Vidi kôd stranice E. O. Wilson

<!--'''E. O. Wilson'''-->[[Datoteka:Edward O. Wilson, 2003 (cropped).jpg|mini|Edward O. Wilson (2003.)]]
[[Datoteka:E. O. Wilson sitting, October 16, 2007.jpg|mini|Edward O. Wilson (2007.)]]

'''Edward Osborne Wilson''' ({{SAD grad|Birmingham|Alabama}}, [[10. lipnja]] [[1929.]]) [[SAD|američki]] je [[biologija|biolog]] (bavi se ''mirmekologijom'', dijelom [[entomologija|entomologije]] koja se bavi proučavanjem [[mravi|mrava]]), istraživač ([[sociobiologija]], [[bioraznolikost]]), teoretičar (''consilience'', [[biofilija]]) i prirodoslovac.

Wilson je poznat po svojoj znanstvenoj karijeri, zalaganju za [[očuvanje okoliša]] i za ideje vezane za religijska, moralna i etička pitanja.<ref name="cnn">[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/americasbest/science.medicine/pro.eowilson.html  cnn.com - Lifetime achievement: E.O. Wilson] {{jezikk|eng}}</ref>

==Životopis==
Wilson je rođen u [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birminghamu]] u [[SAD]]-u. Po svojoj [[autobiografija|autobiografiji]] ''Naturalist'' odrastao je u [[Washington, D.C.|Washingonu]] i na selu u okolici mjesta [[Mobile, Alabama]]. Od mladih dana zanimao se za [[prirodoslovlje]]. Njegovi roditelji, Edward i Inez Wilson, razveli su se kad je imao sedam godina. Sa 16 godina, namjeravajući postati [[entomologija|entomolog]], počeo je skupljati [[muhe]], ali zbog nestašice pribadača uzrokovane [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugim svjetskim ratom]] prešao je na skupljanje [[mravi|mrava]].

U strahu da neće moći priuštiti studij, Wilson se prijavio u [[Američka vojska|vojsku]], ali je bio odbijen zbog oštećenja vida. Upisao se na Sveučilište u Alabami, koje je bilo otvoreno za sve koji završe srednju školu u Alabami i imalo prihvaljive školarine. Wilson je diplomirao, doktorirao je na [[Sveučilište Harvard|Sveučilištu Harvard]], a kasnije je dobio počasne titule na raznim sveučilištima.

==Teorije i uvjerenja==

===Sociobiologija===

Wilson je definirao [[sociobiologija|sociobiologiju]] kao "''sistematsko proučavanje biološke osnove svog društvenog ponašanja.''" Primjenjujući principe evolucije na razumijevanje društvenog ponašanja životinja, uključjući ljude, Wilson je zasnovao ''sociobiologiju'' kao novo znanstveno područje. Tvrdio je da na svo životinjsko ponašanje, čak i ljudsko, utječu geni, a nema potpune [[Slobodna volja|slobode volje]]. Ovaj princip je nazvao ''genetska uzica'' (kao ona na kojoj se vode psi, npr.)<ref name=con>E. O. Wilson, Consilience:  The Unity of Knowledge, New York, Knopf, 1998, pp. 127-128.</ref>.
{{Prijevod, zakomentirano}}<!--- ZA PRIJEVOD
  The sociobiological view is that all animal social behavior is governed by [[Epigenetics|epigenetic]] rules worked out by the laws of [[evolution]]. This theory and research proved to be seminal, controversial, and influential.<ref name=soul>Wolfe, Tom (1996). Sorry, But Your Soul Just Died. Vol. 158, Issue 13, pp.210ff. Forbes</ref> 
--->
Kontroverza sociobiološkog istraživanja je u primjeni na ljude. Teorija daje znanstvene argumente protiv doktrine [[tabula rasa|tabule rase]], koja tvrdi da se ljudi rađaju bez urođenog mentalnog sadržaja i da je kultura djelovala na povećanje ljudskog znanja i pomogla u preživljavanju i uspjehu. U zadnjem poglavlju knjige ''Sociobiology'' i u cijeloj, [[Pulitzerova nagrada|Pulizerom]] nagrađenoj knjizi ''On Human Nature'', Wilson tvrdi da je ljudski um oblikovan jednako genetskim nasljeđem kao i kulturom, ako ne i više. Postoje granice koliko društvo i okolina mogu promijeniti ljudsko ponašanje.

===''Consilience''===
U svojoj knjizi iz [[1998.]] ''Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge'' Wilson raspravlja o metodima koji su se koristili da se objedine prirodne znanosti, a mogli bi se koristiti za objedinjavanje prirodnih i društvenih znanosti.
<!--- ZA PRIJEVOD
< . .  Wilson prefers and uses the term ''[[consilience]]'' to describe the synthesis of knowledge from different specialized fields of human endeavor. He defines [[human nature]] as a collection of [[Epigenetics|epigenetic]] rules; the genetic patterns of mental development. He argues that culture and rituals are products, not parts, of human nature. He says [[art]] is not part of human nature, but our appreciation of art is. He argues that concepts such as art appreciation, fear of snakes, or the [[incest]] [[taboo]] ([[Westermarck effect]]) can be studied using scientific methods. Previously, these phenomena were only part of [[Psychology|psychological]], [[Sociology|sociological]] or [[Anthropology|anthropological]] studies. Wilson proposes that they can be part of interdisciplinary research.
---->
===Znanstveni humanizam===
Wilson je skovao frazu ''znanstveni humanizam'' ([[engleski jezik|eng.]] ''scientific humanism'') kao:
:''jedini [[pogled na svijet]] suglasan sa rastućom znanstvenom spoznajom stvarnog svijeta i zakona prirode''<ref>u ''Harvard Magazine'' prosinac 2005., str. 33.</ref>
Wilson tvrdi da je to najprikladnije za unaprijeđivanje uvjeta čovječanstva.

===Bog i religija===
O pitanju [[Bog]]a, Wilson je opisao svoju poziciju kao ''provizorni [[deizam]]''<ref>The Creation</ref>. Objasnio je njegova vjera putanja koja vodi dalje od tradicionalnih vjerovanja:
:''udaljio sam se od crkve, ne definitivno [[Agnosticizam|agnostik]] ili [[Ateizam|ateist]], tek ne više [[Baptizam|baptist]]''<ref name=con/>.

Wilson tvrdi da su vjera u Boga i vjerske obrede proizvod evolucije.<ref>Human Nature</ref> Dalje, tvrdi da ih ne treba odbacivati niti otpisivati, već dublje znanstveno istražiti kako bi se bolje shvatila njihova važnost za ljudsku prirodu. U svojoj knizi ''The Creation'', Wilson se zalaže za zanemarivanje [[epistemologija|epistemoloških]] razlika između vjere i znanosti, i usredotočenje na zajedničko, živu prirodu.

===Jedinica i cilj prirodnog odabira===
Wilsonov stav je da je jedinica [[prirodni odabir|prirodnog odabira]] [[gen]], osnovni element nasljeđivanja. ''Meta'' odabira je jedinka koja nosi skup gena određene vrste.
<!--- ZA PRIJEVOD
 ... With regards to the use [[kin selection]] in explaining the behavior of [[Eusociality|eusocial]] [[insects]], Wilson said to ''[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]'' magazine, the "new view that I'm proposing is that it was [[group selection]] all along, an idea first roughly formulated by Darwin."<ref>Richard Conniff [http://discovermagazine.com/2006/jun/e-o-wilson "Discover Interview: E.O. Wilson"] June 25, 2006.</ref>

===Ekologija===
Wilson has studied the [[mass extinction]]s of the [[20th century]] and their relationship to modern society, arguing strongly for an ecological approach:
<blockquote>
Now when you cut a [[forest]], an ancient forest in
particular, you are not just removing a lot of big [[tree]]s and a few
[[bird]]s fluttering around in the [[Canopy (forest)|canopy]]. You are drastically imperiling a vast array of [[species]] within a few square miles of you. The number of these species may go to tens of thousands. ... Many of them are still unknown to science, and science has not yet discovered the key role undoubtedly played in the maintenance of that [[ecosystem]], as in the case of [[fungi]], [[microorganism]]s, and many of the [[insect]]s. (E. O. Wilson, 2000)</blockquote>

His understanding of the scale of the extinction crisis has led him to advocate a number of strategies for forest protection, including the [[Forests Now Declaration]], which calls for new markets-based mechanisms to protect tropical forests.
--->

==Kritike==
Nekoliko Wilsonovih kolega s Harvarda, kao [[Richard Lewontin]] i [[Stephen Jay Gould]], su se snažno protivili njegovim idejama vezanim uz sociobiologiju. [[Marshall Sahlins]] je napisao ''The Use and Abuse of Biology'', direktnu kritiku Wilsonovih teorija.

<!--- TREBA PRIJEVOD
Wilson's sociobiological ideas have offended some [[Liberalism|liberals]] and [[Conservativism|conservatives]], who both favored the idea that human behavior was culturally based. Sociobiology re-ignited the [[nature versus nurture]] debate, and Wilson's scientific perspective on human nature led to public debate. He was accused of [[racism]], [[misogyny]], and [[eugenics]].<ref>Douglas, Ed (2001). Darwin's Natural Heir. Guardian Unlimitied.</ref> In one incident, members of the International Committee Against Racism (a group connected to a [[Left wing politics|left-wing]] organization [[Science for the People]]) poured a pitcher of water on Wilson's head and chanted "Wilson, you're all wet" at a conference in 1978.<ref>Thacker, Paul D. (2001). Interview: Edward O. Wilson. Issue 119. HMS Beagle: The BioMedNet Magazine</ref>

==Nagrade i odlikovanja==
Wilson's scientific and [[conservationism|conservation]] honors include:
* [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]], [[Boy Scouts of America]]<ref name="WilsonEagle">{{Citiranje weba | last = Wilson | first = E. O. | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2002 | url =http://161.58.114.60/article_detail.php?article_id=367| title =E. O. Wilson On Boy Scouts, Blade Runner, and Huck Finn | format = | work = | publisher =Science & Spirit | accessdate =2006-11-08}}</ref>
* [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]]<ref name="desalistt">{{Citiranje weba | author = | year = | url = http://members.cox.net/scouting179/Eagle%20Distinguished.htm | title = Distinguished Eagle Scouts | format = | work = | publisher = Troop & Pack 179 | accessdate = 2006-03-02}}</ref>
* Član [[Američka akademija znanosti|Američke akademije znanosti]] od 1969.
* odlikovan američkom [[National Medal of Science]] godine 1976.
* [[Pulitzerova nagrada]] za ''On Human Nature''
* [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]], 1984
* [[ECI Prize]], [[International Ecology Institute]], terrestrial ecology, 1987
* [[Crafoord Prize]], 1990, a prize awarded by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] in certain sciences not covered by the [[Nobel Prize]], and therefore considered the highest award given in the field of ecology
* [[Pulitzerova nagrada]] za ''The Ants'' (s [[Bert Hölldobler|Bertom Hölldoblerom]]), 1991
* Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science, 1994.
* 25 najutjecajnijih ljudi u Americi časopisa ''[[Time Magazine]]''' za 1995.
* [[Lewis Thomas Prize|Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science]], 2000
* [[Nierenberg Prize]], 2001
* [[Dauphin Island Sea Lab]] christened its newest research vessel the ''R/V E.O. Wilson'' in [[2005.]]
* [http://www.ted.com/tedprize/winners2007.cfm TED Prize 2007] given yearly to ''honor a maximum of three individuals who have shown that they can, in some way, positively impact life on this planet.''
* [http://www.gencat.net/pic/cat/presentacio.htm XIX Premi Internacional Catalunya 2007]
* Member of the [http://www.wkdialogue.ch World Knowledge Dialogue]Honorary Board, and Scientist in Residence for the 2008 symposium organized in Crans-Montana (Switzerland).
---->
==Glavna djela==
<!--Please sort chronologically-->
* ''The Theory of Island Biogeography'', [[1967.]],  Princeton University Press (2001 reprint), {{ISBN|0-691-08836-5}}, s Robertom H. MacArthurom
* ''Insect Societies'', [[1971.]], Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|0-674-45490-1}} 
* ''Sociobiology: The New Synthesis'' [[1975.]], Belknap Press, {{ISBN|0-674-81621-8}} (Twenty-fifth Anniversary Edition, [[2000.]] {{ISBN|0-674-00089-7}})
* ''On Human Nature'', [[1979.]], Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|0-674-63441-1}}, dobitnik [[Pulitzerova nagrada|Pulitzerove nagrade]]
* ''Genes, Mind and Culture: The coevolutionary process'', [[1981.]], Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|0-674-34475-8}}
* ''Promethean fire: reflections on the origin of mind'', [[1983.]], Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|0-674-71445-8}}
* ''Biophilia'', [[1984.]], Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|0-674-07441-6}}
* ''Success and Dominance in Ecosystems: The Case of the Social Insects'', [[1990.]], [[Inter-Research]], {{ISSN|0932-2205}} 
* ''The Ants'', [[1990.]], Belknap Press, {{ISBN|0-674-04075-9}}, Winner of the [[Pulitzer Prize]], s [[Bert Hölldobler|Bertom Hölldoblerom]]
* ''The Diversity of Life'', [[1992.]], Belknap Press, {{ISBN|0-674-21298-3}}
* ''The Biophilia Hypothesis'', [[1993.]],  Shearwater Books, {{ISBN|1-55963-148-1}}, with Stephen R. Kellert
* ''Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration'', [[1994.]], Belknap Press, {{ISBN|0-674-48525-4}}, s Bertom Hölldoblerom
* ''Naturalist'', [[1994.]], Shearwater Books, {{ISBN|1-55963-288-7}}
* ''In Search of Nature'', [[1996.]], Shearwater Books, {{ISBN|1-55963-215-1}}, with Laura Simonds Southworth
* ''Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge'', [[1998.]], Knopf, {{ISBN|0-679-45077-7}}
* ''The Future of Life'', [[2002.]], Knopf, {{ISBN|0-679-45078-5}}
* ''Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant, Hyperdiverse Ant Genus'', [[2003.]], Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|0-674-00293-8}}
* ''From So Simple a Beginning: Darwin's Four Great Books''. 2005, W. W. Norton.
* ''The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth'', September 2006, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.  {{ISBN|978-0393062175}}
* ''Nature Revealed: Selected Writings 1949-2006'', Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. {{ISBN|0-8018-8329-6}}

==Izvori==
{{izvori}}

==Poveznice==
*[[Sociobiologija]]
*[[Bioraznolikost]]
*[[Evolucionarna psihologija]]

==Vanjske poveznice==

=== Wikimedijini projekti ===

{{WProjekti
|commonscat     = E. O. Wilson
|commonscathr   = E. O. Wilson
|wikicitat      = Edward Osborne Wilson
}}
===Biografija===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041014233232/http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/naturalconnections/edward_wilson_bio.htm "E.O. Wilson Profile"] - Iscrpan popis titula, nagrada i dužnosti

===Video-zapisi===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081208133507/http://athome.harvard.edu/dh/wilson.html "On the Relation of Science and Humanities"] - predavanje na Harvard@Home  {{jezikk|eng.}}
*[http://www.booktv.org/ram/history/1205/btv121705_1.ram "From So Simple a Beginning: The Four Great Books of Charles Darwin"] - predavanje na BookTV  {{jezikk|eng.}}
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6927851714963534233 Gostovanje na emisiji Charlie Rose] - razgovor s [[James D. Watson|Jamesom D. Watsonom]]
*[http://meaningoflife.tv/video.php?speaker=wilson&topic=complete Gostovanje na MeaningOfLife.tv] - razgovor s Robertom Wrightom  {{jezikk|eng.}}
* [http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=18423 Ubben Lecture at DePauw University]  {{jezikk|eng.}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821052559/http://www.charlierose.com/guests/e.o.-wilson E. O. Wilson] ''Charlie Rose'' kompletni razgovori  {{jezikk|eng.}}
* [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/83 E.O. Wilson: TED Prize wish: Help build the Encyclopedia of Life] TED, ožujak 2007, na [[Encyclopedia of Life]]  {{jezikk|eng.}}
* Gostovanje na [[NOVA|NOVA-inom]] [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2203crea.html Little Creatures Who Run the World], 1997  .{{jezikk|eng.}}

===Razgovori===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050311032420/http://dir.salon.com/people/feature/2000/04/22/eowilson/index.html Living in Shimmering Disequilibrium] - razgovor s Fredom Branfmanom (Salon) {{jezikk|eng.}}
*[http://www.froes.dds.nl/WILSON.htm Karl Marx was right, it is just that he had the wrong species] - razgovor s Frans Roes (Speak, Darwinists!) {{jezikk|eng.}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080924230333/http://faculty.maryvillecollege.edu/wbcash/wilsoninterview.htm E.O. Wilson] - razgovor s Paulom D. Thackerom (BioMedNet) {{jezikk|eng.}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929182952/http://www.cityarts.net/n.wilson.html City Arts & Lectures, 2006/10/10] {{jezikk|eng.}}

===Članci===
*[http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles/WolfeSoulDied.php Sorry, But Your Soul Just Died] - esej kojeg je napisao [[Tom Wolfe]] (Forbes, 1996.) {{jezikk|eng.}}
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4137503,00.html Darwin's natural heir: Profile] - esej kojeg je napisao Ed Douglas (The Guardian, 2001.) {{jezikk|eng.}}
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,,1884927,00.html The Ant King's Latest Mission: Profile] - esej kojeg je napisao Robin McKie (GuardianUnlimited, 2006.) {{jezikk|eng.}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820064740/http://ejournal.nbii.org/archives/vol1iss1/editorial.wilson.html '''Editorial on Sustainability e-Journal ''']- esej kojeg je napisao E.O. Wilson (Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, 2005.) {{jezikk|eng.}}

===Eseji=== 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060618120537/http://www.lrainc.com/swtaboo/taboos/wilson01.html Science and Ideology] (1995) {{jezikk|eng.}}
*[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_1_72/ai_n13807655 Kin Selection as the Key to Altruism: Its Rise and Fall] (2005) {{jezikk|eng.}}
*[http://www.conbio.org/cip/bookreviews74.cfm#Wilson Letter to a Southern Baptist Minister] (Izvadak iz ''The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth''). (2006) {{jezikk|eng.}}

===Knjige===
*[http://www.int-res.com/book-series/excellence-in-ecology/ee2/ Success and Dominance in Ecosystems: The Case of the Social Insects] (1987), {{jezikk|eng.}} dostupno besplatno na Internetu

{{GLAVNIRASPORED:Wilson, Edward Osborne}}
[[Kategorija:Američki biolozi]]
[[Kategorija:Etolozi]]