumash Indijanci\|ljudima Chumash]] nazivali su ih ''{{Jezik\|es\|joyas}}'', [[Španjolski jezik\|španjolski]] za "dragulje". <ref>{{cite book \|author1=Kent Flannery \|authorlink1=Kent V. Flannery \|author2=Joyce Marcus \|authorlink2=Joyce Marcus \|title=The Creation of Inequality \|date=15 May 2012 \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|isbn=978-0-674-06469-0 \|pages=70–71}}</ref>		<!--'''Berdache'''-->Pred kraj dvadesetog stoljeća, a ne-Indijanski [[Antropolog\|antropolozi]] koriste termin ''berdache'' u vrlo širokom značenju, da bi opisali indijanca koji zauzima jednu od mnogih [[Treći rod\|treće-rodnih]] uloga u svom plemenu. Često su u svojim spisima primjenjivali ovaj pojam na bilo kojeg muškarca za kojeg su smatrali da je [[Homoseksualnost\|homoseksualan]], [[Biseksualnost\|biseksualan]] ili [[Ženstvenost\|feminiziran]] prema zapadnim socijalnim standardima, što dovodi do toga da je širok spektar različitih pojedinaca kategoriziran pod ovim nepreciznim pojmom. Ponekad su pogrešno implicirali da su te osobe [[Interseksualnost\|interspolne]] (ili "hermafroditi").<ref name=AnthroGeneralizations>[http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm How to become a Berdache: Toward a unified analysis of gender diversity] Will Roscoe {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226235121/http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm \|date=February 26, 2009 \|quote=This pattern can be traced from the earliest accounts of the Spaniards to present-day ethnographies. What has been written about berdaches reflects more the influence of existing Western discourses on gender, sexuality and the Other than what observers actually witnessed.}}</ref> Pojam ''berdache'' autohtonim je ljudima uvijek bio odvratan. De Vries piše: "Berdache je pogrdan pojam koji su stvorili Europljani, a ovjekovječili su ga antropolozi i drugi kako bi definirali ljude Indijanaca / Prvih naroda koji su se razlikovali od zapadnih normi koje spol, spol i seksualnost doživljavaju kao binarne i nerazdvojne." <ref name="de Vries 2009">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref> Pojam je sada pao u nemilost i kod antropologa. [[Etimologija\|Potječe]] od [[Francuski jezik\|francuskog]] ''{{Jezik\|fr\|bardache}}'' (Engleski ekvivalent: " [[wiktionary:bardash\|bardash]]") što znači "pasivni homoseksualac", "[[katamit]]"<ref name=bardash>{{Citiranje weba\|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bardash\|title=Definition of "bardash" – Collins English Dictionary\|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref> ili čak "[[Dječja prostitucija\|dječak prostitutka]]".<ref name=NativeOut101>"[http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ Two Spirit 101] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ \|date=2014-12-10 }}" at ''NativeOut'': "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015</ref> ''Bardache,'' pak, proizlazi iz [[Perzijski jezik\|perzijskog]] برده ''Barda'' znači "ropstvo", "[[ratni zarobljenik]]", "[[Robovlasništvo\|rob]]".<ref>{{cite book \|last=Steingass \|first=Francis Joseph \|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:8571.steingass \|title=A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature \|location=London \|publisher=Routledge & K. Paul \|date=1892 \|page=173}}</ref><ref name="Two Spirit People">{{Cite book \|title=Two Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality \|last1=Jacobs \|first1=Sue-Ellen \|last2=Thomas \|first2=Wesley \|last3=Lang \|first3=Sabine \|date=1997 \|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] \|isbn=9780252066450 \|oclc=421792266 \|ref=harv \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/uneasycareersint0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Roscoe \|first=Will \|title=Changing ones: Third and fourth genders in native North America \|location=New York \|publisher=St. Martin's Press \|date=1998\|ref=harv}} Page 7.</ref><ref>{{cite book \|chapter-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vulnerable \|chapter="vulnerable" \|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language \|edition=Fourth \|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company \|date=2004}}</ref> Španjolski istraživači koji su se susreli s tim osobama među [[Chumash Indijanci\|ljudima Chumash]] nazivali su ih ''{{Jezik\|es\|joyas}}'', [[Španjolski jezik\|španjolski]] za "dragulje". <ref>{{cite book \|author1=Kent Flannery \|authorlink1=Kent V. Flannery \|author2=Joyce Marcus \|authorlink2=Joyce Marcus \|title=The Creation of Inequality \|date=15 May 2012 \|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] \|isbn=978-0-674-06469-0 \|pages=70–71}}</ref>

	Korištenje ''berdachea'' danas je u većini uobičajene i antropološke literature zamijenjeno s ''dva duha'', s mješovitim rezultatima. Međutim, sam izraz ''dvoduh'', na engleskom ili bilo kojem drugom jeziku, nije bio u upotrebi prije 1990. <ref name="de Vries 20092">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref>		Korištenje ''berdachea'' danas je u većini uobičajene i antropološke literature zamijenjeno s ''dva duha'', s mješovitim rezultatima. Međutim, sam izraz ''dvoduh'', na engleskom ili bilo kojem drugom jeziku, nije bio u upotrebi prije 1990. <ref name="de Vries 20092">{{Citiranje knjiga\|Last=de Vries\|First=Kylan Mattias\|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society\|Date=2009}}</ref>

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Pred kraj dvadesetog stoljeća, a ne-Indijanski [[Antropolog|antropolozi]] koriste termin ''berdache'' u vrlo širokom značenju, da bi opisali indijanca koji zauzima jednu od mnogih [[Treći rod|treće-rodnih]] uloga u svom plemenu. Često su u svojim spisima primjenjivali ovaj pojam na bilo kojeg muškarca za kojeg su smatrali da je [[Homoseksualnost|homoseksualan]], [[Biseksualnost|biseksualan]] ili [[Ženstvenost|feminiziran]] prema zapadnim socijalnim standardima, što dovodi do toga da je širok spektar različitih pojedinaca kategoriziran pod ovim nepreciznim pojmom. Ponekad su pogrešno implicirali da su te osobe [[Interseksualnost|interspolne]] (ili "hermafroditi").<ref name=AnthroGeneralizations>[http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm How to become a Berdache: Toward a unified analysis of gender diversity] Will Roscoe {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226235121/http://www.phenomenologycenter.org/course/berdache.htm |date=February 26, 2009 |quote=This pattern can be traced from the earliest accounts of the Spaniards to present-day ethnographies. What has been written about berdaches reflects more the influence of existing Western discourses on gender, sexuality and the Other than what observers actually witnessed.}}</ref> Pojam ''berdache'' autohtonim je ljudima uvijek bio odvratan. De Vries piše: "Berdache je pogrdan pojam koji su stvorili Europljani, a ovjekovječili su ga antropolozi i drugi kako bi definirali ljude Indijanaca / Prvih naroda koji su se razlikovali od zapadnih normi koje spol, spol i seksualnost doživljavaju kao binarne i nerazdvojne." <ref name="de Vries 2009">{{Citiranje knjiga|Last=de Vries|First=Kylan Mattias|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society|Date=2009}}</ref> Pojam je sada pao u nemilost i kod antropologa. [[Etimologija|Potječe]] od [[Francuski jezik|francuskog]] ''{{Jezik|fr|bardache}}'' (Engleski ekvivalent: " [[wiktionary:bardash|bardash]]") što znači "pasivni homoseksualac", "[[katamit]]"<ref name=bardash>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bardash|title=Definition of "bardash" – Collins English Dictionary|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref> ili čak "[[Dječja prostitucija|dječak prostitutka]]".<ref name=NativeOut101>"[http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ Two Spirit 101] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/ |date=2014-12-10 }}" at ''NativeOut'': "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015</ref> ''Bardache,'' pak, proizlazi iz [[Perzijski jezik|perzijskog]] برده ''Barda'' znači "ropstvo", "[[ratni zarobljenik]]", "[[Robovlasništvo|rob]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Steingass |first=Francis Joseph |url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:8571.steingass |title=A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature |location=London |publisher=Routledge & K. Paul |date=1892 |page=173}}</ref><ref name="Two Spirit People">{{Cite book |title=Two Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality |last1=Jacobs |first1=Sue-Ellen |last2=Thomas |first2=Wesley |last3=Lang |first3=Sabine |date=1997 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |isbn=9780252066450 |oclc=421792266 |ref=harv |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/uneasycareersint0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Roscoe |first=Will |title=Changing ones: Third and fourth genders in native North America |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |date=1998|ref=harv}} Page 7.</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vulnerable |chapter="vulnerable" |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=Fourth |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |date=2004}}</ref> Španjolski istraživači koji su se susreli s tim osobama među [[Chumash Indijanci|ljudima Chumash]] nazivali su ih ''{{Jezik|es|joyas}}'', [[Španjolski jezik|španjolski]] za "dragulje". <ref>{{cite book |author1=Kent Flannery |authorlink1=Kent V. Flannery |author2=Joyce Marcus |authorlink2=Joyce Marcus |title=The Creation of Inequality |date=15 May 2012 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-06469-0 |pages=70–71}}</ref>

Korištenje ''berdachea'' danas je u većini uobičajene i antropološke literature zamijenjeno s ''dva duha'', s mješovitim rezultatima. Međutim, sam izraz ''dvoduh'', na engleskom ili bilo kojem drugom jeziku, nije bio u upotrebi prije 1990. <ref name="de Vries 20092">{{Citiranje knjiga|Last=de Vries|First=Kylan Mattias|Title=Encyclopedia of gender and society|Date=2009}}</ref>

== Izvori ==
{{izvori}}

[[Kategorija:LGBT]]