Arktički galeb - Povijest promjena

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2026-03-12T17:30:08Z

Zamjena teksta - '{{WProjekti↵\|commonscat(.*)\=(.*)↵\|wikivrste(.*)\=(.*)↵}}' u ''

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	== Vanjske poveznice ==		== Vanjske poveznice ==
	~~{{WProjekti~~
	~~\|commonscat = Larus glaucoides~~
	~~\|wikivrste = Larus glaucoides~~
	}}
	* {{BirdLife\|22694346\|Larus glaucoides}}		* {{BirdLife\|22694346\|Larus glaucoides}}
	* {{Avibase\|name=Larus glaucoides}}		* {{Avibase\|name=Larus glaucoides}}

WikiSysop: bnz

2022-05-07T13:16:48Z

bnz

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 7. svibanj 2022. u 13:16
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	~~<!--'''Arktički galeb'''-->~~{{Taksokvir		{{Taksokvir
	\| boja = pink		\| boja = pink
	\| naziv = Arktički galeb		\| naziv = Arktički galeb

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2022-01-02T03:03:38Z

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	== Izvori ==		== Izvori ==
	{{izvori\|refs=		{{izvori\|refs=
	<ref name=CRC>{{~~cite book~~ \|title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses \|editor-first=John B., Jr. \|editor-last=Dunning \|publisher=CRC Press \|year=1992 \|isbn=978-0-8493-4258-5}}</ref>		<ref name=CRC>{{Citiranje knjige \|title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses \|editor-first=John B., Jr. \|editor-last=Dunning \|publisher=CRC Press \|year=1992 \|isbn=978-0-8493-4258-5}}</ref>
	<ref name=Harrison>{{~~cite book~~ \|last1=Harrison \|first1=Peter \|title=Seabirds: An Identification Guide \|year=1991 \|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt \|isbn=978-0-395-60291-1}}</ref>		<ref name=Harrison>{{Citiranje knjige \|last1=Harrison \|first1=Peter \|title=Seabirds: An Identification Guide \|year=1991 \|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt \|isbn=978-0-395-60291-1}}</ref>
	<ref name=Olsen2004>{{~~cite book~~ \|last1=Olsen \|first1=Klaus Malling \|last2=Larsson \|first2=Hans \|title=Gulls of North America, Europe, and Asia \|url=https://archive.org/details/gullsofnorthamer0000olse \|url-access=registration \|year=2004 \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=978-0691119977}}</ref>		<ref name=Olsen2004>{{Citiranje knjige \|last1=Olsen \|first1=Klaus Malling \|last2=Larsson \|first2=Hans \|title=Gulls of North America, Europe, and Asia \|url=https://archive.org/details/gullsofnorthamer0000olse \|url-access=registration \|year=2004 \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=978-0691119977}}</ref>
	<ref name="Chesser et al 2017">{{cite journal\| last1=Chesser \| first1=R. Terry \| last2=Burns \| first2=Kevin J. \| last3=Cicero \| first3=Carla \| last4=Dunn \| first4=John L. \| last5=Kratter \| first5=Andrew W \| last6=Lovette \| first6=Irby J \| last7=Rasmussen \| first7=Pamela C. \| last8=Remsen \| first8=J.V. Jr \| last9=Rising \| first9=James D. \| last10=Stotz \| first10=Douglas F. \| last11=Winker \| first11=Kevin \| year=2017 \| title=Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds \|journal=The Auk \|volume=134 \| issue=3 \|pages=751–773 \|doi=10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 \| doi-access=free \| url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236363/files/article.pdf }}</ref>		<ref name="Chesser et al 2017">{{cite journal\| last1=Chesser \| first1=R. Terry \| last2=Burns \| first2=Kevin J. \| last3=Cicero \| first3=Carla \| last4=Dunn \| first4=John L. \| last5=Kratter \| first5=Andrew W \| last6=Lovette \| first6=Irby J \| last7=Rasmussen \| first7=Pamela C. \| last8=Remsen \| first8=J.V. Jr \| last9=Rising \| first9=James D. \| last10=Stotz \| first10=Douglas F. \| last11=Winker \| first11=Kevin \| year=2017 \| title=Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds \|journal=The Auk \|volume=134 \| issue=3 \|pages=751–773 \|doi=10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 \| doi-access=free \| url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236363/files/article.pdf }}</ref>
	<ref name=iucn>{{cite journal \|last1=Butchart \|first1=S. \|last2=Symes \|first2=A. \|title=''Larus glaucoides'' \|journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] \|volume=2012 \|page=e.T22694346A39183818 \|year=2012 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22694346A39183818.en}}</ref>		<ref name=iucn>{{cite journal \|last1=Butchart \|first1=S. \|last2=Symes \|first2=A. \|title=''Larus glaucoides'' \|journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] \|volume=2012 \|page=e.T22694346A39183818 \|year=2012 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22694346A39183818.en}}</ref>
	<ref name=job>{{~~cite book~~ \| last= Jobling \| first= James A \| year= 2010\| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names \| url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling \| publisher= Christopher Helm \| location = London \| isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 \| pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n174 174], 219}}</ref>		<ref name=job>{{Citiranje knjige \| last= Jobling \| first= James A \| year= 2010\| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names \| url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling \| publisher= Christopher Helm \| location = London \| isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 \| pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n174 174], 219}}</ref>
	}}		}}

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2021-12-10T13:36:08Z

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Nova stranica

{{Taksokvir
| boja = pink
| naziv = Arktički galeb
| status = LC
| status_sistem = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| slika = Larus glaucoides IthacaNY.jpg
| slika_širina = 220px
| slika_opis = Odrasli galeb, [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], New York
| regnum = [[Životinje|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Svitkovci|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Ptice|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Charadriiformes]]
| familia = [[Laridae]]
| genus = ''[[Larus]]''
| species = '''''L. glaucoides'''''
| dvoimeno = ''Larus glaucoides''
| dvoimeno_autorstvo = [[Bernhard Meyer|Meyer]], 1822.
| karta_raspon = Larus glaucoides map.svg
| karta_raspon_opis =
{{legenda|#FF7F2A|Gniježđenje}}{{legenda|#FFDD55|Migracija}}{{legenda|#5F8DD3|Bez gniježđenja}}{{legenda|#afc6e9|Bez gniježđenja (rijetko)}}
| razdioba_stupanj = Podvrste
| razdioba =<div align="left">
* L. g. glaucoides Meyer, 1822.
* [[Larus glaucoides kumlieni|L. g. kumlieni]], Brewster, 1883.
* [[Larus glaucoides thayeri|L. g. thayeri]], Brooks, WS, 1915.</div>
}}
'''Arktički galeb''' (polarni galeb, ''Larus glaucoides'') je srednje velik [[galeb]] koji se razmnožava u arktičkim regijama [[Kanada|Kanade]] i [[Grenland]]a. Specifični naziv ''glaucoides'' označava njegovu sličnost s ''Larus glaucusom'', gdje ''-oides'' na [[Starogrčki jezik|starogrčkom]] znači "nalik".<ref name=job/>

Ovaj galeb je [[ptica selica]], a prezimljava od sjevernog [[Atlantski ocean|Atlantika]] do [[Britanski otoci|Britanskih otoka]] i najsjevernijih država istoka SAD-a, kao i u unutrašnjosti Sjeverne Amerike zapadno od zapadnih [[Velika jezera|Velikih jezera]]. U Europi je puno rjeđi od sličnog ''[[Larus hyperboreus]]a''.

== Opis ==
Polarni galeb je srednje velik galeb, iako relativno vitak i lagan. Dužina mu je od 50 to 64 cm, raspon krila je od 115 to 150 cm, a težina je od 480 to 1100 grama. Manji je i tanjeg kljuna od vrlo velikog [[Larus hyperboreus|ledenog galeba]], a obično je manji od [[srebrnasti galeb|srebrnastog galeba]]. Potrebne su mu četiri godine da dostignu zrelost.<ref name="Olsen2004" /><ref name="Harrison" /><ref name="CRC" />

Nominalma podvrsta, ''L. g. glaucoides'', vrlo je blijed po cijelom perju, bez apsolutno ikakvog [[Melanin|melanina]] u vrhovima primarnih dijelova odraslog perja. Odrasli su s leđa svijetlosivi, sa žućkastozelenim kljunom. Nezrele ptice su vrlo blijedo sive; kljun je tamniji nego kod ledenog galeba i nema ružičaste boje.

Glasanje mu poput smijeha, kao kod srebrnastog galeba, ali višeg tona.

Kao i većina galebova iz roda ''Larus'' ove ptice su svejedi, jedu ribe, mekušce, iznutrice, ostatke i jaja. Hrane se dok lete, skupljajući hranu na površini vode ili neposredno ispod nje, a hrane se i tijekom šetnje ili plivanja. Njihove navike strvinarenja vode ih do deponija smeća, odvoda kanalizacije i mjesta gdje se riba čisti.

== Podvrste ==
Američki [[takson]] [[Kumlienov galeb]] često se smatra podvrstom, ''[[Larus glaucoides kumlieni|L. g. kumlieni]]'', islandskog galeba. [[Američko ornitološko društvo]] od 2017. smatra takson [[Thayerov galeb]] podvrstom, ''[[Larus glaucoides thayeri|L. g. thayeri]]'', islandskog galeba.<ref name="Chesser et al 2017"/>

== Razmnožavanje ==
[[File:Larus glaucoides MWNH 0322.JPG|thumb|250px|Jaja, kolekcija [[Muzej Wiesbaden|Muzeja Wiesbaden]].]]
Ova se vrsta razmnožava kolonijalno ili pojedinačno na obalama i liticama, praveći gnijezdo obloženo travom, mahovinom ili morskim algama na tlu ili litici. Obično se polože dva ili tri svijetlosmeđa jaja. Gnijezde se u Kanadi i Grenlandu, ali ne i na Islandu, unatoč njegovom nazivu na engleskom jeziku (''Iceland gull'', islandski galeb).

== Izvori ==
{{izvori|refs=
<ref name=CRC>{{cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |editor-first=John B., Jr. |editor-last=Dunning |publisher=CRC Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8493-4258-5}}</ref>
<ref name=Harrison>{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=Seabirds: An Identification Guide |year=1991 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-395-60291-1}}</ref>
<ref name=Olsen2004>{{cite book |last1=Olsen |first1=Klaus Malling |last2=Larsson |first2=Hans |title=Gulls of North America, Europe, and Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/gullsofnorthamer0000olse |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691119977}}</ref>
<ref name="Chesser et al 2017">{{cite journal| last1=Chesser | first1=R. Terry | last2=Burns | first2=Kevin J. | last3=Cicero | first3=Carla | last4=Dunn | first4=John L. | last5=Kratter | first5=Andrew W | last6=Lovette | first6=Irby J | last7=Rasmussen | first7=Pamela C. | last8=Remsen | first8=J.V. Jr | last9=Rising | first9=James D. | last10=Stotz | first10=Douglas F. | last11=Winker | first11=Kevin | year=2017 | title=Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=The Auk |volume=134 | issue=3 |pages=751–773 |doi=10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 | doi-access=free | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236363/files/article.pdf }}</ref>
<ref name=iucn>{{cite journal |last1=Butchart |first1=S. |last2=Symes |first2=A. |title=''Larus glaucoides'' |journal=[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |volume=2012 |page=e.T22694346A39183818 |year=2012 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22694346A39183818.en}}</ref>
<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n174 174], 219}}</ref>
}}

== Vanjske poveznice ==
{{WProjekti
|commonscat = Larus glaucoides
|wikivrste = Larus glaucoides
}}
* {{BirdLife|22694346|Larus glaucoides}}
* {{Avibase|name=Larus glaucoides}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|iceland-gull-larus-glaucoides}}
* {{VIREO|iceland+gull}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22694346|Larus glaucoides}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Larus|glaucoides|Iceland gull}}
* {{field guide birds of the world|Larus glaucoides}}

[[Kategorija:Galeb]]

Arktički galeb - Povijest promjena

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