Ambulocetidae - Povijest promjena

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	~~<!--'''Ambulocetidae'''-->~~{{Taksokvir		{{Taksokvir
	\| boja = pink		\| boja = pink
	\| naziv = Ambulocetidi		\| naziv = Ambulocetidi

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{{Taksokvir
| boja = pink
| naziv = Ambulocetidi
| slika = Ambulocetus BW.jpg
| slika_opis = ''[[Ambulocetus natans]]''
| slika2 = Ambulocetus nattans.jpg
| slika2_opis = Skelet vrste ''Ambulocetus natans''
| status = izumrli
| raspon_fosila = [[ipres (stadij)|Ipres]]-[[lutecij (stadij)|lutecij]]
| regnum = [[životinje|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[svitkovci|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Sisavci|Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[kitovi|Cetacea]]
| subordo = †[[arheoceti|Archaeoceti]]
| familia = †'''Ambulocetidae'''
| familia_autorstvo = Thewissen, Madar, Hussain 1996.
| razdioba_stupanj = Rodovi<ref name="berta">{{Harvnb|Berta|Sumich|Kovacs|2006| p=58}}</ref>
| razdioba =
*''[[Ambulocetus]]''
*''[[Gandakasia]]''
*''[[Himalayacetus]]''
}}

'''Ambulocetidi''' (lat. '''Ambulocetidae''') bili su porodica ranih kitova sa područja današnjeg Pakistana, koji su još uvijek bili u stanju hodati po tlu. Rod ''[[Ambulocetus]]'', po kojem je cijela porodica i dobila ime, najpotpuniji je i najbolje istražen rod ambulocetida zato što je pronađen primjerak vrste ''[[Ambulocetus]] natans'', koji je bio 80% potpun.<ref>{{Harvnb|Madar|Thewissen|Hussain|2002}}</ref> Druga dva roda iz te porodice, ''[[Gandakasia]]'' i ''[[Himalayacetus]]'', poznata su samo na osnovu zuba i djelića donje čeljusti.<ref name="Uhen-2010">{{Harvnb|Uhen|2010| pp=201–3}}</ref>

== Opis ==
[[File:Амбулоцетус.png|thumb|left|''Ambulocetus'' u vodi]]
Najprimitivniji među vodozemnim kitovima, ambulocetidi su živjeli u plitkim obalnim staništima poput estuara i zaljeva, ali su tokom jednog dijela svog života ipak ovisili o slatkoj vodi. Neke osobine donje čeljusti povezane sa prijenosom zvuka, koje su prisutne kod današnjih kitova, nisu postojale kod [[pakicetidi|pakicetida]], ali jesu kod ambulocetida. Vjerojatno su plivali pomoću velikih stopala, što nije baš efikasan način kretanja, zbog čega su vjerojatno čekali plijen u zasjedi umjesto da jure za njim. Ambulocetidi su imali usku glavu sa lateralno usmjerenim očima, što im je davalo izgled [[teropodi|teropoda]] (skupine dinosaura).<ref name="ThewWill2002">{{Harvnb|Thewissen|Williams|2002| pp=78–80}}</ref>

''Ambulocetus'' i ''Gandakasia'' su se pretežno hranili kopnenim životinjama, dok kombinacija niske vrijednosti izotopa kisika (Δ18O) i izotopa ugljika (Δ13C) kod roda ''Himalayacetus'' ukazuju na unos slatke vode u organizam, ali i prehranu morskim životinjama, što znači da se hranio u moru, ali se kasnije vraćao na kopno da bi pio vodu.<ref name="Uhen-2010" />

== Filogenija ==
Fosili ambulocetida mogu se pronaći u Pakistanu duž drevne obale cimerijske ploče. Sedimentne strukture u kojima su ti fosili pronađeni ukazuju na to da su ambulocetidi živjeli u plitkim obalskim staništima sličnima močvarama.<ref name="heyning">{{Harvnb|Heyning|Lento|2002| p=54}}</ref> Moguće je da su zauzimali sličnu ekološku nišu kao krokodili.

Za tu se porodicu smatra da je potekla od porodice [[Pakicetidae]], čiji su pripadnici bili skloniji kopnu. Smatra se i da su porodice [[Protocetidae]] i moguće [[Remingtonocetidae]] potekle od zajedničkog pretka sa ambulocetidima.<ref name="emerge">{{Harvnb|Thewissen|1998| p=43}}</ref> Zajedno sa [[Basilosauridae|bazilosauridima]], tih pet porodica svrstava se u podred [[Archaeoceti]].<ref name="rose">{{Harvnb|Rose|2006| p=273}}</ref>

== Bilješke ==
{{izvori}}

== Izvori ==
{{izvori}}

* {{Cite book
| last1 = Berta | first1 = Annalisa
| last2 = Sumich | first2 = James L.
| last3 = Kovacs | first3 = Kit M.
| chapter = Cetacean Evolution and Systematics
| title = Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology
| year = 2006 | publisher = Academic Press
| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=4sWbuL0hM1kC&lpg=PA58&dq=Ambulocetus&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetus&f=false
| isbn = 978-0-12-088552-7 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Heyning | first1 = J.E.
| last2 = Lento | first2 = G.M.
| chapter = The Evolution of Marine Mammals
| editor-last = Rus Hoelzel | editor-first = A.
| title = Marine Mammal Biology: An Evolutionary Approach
| year = 2002 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons
| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=5_G608B-zTwC&lpg=PA54&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false
| isbn = 978-0-632-05232-5 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Rose | first = Kenneth David
| title = The Beginning of the Age of Mammals
| year = 2006 | publisher = JHU Press
| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC&lpg=PA273&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA273#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false
| isbn = 978-0-8018-8472-6 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Madar | first1 = S.I.
| last2 = Thewissen | first2 = J.G.M.
| last3 = Hussain | first3 = S.T.
| title = Additional holotype remains of ''Ambulocetus natans'' (Cetacea, Ambulocetidae), and their implications for locomotion in early whales
| year = 2002 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 405–22
| doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0405:AHROAN]2.0.CO;2 | oclc = 4630509456 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Thewissen | first = J.G.M.
| title = The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea
| year = 1998 | publisher = Springer
| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zgWIL6ELoJoC&lpg=PA43&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false
| isbn = 978-0-306-45853-8 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Thewissen | first1 = J.G.M.
| last2 = Madar | first2 = S.I.
| last3 = Hussain | first3 = S.T.
| title = Ambulocetus natans'', an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan''
| year = 1996 | series = Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg | volume = 191 | pages = 1–86
| isbn = 9783929907322 | oclc = 36463214 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Thewissen | first1 = J.G.M.
| last2 = Williams | first2 = E.M.
| title = The Early Radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations
| year = 2002 | journal = Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume = 33 | pages = 73–90
| url = http://140.220.1.9/DEPTS/ANAT/Thewissen/pdf/2002ThewWillAnnRev.pdf
| accessdate = February 2013 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426 | oclc = 4656321698 | ref = harv}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Uhen | first = Mark D
| title = The Origin(s) of Whales
| year = 2010 | journal = Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences | volume = 38 | pages = 189–219
| doi = 10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152453 | bibcode = 2010AREPS..38..189U | ref = harv}}

[[Kategorija:Archaeoceti| ]]
[[Kategorija:Životinje iz eocena]]

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 2. siječanj 2022. u 02:04
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	{{izvori}}		{{izvori}}

	* {{~~Cite book~~		* {{Citiranje knjige
	\| last1 = Berta \| first1 = Annalisa		\| last1 = Berta \| first1 = Annalisa
	\| last2 = Sumich \| first2 = James L.		\| last2 = Sumich \| first2 = James L.
Redak 50:		Redak 50:
	\| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=4sWbuL0hM1kC&lpg=PA58&dq=Ambulocetus&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetus&f=false		\| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=4sWbuL0hM1kC&lpg=PA58&dq=Ambulocetus&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetus&f=false
	\| isbn = 978-0-12-088552-7 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Berta\|Sumich\|Kovacs\|2006}} -->		\| isbn = 978-0-12-088552-7 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Berta\|Sumich\|Kovacs\|2006}} -->
	* {{~~Cite book~~		* {{Citiranje knjige
	\| last1 = Heyning \| first1 = J.E.		\| last1 = Heyning \| first1 = J.E.
	\| last2 = Lento \| first2 = G.M.		\| last2 = Lento \| first2 = G.M.
Redak 59:		Redak 59:
	\| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=5_G608B-zTwC&lpg=PA54&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false		\| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=5_G608B-zTwC&lpg=PA54&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false
	\| isbn = 978-0-632-05232-5 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Heyning\|Lento\|2002}} -->		\| isbn = 978-0-632-05232-5 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Heyning\|Lento\|2002}} -->
	* {{~~Cite book~~		* {{Citiranje knjige
	\| last = Rose \| first = Kenneth David		\| last = Rose \| first = Kenneth David
	\| title = The Beginning of the Age of Mammals		\| title = The Beginning of the Age of Mammals
Redak 72:		Redak 72:
	\| year = 2002 \| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology \| volume = 22 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 405–22		\| year = 2002 \| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology \| volume = 22 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 405–22
	\| doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0405:AHROAN]2.0.CO;2 \| oclc = 4630509456 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Madar\|Thewissen\|Hussain\|2002}} -->		\| doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0405:AHROAN]2.0.CO;2 \| oclc = 4630509456 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Madar\|Thewissen\|Hussain\|2002}} -->
	* {{~~Cite book~~		* {{Citiranje knjige
	\| last = Thewissen \| first = J.G.M.		\| last = Thewissen \| first = J.G.M.
	\| title = The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea		\| title = The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea
Redak 78:		Redak 78:
	\| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zgWIL6ELoJoC&lpg=PA43&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false		\| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zgWIL6ELoJoC&lpg=PA43&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false
	\| isbn = 978-0-306-45853-8 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Thewissen\|1998}} -->		\| isbn = 978-0-306-45853-8 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Thewissen\|1998}} -->
	* {{~~Cite book~~		* {{Citiranje knjige
	\| last1 = Thewissen \| first1 = J.G.M.		\| last1 = Thewissen \| first1 = J.G.M.
	\| last2 = Madar \| first2 = S.I.		\| last2 = Madar \| first2 = S.I.

←Starija inačica		Inačica od 26. studeni 2021. u 01:39
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	\| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC&lpg=PA273&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA273#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false		\| url = http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC&lpg=PA273&dq=Ambulocetidae&pg=PA273#v=onepage&q=Ambulocetidae&f=false
	\| isbn = 978-0-8018-8472-6 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Rose\|2006}} -->		\| isbn = 978-0-8018-8472-6 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Rose\|2006}} -->
	* {{~~Cite journal~~		* {{Citiranje časopisa
	\| last1 = Madar \| first1 = S.I.		\| last1 = Madar \| first1 = S.I.
	\| last2 = Thewissen \| first2 = J.G.M.		\| last2 = Thewissen \| first2 = J.G.M.
Redak 85:		Redak 85:
	\| year = 1996 \| series = Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg \| volume = 191 \| pages = 1–86		\| year = 1996 \| series = Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg \| volume = 191 \| pages = 1–86
	\| isbn = 9783929907322 \| oclc = 36463214 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Thewissen\|Madar\|Hussain\|1996}} -->		\| isbn = 9783929907322 \| oclc = 36463214 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Thewissen\|Madar\|Hussain\|1996}} -->
	* {{~~Cite journal~~		* {{Citiranje časopisa
	\| last1 = Thewissen \| first1 = J.G.M.		\| last1 = Thewissen \| first1 = J.G.M.
	\| last2 = Williams \| first2 = E.M.		\| last2 = Williams \| first2 = E.M.
Redak 92:		Redak 92:
	\| url = http://140.220.1.9/DEPTS/ANAT/Thewissen/pdf/2002ThewWillAnnRev.pdf		\| url = http://140.220.1.9/DEPTS/ANAT/Thewissen/pdf/2002ThewWillAnnRev.pdf
	\| accessdate = February 2013 \| doi = 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426 \| oclc = 4656321698 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Thewissen\|Williams\|2002}} -->		\| accessdate = February 2013 \| doi = 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426 \| oclc = 4656321698 \| ref = harv}}<!-- {{Harvnb\|Thewissen\|Williams\|2002}} -->
	* {{~~Cite journal~~		* {{Citiranje časopisa
	\| last = Uhen \| first = Mark D		\| last = Uhen \| first = Mark D
	\| title = The Origin(s) of Whales		\| title = The Origin(s) of Whales