Vidi kôd stranice Allen Newell

<!--'''Allen Newell'''-->{{prijevod-eng}}
{{Infookvir znanstvenik
| ime               = Allen Newell
| slika             = 
| slika_širina      = 
| naslov            = 
| datum_rođenja     = {{Birth date|1927|3|19|mf=y}}
| mjesto_rođenja    = {{SAD grad|San Francisco|Kalifornija}}
| datum_smrti       = {{death date and age|1992|7|19|1927|3|19|mf=y}}
| mjesto_smrti      = {{SAD grad|Pittsburgh|Pennsylvania}}
| prebivalište      = 
| državljanstvo     = [[SAD]]
| narodnost         = 
| etnicitet         = 
| polje             = [[računarstvo]]<br />[[kognitivna psihologija]]
| radna_institucija = [[Sveučilište Carnegie Mellon]]
| alma_mater        = [[Sveučilište Stanford]]<br />[[Sveučilište Princeton]]<br />[[Sveučilište Carnegie Mellon]]
| doktorski_mentor  = 
| poznat_po         = [[Information Processing Language]]<br />[[Soar (kognitivna arhitektura)|Soar]]
| nagrade           =  [[Turingova nagrada]] (1975)<br /> [[National Medal of Science]] (1992)<br />[[Medalja Louis E. Levy]] (1992)
| web_stranica      =
| fusnote           = 
}}
'''Allen Newell''' ([[San Francisco]], [[19. ožujka]] [[1927.]] — [[Pittsburgh]], [[19. srpnja]] [[1992.]]) je bio američki znanstvenik, jedan od osnivača područja [[umjetna inteligencija|umjetne inteligencije]].

Njegova polja rada bila su [[računarstvo]] i [[kognitivna psihologija]], a radio je za korporaciju [[RAND]] pri [[Sveučilište Carnegie Mellon|Sveučilištu Carnegie Mellon]]. Pridonio je razvoju [[Information Processing Language]]-a (1956.) i dvjema ranijim [[umjetna inteligencija|AI]] programima, [[stroj logičke teorije]] (1956.) te [[opći rješavač problema]] (1957.) (zajedno s [[Herbert A. Simon|Herbertom A. Simonom]]). Godine 1975., nagrađen je [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]-ovom [[Turingova nagrada|Turingovom nagradom]], za doprinos razvoju umjetne inteligencije i psihologije ljudske kognicije.<ref name="NYT-AllenNewell-died">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/20/us/allen-newell-65-scientist-founded-a-computing-field.html |title=Allen Newell, 65; Scientist Founded A Computing Field |publisher=The New York Times |date=20. srpnja 1992.|accessdate=28. studenog 2010.}}</ref><ref name="NAS-AllenNewell-Biography">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/anewell.html |title=Allen Newell, Biographical Memoirs|author=Herbert A. Simon |publisher=[[United States National Academy of Sciences]] |accessdate=28. studenog 2010.}}</ref>

== Raniji radovi ==
Newell je [[diploma|diplomirao]] [[fizika|fiziku]] na [[Stanford]]u. [[Postdiplomski studij]] je nastavio u periodu 1949. — 1950. na [[Princeton]]u, gdje je studirao [[matematika|matematiku]].

Uslijed rane izloženosti dotad nepoznatom podučju [[teorija igara|teorije igara]] i iskustvu sa studija matematike, bio je uvjeren da bi mu kombinacija eksperimenta i teoretskog istraživanja više odgovarala nego čista matematika.

Godine 1950. napušta [[Princeton]] i pridružuje se korporaciji [[RAND]] [[Santa Monica|Santa Monici]], gdje je, prema vlastitom kazivanju, radio u "grupi koja je istraživala logističke probleme za [[Air Force]]. Njegov rad sa [[Joseph Kruskal|Josephom Kruskalom]] doveo je do stvaranja 2 teorije: Model za teoriju organizacije ({{jezik|en|Model for Organization Theory}}) i Formuliranje preciznih koncepata u teoriji organizacije ({{jezik|en|Formulating Precise Concepts in Organization Theory}}). Newell je kasnije doktorirao na [[sveučilište Carnegie Mellon|sveučilištu Carnegie Mellon]] pod mentorstvom [[Herbert Simon|Herberta Simona]].

Nakon toga, Newel se, po vlastitom kazivanju, "okreće osmišljavanju i pokretanju laboratorijskih eksperimenata na temu odlučivanja u malim grupama". No, nije bio zadovoljan sa točnošću i validnošću rezultata koji su proizašli iz ovih ograničenih istraživanja. Pridružio se kolegama iz RAND-a (John Kennedy, Bob Chapman i Bill Biel) na projektu [[Sustav ranog upozoravanja|sustava ranog upozoravanja]] ({{jezik|en|Early warning system}} za Air Force, gdje je proučavao organizacijske procese kod letačkih posada. Godine 1952. su dobili financijsku potporu za izgradnju simulatora kojim bi ispitali i analizirali interakcije u pilotskoj kabini, vezane za donošenje odluka i rukovanje informacijama. Iz ovih istraživanja, Newel je došao do ideje da je [[obrada informacija]] središnja aktivnost u organizaciji.

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== Umjetna inteligencija ==
In September 1954, Newell enrolled in a seminar where [[Oliver Selfridge]] "described a running computer program that learned to recognize letters and other patterns" (Simon). This was when Allen came to believe that systems may be created and contain intelligence and have the ability to adapt. With this in mind, Allen, after a couple months, wrote in 1955 ''The Chess Machine: An Example of Dealing with a Complex Task by Adaptation'', which "outlined an imaginative design for a computer program to play [[chess]] in humanoid fashion" (Simon).

His work came to the attention of economist (and future nobel laureate) [[Herbert A. Simon]], and, together with programmer [[J. C. Shaw]], they developed the first true [[artificial intelligence]] program{{According to whom|date=April 2019}}, the [[Logic Theorist]]. Newell's work on the program laid the foundations of the field. His inventions included: [[Information Processing Language|list processing]], the most important programming paradigm used by AI ever since;  the application of [[means-ends analysis]] to general reasoning (or "reasoning as search"); and the use of [[heuristics]] to limit the search space.

They presented the program at the [[Dartmouth workshop|Dartmouth conference]] of 1956, an informal gathering of researchers who were interested in simulating intelligence with machines. The conference, now widely considered the "birth of artificial intelligence",<ref>{{Harvnb|Crevier|1993|pp=49–51}}</ref> was enormously influential and those who attended became the leaders of AI research for the next two decades, Newell included.

== Kasnija postignuća ==

Newell and Simon formed a lasting partnership. They founded an artificial intelligence laboratory at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] and produced a series of important programs and theoretical insights throughout the late fifties and sixties. This work included the [[General Problem Solver]], a highly influential implementation of [[means-ends analysis]], and the [[physical symbol systems hypothesis]], the controversial philosophical assertion that all intelligent behavior could be reduced to the kind of symbol manipulation that Newell's programs demonstrated.

Newell's work culminated in the development of a [[cognitive architecture]] known as [[Soar (cognitive architecture)|Soar]] and his [[unified theory of cognition]], published in 1990, but their improvement was the objective of his efforts up to his death ([http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/Newell-L.htm one of the last Newell's letters]).

== Nagrade i priznanja ==

* 1971 — John Danz Lecturer, University of Washington
* 1971 — Harry Goode Memorial Award, [[American Federation of Information Processing Societies]]
* 1972 — Izabran u članstvo [[United States National Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir?sid=1021&view=basic&pg=srch |title=Search Deceased Member Data |publisher=United States National Academy of Sciences |accessdate={{Format date|2011|7|16}}}} Search with Newell as last name.</ref>
* 1972 — Elected to Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref name=AAAS>{{Citiranje weba|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter N|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterN.pdf|publisher=[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] |accessdate={{Format date|2011|7|16}}}}</ref>
* 1975 — [[A. M. Turing Award]] (with [[Herbert A. Simon]]), [[Association for Computing Machinery]]<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140 |title=A. M. Turing Award |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |accessdate={{Format date|2011|2|10}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212132624/http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140 |archivedate=2009-12-12 }}</ref>
* 1976-77 — [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation]]<ref>{{Citiranje weba |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Newell&lower_bound=1976&upper_bound=1977&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=17&y=9 |title=Search Fellows |publisher=[[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation]] |accessdate={{Format date|2011|7|18}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923032248/http://www.gf.org/fellows/results?query=Newell&lower_bound=1976&upper_bound=1977&competition=ALL&fellowship_category=ALL&x=17&y=9 |archivedate=2012-09-23 }} Search for Newell between 1976 and 1977.</ref>
* 1979 — Alexander C. Williams Jr. Award (with William C. Biel, Robert Chapman and John L. Kennedy), Human Factors Society
* 1980 — Elected to member of the [[United States National Academy of Engineering]]<ref name="NAE">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/Directory20412/28821.aspx |title=NAE Members Directory - Dr. Allen Newell |publisher=[[United States National Academy of Engineering]] |accessdate={{Format date|2011|1|22}}}}</ref>
* 1980 — First President, [[American Association for Artificial Intelligence]]
* 1981 — Charter recipient of the [[Computer Pioneer Award]] from the [[IEEE Computer Society]]<ref>{{Citiranje weba |url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/pioneer#_118_tabs_WAR_pluginsui_INSTANCE_d0QT_tab2 |title=Computer Pioneer Charter Recipients |publisher=[[IEEE Computer Society]] |accessdate={{Format date|2011|7|16}} |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IHEophMr?url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/pioneer#_118_tabs_WAR_pluginsui_INSTANCE_d0QT_tab2 |archive-date=2013-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1985 — Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, [[American Psychological Association]]
* 1986 — Doctor of Science (Honorary), [[University of Pennsylvania]]
* 1987 — William James Lectures, Harvard University
* 1989 — Award for Research Excellence, International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
* 1989 — Doctor in the Behavioral and Social Sciences (Honorary), [[University of Groningen]], The Netherlands
* 1989 — William James Fellow Award (charter recipient), [[American Psychological Society]]
* 1990 — [[IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award]]<ref>{{Citiranje weba |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf |title=IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Recipients |publisher=IEEE |accessdate={{Format date|2010|12|30}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124232834/http://ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1990 — [[IEEE W.R.G. Baker Prize Paper Award]]<ref>{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/baker_rl.pdf |title=IEEE W.R.G. Baker Prize Paper Award Recipients |publisher=IEEE |accessdate={{Format date|2010|11|28}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yCQiCmPi?url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/baker_rl.pdf |archivedate=April 25, 2011 }}</ref>
* 1992 — U.S. [[National Medal of Science]]<ref name="AllenNewell-MedalFromBush">{{Citiranje weba|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=254 |title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details Allen Newell |publisher=US National Science Foundation |accessdate={{Format date|2010|11|28}}}}</ref>
* 1992 — [[The Franklin Institute]]’s [[Louis E. Levy Medal]]<ref name="LevyMedal_Laureates">{{Citiranje weba|url=http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LEVY+&sy=1923&ey=1999&name=Submit |title=Franklin Laureate Database - Louis E. Levy Medal Laureates |publisher=[[Franklin Institute]] |accessdate={{Format date|2011|1|22}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629195033/http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=LEVY+&sy=1923&ey=1999&name=Submit |archivedate=June 29, 2011 }}</ref>

The [[AAAI#ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award|ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award]] was named in his honor.  The [[Allen Newell Award for Research Excellence|Award for Research Excellence]] of the [[Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science]] was also named in his honor.
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==Poveznice==
*[[Popis pionira računarstva]]

== Izvori ==
{{Izvori}}

== Vanjske poveznice ==
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=== Daljnje čitanje ===
*[http://purl.umn.edu/107544 Oral history interview with Allen Newell] at [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.  Newell discusses his entry into computer science, funding for computer science departments and research, the development of the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University, including the work of [[Alan Perlis]] and [https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107605 Raj Reddy], and the growth of the computer science and artificial intelligence research communities.  Compares computer science programs at Stanford, MIT, and Carnegie Mellon.
* [http://diva.library.cmu.edu/Newell/index.html Full-text digital archive of Allen Newell papers]
** [http://diva.library.cmu.edu/Newell/biography.html Biography]
*[http://shelf1.library.cmu.edu/IMLS/MindModels/index.html Mind Models] online Artificial Intelligence exhibit
*[http://www.interaction-design.org/references/authors/allen_newell.html Publications by Allen Newell] from Interaction-Design.org
*[http://www.umsl.edu/~piccininig/Newell%205.htm ''Allen Newell''] by [[Gualtiero Piccinini]] in New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, [[Thomson Gale]], ed.

{{Turingova nagrada}}

{{GLAVNIRASPORED:Newell, Allen}}
[[Kategorija:Američki računalni znanstvenici]]
[[Kategorija:Dobitnici Turingove nagrade]]